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A kei truck, kei-class truck, or Japanese mini truck, known in Japan as a keitora ("light truck"),^[a] is a style of pickup truck built to satisfy the Japanese keijidōsha ("light vehicle")^[b] statutory class of light vehicles. Limited to certain size restrictions—currently no more than 3.4 m (11.2 ft) long and 1.48 m (4.9 ft) wide^[1]—they are produced by a wide range of Japanese automakers and are available in rear-wheel or four-wheel drive.

Kei trucks were first introduced in Japan in 1959 and have since been widely used throughout Asia. Since at least the 2020s, they have become increasingly popular in North America, earning a cult following for the affordability and reliability.^[1]

Design

The kei truck class specifies a maximum size and displacement, which has steadily increased since legislation first enabled the type in 1949. They evolved from earlier three-wheeled trucks based on motorcycles with a small load-carrying area, called san-rin (三輪), which were popular in Japan before World War II. Since 1998, the law admits a maximum length of 3.4 m (134 in), a maximum width of 1.48 m (58 in) and a maximum height of 2.0 m (79 in) with a maximum displacement of 660 cc. They weigh about 700 kg (1,500 lb), and when ungoverned, can reach up to 120 km/h (75 mph).

Due to the limits established with regards to vehicle length, most, if not all, current trucks in this classification are built with the "cab over" approach to maximize load-carrying abilities; the Suzuki Mighty Boy is one of the rare historical exceptions. Despite the size and engine displacement, most kei trucks have a bed load capacity of nearly 350 kg (770 lb), and the bed dimensions are comparable to crew cab versions of far larger vehicles such as the Ford F-150.^[1] Kei pickups generally have 1.8 m (6 ft) pickup beds with fold-down sides; dump and scissor-lift beds are also available, as are van bodies.^{[citation needed]} For export markets, kei trucks are usually fitted with bigger engines to allow them even more carrying capabilities. An Indonesian version of the originally 543-cc Suzuki Carry was built with a 1.6-L unit – nearly three times larger.

They are built with a strong, full, box-frame design with fully enclosed cabs, seat belts, windshield wipers, AM radios, heaters, lights and signals, and catalytic converters, and are claimed to have a fuel efficiency of 40 mpg_‑US (17 km/L; 5.9 L/100 km; 48 mpg_‑imp).

Typical manufacturers and model names include: Daihatsu Hijet, Subaru Sambar, Suzuki Carry, Mazda / Autozam Scrum, Mitsubishi Minicab. Honda has ended production and sales of kei trucks with the end of production of Honda Acty in 2021.The first kei truck to go on sale was the Kurogane Baby, manufactured from 1959 until 1962.

Many of these have been produced under license abroad, such as the Piaggio Porter. In South Korea, Daewoo and Asia (Kia) produced rebadged Suzuki Carry/Every, and Daihatsu Hijet vans as Daewoo Labo/Damas, and the Asia/Kia Towner.

In early 1960s, ZAZ, a Ukrainian car manufacturer, designed a series of pickup prototypes based on its popular ZAZ-966 subcompact car. Two of these prototypes were a key trucks:

ZAZ-970 [uk] (Ukrainian: ЗАЗ-970) — initial prototype, built in 1961; capacity = 350 kg (770 lb).
ZAZ-970G (Ukrainian: ЗАЗ-970Г) — reviewed and upgraded prototype, built in 1962; capacity = 400 kg (880 lb); empty weight = 700 kg (1,500 lb).

Later built Honda T500F (1963) looks pretty similar to ZAZ-970, while ZAZ-970G looks pretty similar to earlier built Kurogane Baby (1961). No further development for these prototypes was done by ZAZ though, but some features of these prototypes later has been emerged into Lada Niva.

Gallery

The Kurogane Baby was the first kei truck and an early adopter of the cab-over design
The bonneted Honda T360 was Honda's first automobile
The Suzuki Carry L40 was designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro
The Subaru Sambar was one of the first kei trucks, here a 1980s model
The Mitsubishi Minicab (1991-1999 model)
The Nissan Clipper was initially based on Mitsubishi's Minicab, but both of these are re-badged Suzuki Carrys since 2012
The Mazda Scrum has always been a rebadged Suzuki Carry
The current Toyota Pixis, a rebadged Daihatsu Hijet

Uses

Kei trucks are widely employed throughout Asia in agriculture, fisheries, construction, and even for firefighting.^[2]

Japanese progressive tax laws encourage declaring vehicles surplus after a relatively short life; consequently, used kei trucks are often exported in excellent condition with very low mileage.^{[citation needed]}

In the Philippines, many kei trucks and vans have found a second life as a form of public transportation called "multicabs". These are used Japanese-market kei vehicles, refurbished to meet local requirements by various companies such as Norkis Motors.

Used models originally appeared in the US for off-road use, typically by farmers and hunters.^{[citation needed]} Since 2010, many common uses in the US include campus maintenance vehicles, landscape and property maintenance, delivery vehicles, agricultural uses, golf courses, construction sites, small-business transportation and advertisement, and private recreational and homeowner use. Fire departments, ambulance companies, and even some police agencies have incorporated kei trucks into their fleets due to the extreme versatility, durability, and low cost compared to other utility type vehicles.^{[citation needed]}

Legal status in North America

As they are street-legal in their home market and most of the world, kei trucks do generally have the standard equipment required for US roadways such as seat belts, approved lighting (headlamps, taillights, reverse and brake lights, turn signals), horn and US-standard "AS1/AS2" safety glass; they must pass state safety inspections where required. They are approved for use on local roads in several states, while other states have special legislation regarding them. Some controversy has arisen regarding their use on US roadways, largely caused by an outdated report by the nonlegislative American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators. The report,^[3] issued in 2011, raised concerns about the safety and emissions compliance of kei trucks. At the time of the report, available data were limited regarding the vehicles, but the concerns have largely been dismissed, as jurisdictions have become more knowledgeable.

State legislation passed during 2008 in Oklahoma and Louisiana are the most liberal, prohibiting their use only on interstate highways.^[4] As of October 2024^[update], Kei Trucks are illegal for all road usage in several states^[5] with Maine being the most prohibitive.^[6]