Kirkuk Governorate

Kirkuk Governorate
Governorate
Flag of Kirkuk Governorate
Flag
Location of Kirkuk Governorate
Coordinates: 35°22′N 44°8′E / 35.367°N 44.133°E / 35.367; 44.133
Country Iraq (Disputed territories of Northern Iraq)[1]
CapitalKirkuk
Government
 • TypeProvincial government
Area
 • Total
9,679 km2 (3,737 sq mi)
Population
 (2018)
 • Total
1,597,876
ISO 3166 codeIQ-KI
Official language(s)Arabic, Kurdish, Syriac and Turkish
HDI (2018)0.708[2]
high · 1st of 17

Kirkuk Governorate (Arabic: محافظة كركوك, romanized: Muḥāfaẓat Karkūk;[3] Kurdish: پارێزگای کەرکووک, romanized: Parêzgeha Kerkûkê/Parêzgayi Kerkûk;[4][5] Turkish: Kerkük Valiliği) or Kirkuk Province is a governorate in northern Iraq. The governorate has an area of 9,679 square kilometres (3,737 sq mi). In 2017, the estimated population was 1,259,561 people.[6] The provincial capital is the city of Kirkuk. It is divided into four districts.

The province was named Kirkuk Governorate until 1976, when it was named At-Ta'mim Governorate, meaning "nationalization", referring to the national ownership of the regional oil and natural gas reserves. In 2006, the name "Kirkuk Governorate" was restored.[citation needed]

Governorate government

Districts of Kirkuk Governorate

Districts

District Total population, 2018
Kirkuk 974,824
Dibis 50,241
Daquq 66,433
Hawija 120,679

Demographics

Kirkuk Governorate borders were altered in 1976; when 4 districts were added to the Sulaymaniya, Diyala and Saladin Governorates.[8] The Kirkuk Governorate received the Arab populated Zab District from the Mosul Governorate.[9]

With the Arabization policies of the Ba'ath party, the number of Arabs in official censuses increased fivefold within 40 years, however the most reliable data indicative of the ethnic breakdown of the governorate are those of the 1957 census.[10] The number of Kurds remained relatively constant from 1957 until 1977, decrease in their numbers coincides with the Arabization process in the 1990s.[11] The Turkmens were seriously affected by the Ba'ath changing Kirkuk borders their percentage fell from 21% to 7%.

Starting from 1977, 2,000 Christians (Assyrians) were registered as Arabs. From the end of the Gulf War to 1999, about 11,000 Kurdish families were deported from Kirkuk.[12] Since the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, 100,000 Kurds have returned to the city of Kirkuk.[13]

Statistics

Ethnic data from a League of Nations report from 1925 and British data from 1924, 1930 and 1931 (the province had different borders during these years):

Ethnic data for Kirkuk Governorate (liwa)
Ethnicity 1924[14] % 1925[15] % 1930[16] % 1931[14] %
Kurdish 79,646 54.4% 47,500 42.5% 67,703 49.5% 77,608 56.7%
Turkmen/Turk 28,395 19.3% 26,100 23.4% 28,741 21% 28,741 21%
Arab 35,649 24.4% 35,650 31.9% 26,561 19.4% 26,561 19.4%
Jewish 1,703 1.2% - 6,742 4.9% 2,472 1.8%
Christian 1,000 0.7% 2,400 2.1% 1,228 0.9% 1,228 0.9%
Other - - 192 0.1%
Total 146,393 111,650 136,705 136,802
Census results for Kirkuk Governorate[10]
Mother tongue 1947 (Ethnicity) Percentage 1957 Percentage 1977 Percentage 1997 Percentage
Arabic 109,620 28% 218,755 45% 544,596 72%
Kurdish 151,575[17] 53% 187,593 48% 184,875 38% 155,861 21%
Turkish 83,371 21% 80,347 17% 50,099 7%
Syriac 1,605 0.4% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Hebrew 4,042[18] 1.05% 123 0.003% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Other 6,545 1.77% N/A N/A N/A N/A
Total 285,900[17] 388,829 483,977 752,745

A report by the International Crisis Group points out that figures from 1977 and 1997 censuses "are all considered highly problematic, due to suspicions of regime manipulation" because Iraqi citizens were only allowed to indicate belonging to either the Arab or Kurdish ethnic groups;[19] consequently, this skewed the number of other ethnic minorities, such as Iraq's third largest ethnic group – the Turkmen.[19]

2018 election results

The following is the results of the 2018 Iraqi parliamentary election in the Kirkuk governorate. Election results are often used to estimate the demographics of the region. However, Iraqi citizens do not necessary vote for parties based on its ethnic affiliation.

Party Total vote[20] Percentage Seats
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 183,283 37.8% 6
Arab Alliance of Kirkuk 84,102 17.4% 3
Turkman Front of Kirkuk 79,694 16.4% 3
Victory Coalition 24,328 5% 0
Conquest Alliance 18,427 3.8% 0
National Coalition 14,979 3.1% 0
Nishtiman coalition
Movement for Change
Coalition for Democracy and Justice
Kurdistan Islamic Group		 14,118 2.9% 0
New Generation Movement 13,096 2.7% 0
Chaldean Coalition
Reserved Christian Seat		 4,864 1% 1
Kurdistan Islamic Group 4,631 1% 0
Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council 3,810 0.8% 0
Others 39,286 8.1% 0
Total 484,618 100% 12(+1)

Archeological sites

Archeological sites in the governorate include Arrapḫa, Nuzi and Lubdu, which all date back several thousand years. Arrapha is located within the modern city of Kirkuk, Nuzi is identified with the site of Yorghan Tepe and the location of Lubdu isn't certain, but considered to be at Tall Buldagh.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ Hanish, Shak (1 March 2010). "The Kirkuk Problem and Article 140 of the Iraqi Constitution: The Kirkuk Problem". Digest of Middle East Studies: 15–25. doi:10.1111/j.1949-3606.2010.00002.x. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  2. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
  3. ^ "الرئيسية". kirkuk.gov.iq (in Arabic). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  4. ^ "کۆبوونەوەی ئەنجوومەنی پارێزگای کەرکووک شکستی هێنا" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  5. ^ "Hevpeymanîya Kurdistanî bi 96 namzedan dikeve hilbijartinan". Rûpela nû (in Kurdish). 17 October 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  6. ^ Central Organization for Statistics and Information Technology, Iraq
  7. ^ Kurdistan24. "Iraqi court issues arrest warrant for acting gov. of Kirkuk on 'corruption involvement'". Kurdistan24. Retrieved 2019-09-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Mohammed, Ihsan (2017). Nation Building in Kurdistan. London: Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 9781315597393.
  9. ^ Mohammed, Ihsan (2017). Nation Building in Kurdistan. London: Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 9781315597393.
  10. ^ a b Anderson, Liam D.; Stansfield, Gareth R. V. (2009), Crisis in Kirkuk: The Ethnopolitics of Conflict and Compromise, University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 43, ISBN 978-0-8122-4176-1
  11. ^ Anderson, Liam D.; Stansfield, Gareth R. V. (2009), Crisis in Kirkuk: The Ethnopolitics of Conflict and Compromise, University of Pennsylvania Press, p. 44, ISBN 978-0-8122-4176-1
  12. ^ "An ancient tragedy". The Economist. 20 February 1999. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  13. ^ "The Militant - March 28, 2005 -- Iraqi Kurds make progress toward return to oil-rich Kirkuk". www.themilitant.com.
  14. ^ a b Fuat Dundar (2012). "British Use of Statistics in the Iraqi Kurdish Question (1919–1932)" (PDF): 44. Retrieved 12 November 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^ Fuat Dundar (2012). "British Use of Statistics in the Iraqi Kurdish Question (1919–1932)" (PDF): 30. Retrieved 12 November 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ Fuat Dundar (2012). "British Use of Statistics in the Iraqi Kurdish Question (1919–1932)" (PDF): 38. Retrieved 12 November 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  17. ^ a b C. J. Edmonds (1957). Kurds, Turks and Arabs, Politics, Travel and Research in North-Eastern Iraq, 1919-1925. Oxford University Press. p. 438. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  18. ^ Abbas Shiblak (1986). The lure of Zion: the case of the Iraqi Jews. p. 21.
  19. ^ a b "Turkey and the Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?" (PDF). International Crisis Group. 2008. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  20. ^ "IHEC results - Kirkuk" (PDF) (in Arabic). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  21. ^ Bagg, Ariel M. (2015). "Reviewed Work: Siedlungsgeschichte im mittleren Osttigrisgebiet. Vom Neolithikum bis in die neuassyrische Zeit (= Abhandlungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 28)". Archiv für Orientforschung. 53: 431. Retrieved 29 February 2024.