Kosmos (Russian: Ко́смос, IPA:[ˈkosməs],[1] meaning "(outer) space" or "Kosmos") is a designation given to many satellites operated by the Soviet Union and subsequently Russia. Kosmos 1, the first spacecraft to be given a Kosmos designation, was launched on 16 March 1962.
History
The first Soviet satellites orbiting Earth were named Sputnik, Polyot (starting in 1963), Elektron (in 1964), Proton (in 1965), and Molniya (in 1965), but most have been called Kosmos since Kosmos 1 on 16 March 1962. The program has included uncrewed tests of crewed spacecraft and satellites for scientific research and military purposes.[2] As of January 2021[update], 2548 Kosmos satellites have been launched. The spacecraft do not form a single programme, but instead consist of almost all Soviet and Russian military satellites, as well as a number of scientific satellites, and spacecraft which failed during or immediately after launch, but still reached orbit.[citation needed]
The designation is given only to satellites which are in Earth orbit. Typically, Soviet Lunar and planetary missions were initially put into a low Earth parking orbit along with an
upper stage, which would later burn for around four minutes to place the spacecraft into a cislunar or a heliocentric orbit. If the engine misfired or the burn was not completed, the probes which would be left in Earth orbit would be given a Kosmos designation.[citation needed]
Control systems for 152 spacecraft which were later assigned Kosmos designations were developed and manufactured by NPO Electropribor (Kharkiv).[3]
Kosmos 1, also known as Sputnik 11, was launched on 16 March 1962 at 12:00:00 GMT.
Orbital mass 285 kg. It was the first satellite of the Soviet Earth Satellite series.[4]
Employed radio instruments in order to study the structure of the ionosphere.
Kosmos 2, also known as Sputnik 12, was launched on 6 April 1962 at 17:16:00 GMT.
Orbital mass 285 kg. It was the second satellite of the Soviet Earth Satellite series.[4]
Employed radio instruments in order to study the structure of the ionosphere.
Kosmos 3, also known as Sputnik 13, was launched on 24 April 1962 at 04:04:00 GMT.
Orbital mass 330 kg. It belongs to the Soviet Earth Satellite series.[4]
It was used to study the upper layers of the atmosphere, Earth and the outer space. Data was relayed to Earth by a multichannel telemetry systems equipped with space-borne memory units.
Kosmos 4, also known as Sputnik 14, was launched on 26 April 1962 at 10:04:00 GMT.
Orbital mass 4610 kg. It was used to study the upper layers of the atmosphere, Earth and the outer space. It was developed to measure radiation before and after nuclear tests conducted during the U.S. project Starfish.[4] Data was relayed to Earth by a multichannel telemetry systems equipped with space-borne memory units.
Kosmos 5, also known as Sputnik 15, was launched on 28 May 1962 at 03:07:00 GMT.
Orbital mass 280 kg. It was used to study the upper layers of the atmosphere, Earth and the outer space. Data was relayed to Earth by a multichannel telemetry systems equipped with space-borne memory units.[4]
Kosmos 6, also known as Sputnik 16, was launched on 30 June 1962 at 16:04:00 GMT from Kapustin Yar.
Orbital mass 355 kg. It was a Soviet DS (Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik) type military satellite built in Ukraine for launch by Kosmos launch vehicles. It was used for military and scientific research and component proving tests.[4]
Kosmos 7, also known as Sputnik 17, was launched on 28 July 1962 at 09:21:00 GMT.
Orbital mass 4610 kg. It was used to study the upper layers of the atmosphere, Earth and the outer space. Data was relayed to Earth by a multichannel telemetry systems equipped with space-borne memory units. It was used to measure radiation in the space environment in order to guarantee safety during the flight of the Vostok 3 and Vostok 4 spacecraft.[4]
Kosmos 8, also known as Sputnik 18, was launched on 18 August 1962 at 05:02:00 GMT from Kapustin Yar.
Orbital mass 337 kg. It was a Soviet DS (Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik) type military satellite built in Ukraine for launch by Kosmos launch vehicles. It was used for military and scientific research and component proving tests.[4]
Kosmos 638 - second uncrewed test flight of Soyuz/7K-TM crewed spacecraft for ASTP
Kosmos 772 - second uncrewed test flight of Soyuz-VI/7K-S military crewed spacecraft
Kosmos 782 - first mission in which the U.S. participated in the Soviet Kosmos program
Kosmos 869 - third uncrewed test flight of Soyuz-VI/7K-S military crewed spacecraft
Kosmos 929 - first uncrewed flight of planned crewed TKS spacecraft
Kosmos 954 - launched with an onboard nuclear US-A reactor; failed (reasons uncertain) and re-entered atmosphere on 24 January 1978, strewing radioactive debris across northern Canada
Kosmos 1275 - believed to be the first spacecraft destroyed by space debris, but this is unconfirmed and there are other theories to explain its break up.[5]
Kosmos 2441 - first in a new series of spy satellites (Persona), features updated imaging technology and an extended lifetime of up to seven years, failed
