Koenraad Elst

Koenraad Elst
Elst in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh in 2018.
Born (1959-08-07) 7 August 1959 (age 65)
Leuven, Belgium
NationalityBelgian
EducationBenaras Hindu University Katholieke Universitiet Leuven
OccupationAuthor

Koenraad Elst (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkunraːt ˈɛlst]; born 7 August 1959) is a Flemish author, known primarily for his adherence to the Hindutva ideology and support of the Out of India theory, which is regarded as pseudo-historical by mainstream scholarship. Scholars accuse him of harboring Islamophobia.

Early life and education

Elst was born into a Flemish Catholic family.

He graduated in Indology, Sinology and philosophy from the Catholic University of Leuven. During his student days, he was involved with Flemish nationalism.[1] Between 1988 and 1992, Elst was at the Banaras Hindu University. In 1999, he received a PhD in Asian Studies from Leuven on Hindu revivalism;[2] his doctoral dissertation was published as Decolonizing the Hindu Mind.[1] Prema Kurien notes Elst to be unique among Hindutva-leaning scholars in that he had a relevant academic degree.[3]

Works

Indigenous Aryan theories

Map based on The Aryan Non-Invasionist Model by Koenraad Elst

In two books, Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate (1999) and Asterisk in Bhāropīyasthān (2007), Elst argues against the academically accepted view that the Indo-European languages originated in the Kurgan culture of the Central Asian steppes and that the migrations to Indian subcontinent in the second millennium BCE brought a proto-Indo-European language with them.[4][5] He instead proposes that the language originated in India and it spread to Middle East and Europe when the Aryans, (who were indigenous) migrated out.[6][7] According to Elst, the linguistic data are a soft type of evidence and are compatible with a variety of scenarios. The dominant linguistic theories may be compatible with an out-of-India scenario for Indo-European expansion.[8]

One of the few authors to use paleolinguistics,[9] he is deemed as one of the leading proponents of the Indigenous Aryans (Out of India fringe theory). The theory has been rejected by the scholarly community and is not deemed as a serious competitor to the Kurgan hypothesis,[5] except by some authors in India.[10] He has also written against the Aryan Invasion Theory defending the Out of India fringe theory in a blog piece for Indian diaspora think tank, Bridge India.[11]

Hindutva and Islamophobia

Elst was an editor of the New Right Flemish nationalist journal Teksten, Kommentaren en Studies from 1992 to 1995, focusing on criticism of Islam and had associations with Vlaams Blok, a Flemish nationalist far-right political party.[12][13][14] He has also been a regular contributor to The Brussels Journal, a controversial conservative blog.

Every Muslim is a Sita who must be released from Ravana's prison. We should help Muslims in freeing themselves from Islam …

Koenraad Elst[15]

In Ram Janmabhoomi vs Babri Masjid, Elst makes the case for the birthplace of Rama, the Hindu god/king to correspond with the site of Babri Masjid and concurrently portrays Islam as a fanatic bigoted faith.[16] The book was published by Voice of India, a publication house that is self-describedly devoted to furthering the Hindu nationalist cause and had attracted immense criticism for publishing anti-Muslim literature in abundance.[12][17] It was though praised by L. K. Advani, former deputy Prime Minister of India, who commanded an important role in the demolition of the said masjid.[18] In Ayodhya and After (1991), Elst was even more explicit in the support of the demolition and termed it an exercise in national integration which provided "an invitation to the Muslim Indians to reintegrate themselves into the society and culture from which their ancestors were cut off by fanatical rulers and their thought police, the theologians".[19] In another interview, Elst went on to claim that it was a justified act of revenge which enforced fears of Hindu repercussion, thus curtailing Muslim violence.[20] He though has retrospectively rejected the use of violent force in the demolition of the temple and has urged the Muslims to contend with the construction of a peace monument.[20][21][22]

An intellectual heir of the school of thought championed by Ram Swarup and Sita Ram Goel[23]— the founders of the Voice of India, who were themselves highly critical of both Christianity and Islam—Elst is a prominent author of the house[17] and adopts their hard-line stance against the two religions in his book.[12] Elst argues that there existed an universal spirituality among all the races and faiths, prior to the introduction of "Semitic" faiths which corrupted it.[17] In Decolonizing the Hindu Mind, he contends that the "need for 'reviving' Hinduism spring from the fact that the said hostile ideologies (mostly Islam) have managed to eliminate Hinduism physically in certain geographical parts and social segments of India, and also (mostly the Western ideologies) to neutralize the Hindu spirit among many nominal Hindus."[24]

He is a vocal proponent of Hindutva, a Hindu nationalist movement which is typically associated with the Indian far-right and supports the Bharatiya Janata Party.[25][26][27] Elst perceives Hindutva as a tool to decolonize the mental and cultural state of Indians and return to the past days of (supposed) Hindu glory.[28] He has written in support of the view that the Vedic science was highly advanced and may be only understood by a Hindu mystic.[29] The Saffron Swastika is widely regarded to be his magnum opus[30], which argues against the idea that the brand of Hindutva practiced by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) / Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh are fascist in ideology.[31] Advani had high regards for the work,[32] terming Elst as a 'great historian' and even carried a "heavily marked" copy of the book from which he freely quoted the passages that discussed him.[33]

In other essays and conferences, Elst has supported for outright attacks on the enemy ideology of Islam which, in his opinion, is supposedly inseparable with terrorism and hence, must be destructed.[26][34][35] He calls for an Indian-ization of Muslims and Christians by forcing them to accept the supremacy of Hindu culture and terms it as the Final Solution for the Muslim Problem.[36] In his 1992 book, Negationism in India: Concealing the Record of Islam, Elst attempts to demonstrate that there exists a prohibition of criticism of Islam in India and accuses secular historians (including the likes of Romila Thapar, Bipan Chandra, Ram Sharan Sharma et al.) of suffering from Hindu Cowardice wherein they ignore Muslim crimes against Hindu communities, in order to fulfill their Marxist agenda.[37][38][39][40]

Reception

Anthropologist Thomas Blom Hansen describes Elst as a "Belgian Catholic of a radical anti-Muslim persuasion who tries to make himself useful as a 'fellow traveller' of the Hindu nationalist movement".[41] Historian Sarvepalli Gopal deemed Elst to be "a Catholic practitioner of polemics" who was fairly oblivious of modern historiography methods.[42] Meera Nanda deems him to be a far-right Hindu cum Flemish nationalist.[12] Elst has engaged in historical revisionism[43] and has been described variedly as a Hindu fundamentalist, pro-Hindutva right-wing ideologue, Hindutva apologist and Hindutva propagandist.[26][44][45][30]

Meera Nanda has accused Elst of exploiting the writings of his intellectual forefathers over Voice of India, to "peddle the worst kind of Islamophobia imaginable". [12][46] Sanjay Subrahmanyam similarly deems Islamophobia as the common ground between Elst and the traditional Indian far right.[47]

Influences

Anders Behring Breivik, a Norwegian far-right terrorist, responsible for the 2011 Norway attacks extensively borrowed from his works, in writing his manifesto.[48] The manifesto, among other things sought to deport all Muslims from Europe and quoted Elst in asserting the existence of a massive movement that was aimed to ''deny the large-scale and long-term crimes against humanity committed by Islam''.[48][49]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Nanda 2009, p. 112.
  2. ^ Geybels, Hans; Herck, Walter Van (2011). Humour and Religion: Challenges and Ambiguities. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. IX. ISBN 9781441194831.
  3. ^ Kurien, Prema A. (2007). A Place at the Multicultural Table : the Development of an American Hinduism. Rutgers University Press. p. 166. ISBN 9780813541617. OCLC 476118265. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  4. ^ Bär, Walter; Fiori, Angelo; Rossi, Umberto (6 December 2012). Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783642787829. Retrieved 31 March 2019. The Gimbautas hypothesis of an origin in the kurgan region and spread during the Bronze Age (between 4,000 and 2,500 BC) [...] seems to have the greatest support from archaeological and other considerations [...].
  5. ^ a b Pereltsvaig, Asya (9 February 2012). Languages of the World: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107002784.
  6. ^ Humes, Cynthia Ann (2012). "Hindutva, Mythistory, and Pseudoarchaeology". Numen: International Review for the History of Religions. 59 (2–3): 178–201. doi:10.1163/156852712x630770. JSTOR 23244958.
  7. ^ Avari, Burjor (2016). India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from c. 7000 BCE to CE 1200. Routledge. p. 79. ISBN 9781317236726. A Belgian revisionist, Koenraad Elst, has nevertheless claimed that the Aryan migration was not towards India but out of India. Their ancestral homeland, their Urheimat, was the land of Sapta-Sindhava (the Punjab), and from there they expanded outwards towards Afghanistan, Iran, Central Asia and, ultimately, towards Europe.
  8. ^ Patton, Laurie L. (2005). "Introduction". In Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (eds.). The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Psychology Press. pp. 1–19. ISBN 9780700714636. It is possible that the absorption of foreign words could have taken place after the emigration of other branches of Indo-Europeans from India (p. 8).
  9. ^ Bryant, Edwin (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 146. In any event, Elst's proposal that earlier tribes could have emigrated from India bearing the centum characteristics and, after the velars had evolved into palatals in the Indian Urheimat, later tribes could have followed them bearing the new satem forms (while the Indo-Aryans remained in the homeland), cannot actually be discounted as a possibility on these particular grounds.
  10. ^ Bryant, Edwin (March 2004). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture : The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. p. 147. ISBN 9780195169478. OCLC 697790495.
  11. ^ Elst, Koenraad. "Let the "Aryan" debate become a debate again". bridgeindia.org.uk. Bridge India. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  12. ^ a b c d e Nanda 2009, pp. 112–113.
  13. ^ Vierling, Alfred (1 July 2013). "NIEUW RECHTS TEN ONDER, beschreven door Dr Koenraad Elst". Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  14. ^ De Zutter, Jan (2000). Heidenen voor het blok : radicaal-rechts en het nieuwe heidendom. Antwerpen: Houtekiet. p. 17. ISBN 9052405824. OCLC 50809193.
  15. ^ Nanda 2009, p. 106.
  16. ^ Sethi, Harish (26 January 1991). "Justifying Hindu Hurt.Ram Janmabhoomi vs Babri Masjid by Koenraad Elst. Review". Economic and Political Weekly. 26 (4): 167–168. JSTOR 4397247.
  17. ^ a b c Pirbhai, M. Reza (April 2008). "Demons in Hindutva: Writing a Theology for Hindu Nationalism". Modern Intellectual History. 5 (1): 27–53. doi:10.1017/S1479244307001527. ISSN 1479-2451. S2CID 145620682.
  18. ^ Sita Ram Goel, How I became a Hindu. ch.9
  19. ^ Anand 2011, p. 138.
  20. ^ a b Nanda, Meera (2011). The god market : how globalization is making India more Hindu. Monthly Review Press. p. 227. ISBN 9781583672501. OCLC 897104896. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  21. ^ "Ayodhya: 'Congress-BJP talks are important'". New Indian Express (Chennai, India). 21 December 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  22. ^ "Indologist moots 'peace monument' by Muslims". New Indian Express (Chennai, India). 20 December 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  23. ^ Nanda, Meera (2011). The god market : how globalization is making India more Hindu. Monthly Review Press. p. 163. ISBN 9781583672501. OCLC 897104896. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  24. ^ Guichard 2010, p. 94.
  25. ^ Guha, Sudeshna (May 2005). "Negotiating Evidence: History, Archaeology and the Indus Civilisation". Modern Asian Studies. 39 (2). Cambridge University Press: 399–426. doi:10.1017/s0026749x04001611. JSTOR 3876625. S2CID 145463239.
  26. ^ a b c Sikand, Yogesh (Spring 2002). "Hinduism and Secularism After Ayodhya by Arvind Sharma: A Review". Islamic Studies. 41 (1): 166–169. JSTOR 20837185.
  27. ^ Guichard 2010, p. 145.
  28. ^ Nanda, Meera (2004). Prophets Facing Backward : Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism in India. Rutgers University Press. p. 10. ISBN 9780813536347. OCLC 1059017715. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  29. ^ Nanda, Meera (2004). Prophets Facing Backward : Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism in India. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813536347. OCLC 1059017715. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  30. ^ a b "Camus, J.Y.(2007), The European extreme right and religious extremism. Středoevropské politické studie (CEPSR), (4), 263–279" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  31. ^ "Asianetglobal.com News - 'The Saffron Swastika – The Notion of Hindu Fascism':Konraad Elst". 20 May 2006. Archived from the original on 20 May 2006.
  32. ^ Advani, L.K. My Country, My Life. Rupa.
  33. ^ "Outlook". Outlook Publishing. 8 April 2008 – via Google Books.
  34. ^ "A Hindutva Ploy". Indian Currents. 5 January 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  35. ^ "Indologist triggers row". Mail Today (New Delhi, India). 21 December 2014. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  36. ^ Nanda, Meera (2004). Prophets Facing Backward : Postmodern Critiques of Science and Hindu Nationalism in India. Rutgers University Press. p. 14. ISBN 9780813536347. OCLC 1059017715. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  37. ^ "Taj Mahal or Tejo-Mahalaya?". The Express Tribune. 21 July 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  38. ^ Guichard 2010, p. 89.
  39. ^ Kurien, Prema A (2007). A Place at the Multicultural Table : the Development of an American Hinduism. Rutgers University Press. p. 171. ISBN 9780813541617. OCLC 476118265. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  40. ^ "Of historical lies and countering negationism". The Pioneer (New Delhi, India). 14 March 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
  41. ^ Hansen, Thomas Blom (23 March 1999). The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India. Princeton University Press. p. 262. ISBN 9781400823055.
  42. ^ Gopal, Sarvepalli (15 October 1993). Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 21. ISBN 9781856490504.
  43. ^ Longkumer, Arkotong (2010). "Notes". Reform, Identity and Narratives of Belonging : The Heraka Movement of Northeast India. Continuum, Bloomsbury. p. 210. doi:10.5040/9781472549211. ISBN 978-0-8264-3970-3.
  44. ^ DeVotta, Neil (2002). "Demography and Communalism in India". Journal of International Affairs. 56 (1): 53–70. ISSN 0022-197X. JSTOR 24357883.
  45. ^ Anand, D. (30 April 2016). Hindu Nationalism in India and the Politics of Fear. Springer. ISBN 9780230339545.
  46. ^ Nanda 2011, pp. 161–163.
  47. ^ "Bad time to be Muslim". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  48. ^ a b NANDA, MEERA (2011). "Ideological Convergences: Hindutva and the Norway Massacre". Economic and Political Weekly. 46 (53): 61–68. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 23065638.
  49. ^ Gardell, Mattias (1 January 2014). "Crusader Dreams: Oslo 22/7, Islamophobia, and the Quest for a Monocultural Europe". Terrorism and Political Violence. 26 (1): 129–155. doi:10.1080/09546553.2014.849930. ISSN 0954-6553. S2CID 144489939.

References

Read other articles:

Pesta Olahraga Asia Tenggara 2009

Pesta Olahraga Asia Tenggara Ke-25Tuan rumahVientiane LaosMotoGenerosity, Amity, Healthy, Lifestyle([Kemurahan Hati, Keramahtamahan, Kesehatan, dan Gaya Hidup)] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)Jumlah negara11Jumlah disiplin379 dari 25 cabangUpacara pembukaan9 Desember 2009Upacara penutupan18 Desember 2009Dibuka olehChoummaly SayasonePresiden LaosTempat utamaStadion Nasional Laos← Nakhon Ratchasima 2007 Jakarta Palembang 2011 → Pesta Olahraga Negara-Negara Asi...

 

 

Podgorica

Podgoricacomune(CNR) Подгорица/Podgorica Podgorica – VedutaVista sulla città. LocalizzazioneStato Montenegro AmministrazioneSindacoOlivera Injac (PES) dal 13-4-2023 TerritorioCoordinate42°26′09″N 19°15′38″E / 42.435833°N 19.260556°E42.435833; 19.260556 (Podgorica)Coordinate: 42°26′09″N 19°15′38″E / 42.435833°N 19.260556°E42.435833; 19.260556 (Podgorica) Altitudine44 m s.l.m. Superficie1 2...

 

 

1928 United States presidential election in New Mexico

Election in New Mexico Main article: 1928 United States presidential election 1928 United States presidential election in New Mexico ← 1924 November 6, 1928 1932 →   Nominee Herbert Hoover Al Smith Party Republican Democratic Home state California New York Running mate Charles Curtis Joseph T. Robinson Electoral vote 3 0 Popular vote 69,645 48,211 Percentage 59.01% 40.85% County Results Hoover   50-60%   60-70%   70-...

WHO (AM)

Clear-channel news/talk radio station in Des Moines, Iowa WHODes Moines, IowaBroadcast areaDes Moines metropolitan areaFrequency1040 kHzBrandingNewsRadio 1040 WHOProgrammingFormatNews/talkAffiliationsPremiere NetworksWestwood OneFox News RadioHawkeyes Sports Radio NetworkOwnershipOwneriHeartMedia(iHM Licenses, LLC)Sister stationsKCYZ, KDRB, KKDM, KXNO-FM, KXNO, KASIHistoryFirst air dateApril 10, 1924; 99 years ago (1924-04-10)Former frequencies570 kHz (1924–1927)[1]...

 

 

National Register of Historic Places listings in Dickenson County, Virginia

Location of Dickenson County in Virginia This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Dickenson County, Virginia. This is intended to be a detailed table of the property on the National Register of Historic Places in Dickenson County, Virginia, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below may be seen in a Google map.[1] There is 1 property listed on the National...

 

 

سهل سيبيريا الغربية

منظر سهل سيبيريا الغربية من محطة سكة حديد سيبيريا خارج تاتارسكايا (Tatarskaya) سهل سيبيريا الغربية على خريطة قمر صناعي لشمال آسيا سهل سيبيريا الغربية، (بالروسية: За́падно-Сиби́рская равни́на)، هو سهل كبير، يشغل الجزء الغربي من سيبيريا، ويمتد بين جبال الأورال في الغرب ونهر ينسي ...

若望二十三世

本條目存在以下問題，請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2022年12月23日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2022年...

 

 

Pavilhão Fidelidade

Pavilhão FidelidadeFull namePavilhão da Luz Nº 1Former namesPavilhão Açoreana Seguros (2003–08)Pavilhão Império Bonança (2008–13)AddressAv. Eusébio da Silva Ferreira, 1500-313LocationLisbon, PortugalCoordinates38°45′05″N 9°11′01″W / 38.751259°N 9.183613°W / 38.751259; -9.183613Public transitAlto dos Moinhos and Colégio Militar/LuzLisbon Metro Blue LineOwnerS.L. BenficaCapacity2,456ConstructionBuiltMarch 2002 – February 2004Opened28 Febr...

 

 

Ballet romantique

Marie Taglioni dans le rôle-titre de La Sylphide. Le ballet romantique apparaît au début du XIXe siècle (période romantique), et succède au ballet d'action dont Jean-Georges Noverre fut le grand théoricien. La période du ballet romantique dure une trentaine d'années, de 1815 à 1845-1850. Le romantisme, apparu à la fin du XVIIIe siècle en Allemagne (Goethe et Schiller) et en Grande-Bretagne (Walter Scott et Lord Byron), se répand dans toute l'Europe au début du XIXe...

SD Negeri Pajang II

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Maret 2016. SD Negeri Pajang IIInformasiDidirikan1978JenisSekolah NegeriAkreditasiB ( 82 )Nomor Statistik Sekolah101036101040Nomor Pokok Sekolah Nasional20328314Kepala SekolahArry Subiyanto, S.Pd.SD.Jumlah kelasI s.d VIJurusan atau peminatanSekolah DasarRe...

 

 

McMahon government

1971-1972 Australian federal administration Not to be confused with McMahon Ministry. McMahon governmentIn office10 March 1971 – 5 December 1972MonarchElizabeth IIPrime MinisterWilliam McMahonDeputyDoug AnthonyPartiesLiberalCountryOriginMcMahon wins 1971 Liberal leadership electionDemiseLost 1972 electionPredecessorGorton governmentSuccessorWhitlam government This article is part of a series aboutWilliam McMahon Early life World War II service Member for Lowe (1949–1982) Minister for...

 

 

النيل الأبيض

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع نيل (توضيح). النيل الأبيض جسر معدني يمتد بين ضفتي النيل الأبيض في جوبا صورة للمسار المنطقة البلد رواندا جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية السودان جنوب السودان تنزانيا أوغندا  الخصائص الطول 720 كم بمسمى النيل الأبيض المجرى المنبع الرئيسي بحيرة فيكتوريا&...

Thunderball (film)

1965 James Bond spy film by Terence Young ThunderballTheatrical release poster by Robert McGinnis and Frank McCarthyDirected byTerence YoungScreenplay byRichard MaibaumJohn Hopkins Original screenplay byJack Whittingham Story byKevin McCloryJack WhittinghamIan FlemingBased onThunderballby Ian FlemingProduced byKevin McCloryStarring Sean Connery Claudine Auger Adolfo Celi Luciana Paluzzi Rik Van Nutter Guy Doleman CinematographyTed MooreEdited byPeter HuntErnest HoslerMusic byJohn BarryProduct...

 

 

Doctor Down Under

Australian TV sitcom (1979–80) For the Doctor television series, see Doctor in the House (franchise). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Doctor Down Under – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Doctor Down UnderStarringRobin Nedwell...

 

 

Northwest Indiana

Sub-region of Indiana, US This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Northwest Indiana – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Map of Northwest Indiana Northwest Indiana, nicknamed The Region after the Calumet Region,[1] is an unoffic...

مارغريت صوفي النمساوية

الأرشيدوقة مارغريت صوفي من النمسا (بالألمانية: Margarete Sophie von Österreich)‏ معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة مارغريت صوفي الميلاد 13 مايو 1870   قلعة ارتستيتين، فيينا الوفاة 24 أغسطس 1902 (32 سنة)   غموندن مكان الدفن السرداب الإمبراطوري الجنسية  الإمبراطورية النمساوية المجرية الأولاد ال...

 

 

Teesside University

Public university in Middlesbrough, England Teesside UniversityCoat of ArmsMottoLatin: Facta Non Verba[1]Motto in EnglishDeeds Not Words[1]TypePublicEstablished1930 – Constantine Technical College[2]1969 – as Teesside Polytechnic 1992 – gained university statusEndowment£0.52m (2021/22)[3]ChancellorJenny Chapman, Baroness Chapman of Darlington[4]Vice-ChancellorPaul Croney[5]Administrative staff2,311[6]Students22,697[6]...

 

 

Big East Conference (1979–2013)

U.S. college athletic conference, 1979–2013 This article is about the former league that played from 1979 to 2013. For its successor football-playing league, see American Athletic Conference. For the current league of the same name, see Big East Conference. Big East ConferenceAssociationNCAAFoundedMay 31, 1979; 45 years ago (1979-05-31)CeasedJuly 1, 2013; 11 years ago (2013-07-01)(reorganized as American Athletic Conference)/Big EastCommissionerDave Gavit...

Phobie des seringues

Cet article est une ébauche concernant la psychologie. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Un participant reçoit une injection dans le cadre d'un essai du NIH portant sur un vaccin destiné à offrir une large protection contre une série de maladies transmises par les moustiques. La phobie des seringues ou bélénophobie est la peur extrême des gestes médicaux (en) qui impliquent l'usage de...

 

 

Kingdom of Portugal

Kingdom in Southwestern Europe (1139–1910) Kingdom of Portugal[a]Regnum Portugalliae (Latin) Reino de Portugal (Portuguese)1139–1910 Flag(1830–1910) Coat of arms(1834–1910) Motto: In hoc signo vinces (Latin)In this sign thou shalt conquerAnthem: Hymno Patriótico (1809–1834)Patriotic AnthemHino da Carta (1834–1910)Anthem of the CharterThe Kingdom of Portugal in 1800CapitalCoimbra(1139–1255)Lisbon(1255–1910)[b]38°42′N 9°11′W...