In 1997, Karpan was appointed by President Bill Clinton, whose presidential campaigns she had supported, to serve as the first female director of the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. In early 2000, she stepped down and took another position in the interior department, while applying for another job that raised concerns about potential conflicts of interest. Upon the end of the Clinton administration in 2001, Karpan returned to her law practice in Cheyenne. She has continued to support Democratic presidential and state campaigns.
Early life
Kathy Karpan in 1960
Kathleen Marie Karpan was born in Rock Springs, Wyoming, on September 1, 1942, to Thomas and Pauline Karpan.[4] She was the family's first child, with two younger siblings named Judy and Frank. The family lived in a heavily Democratic, unionized coal mining community. As an elementary school student, she displayed a bumper sticker supporting Adlai Stevenson II, the Democratic presidential candidate, on her bicycle. Thomas, a coal miner, worked for the Union Pacific Railroad on a rail line servicing coal mines from Rock Springs to Superior. In 1952, the railroad closed its coal mines and transferred Thomas, prompting the family to move around 100 miles from Rock Springs to Rawlins.[5]
Pauline's health was declining, and she died in December 1954, at the age of 37. The family moved back to Rock Springs, where relatives could help take care of the children. The family considered sending the children to St. Joseph’s Children’s Home in Torrington, but Kathy, then aged 12, committed to help care for her siblings to avoid going to the orphanage. The family then moved back to Rawlins.[5]
In 1960, Karpan graduated from Rawlins High School,[6] and was offered a scholarship to the University of Wyoming College of Commerce and Industry. An honors student, she chose to major in journalism and served as editor of the student newspaper, The Branding Iron, from spring 1963 through spring 1964. As editor, she attended a speech by President John F. Kennedy at the school in September 1963.[5] In summer 1964, she worked a brief stint as society editor for the Rawlins Daily Times.[7] During Wyoming's 1964 House of Representatives election, Karpan served as an officer of the Wyoming Students for Teno Roncalio for Congress, a public relations committee supporting Roncalio's campaign.[8] She earned her bachelor's degree in journalism in 1964.[6]
Early career
Karpan's first journalism job was at the Cody Enterprise.[5] After Roncalio was elected, he hired Karpan as his staff assistant[7] and press secretary.[6] Roncalio later lost his campaign for the Senate in 1966. After a few short-term jobs, Karpan returned to the University of Wyoming to pursue a master’s degree in American studies. She protested against the dismissal of the Black 14 from the school's football team in October 1969. One month later, she protested the Vietnam War at a march in Washington, D.C., and wrote about her experience in an unofficial student publication, Free Lunch. She finished her coursework, but could not select a topic for her thesis. Karpan then worked in Canberra for several months, converting political stories from print media to broadcasting at the Australian capital.[5]
In 1970, Roncalio regained his seat in the House of Representatives, and hired Karpan to be his chief of staff.[5] Karpan returned to the University of Wyoming in January 1975 to finish her master's thesis on Jack R. Gage, former secretary of state and governor of Wyoming.[5] In 1978, Karpan graduated with a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Oregon School of Law. From 1979 to 1981, Karpan worked as an attorney in the Economic Development Administration of the United States Department of Commerce.[6] She first served as deputy director for congressional relations, then as the acting deputy legal counsel after passing the bar exam.[5]
During the 1982 Senate election, Karpan served as campaign manager for Rodger McDaniel, but McDaniel was defeated by the incumbent Republican, Malcolm Wallop.[9][10] She then served as an assistant attorney general in the office of the Wyoming Attorney General from 1983 to 1984,[6] under Archie G. McClintock. Her duties included representing the state's boards and commissions. In her role as counsel for the Wyoming Board of Medicine, Karpan helped the board investigate allegations of sexual misconduct concerning John Story, a physician from Lovell. The board revoked Story's license.[5]
Karpan announced that she would seek the Democratic nomination for secretary of state of Wyoming in 1986, and selected H. L. Jensen and Roncalio's wife to serve as the co-chairs of her campaign.[15][16] She won the Democratic nomination without opposition after spending $13,832.[17] In the general election Karpan defeated Republican nominee K. C. Thomson, who was the son of incumbent secretary of state Thyra Thomson.[18][19] She coordinated the 1989 congressional special election, the first statewide special election in Wyoming's history, after Dick Cheney resigned to serve as US secretary of defense. She was also the defendant in Gorin v. Karpan, a reapportionment case that required the state's legislators to be elected from districts of equal population, rather than by county. Following the court's decision, Karpan helped county clerks implement the new districts and redraw precinct boundaries. During her tenure, her office also transitioned from paper to electronic recordkeeping.[5]
On April 25, 1990, Karpan announced that she was seeking a second term as secretary of state.[20] She faced no opposition in the Democratic primary and defeated Republican nominee Tom Zollinger after spending $56,441 against Zollinger's $24,745.[21][22][23] Karpan won in every county.[5]
During the 1988 Democratic presidential primaries, Karpan endorsed Tennessee Senator Al Gore for the party's nomination after initially supporting Governor Bruce Babbitt,[24] and during the 1992 Democratic presidential primaries, she endorsed Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton. On November 1, 1992, Governor Mike Sullivan and Karpan published a letter calling for Wyoming voters to support Clinton. They criticized President George H. W. Bush for his negative campaign tactics, such as the Willie Horton ad during the 1988 presidential election.[25][26] Clinton won the election, and offered Karpan a high-level role in his administration. However, she declined the offer so that she could finish her term as Secretary of State.[5]
Karpan did not seek re-election in 1994, instead opting to run for governor. On January 2, 1995, Karpan was succeeded as secretary of state by Republican Diana Ohman.[3]
Gubernatorial and senatorial campaigns
In 1994, Karpan met with representatives of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee to consider running in that year's Senate election. Sullivan was also considering running for the same seat, and Karpan indicated that she would not commit to running for any office until Sullivan made his own decision.[27] Sullivan ultimately ran for the Senate seat, and on April 18, Karpan announced that she would run for governor.[28] She faced no opposition in the Democratic primary.[29] During the general election campaign, Karpan accused staffers for her Republican opponent, Jim Geringer, of spreading rumors that she is a closeted lesbian.[30] Karpan denied being a lesbian, calling the rumors a scare tactic, but caused controversy when she said, "Now I have to prove I'm a normal human being... and I am... I know I'm a decent, normal, moral person." Karpan apologized for the remarks, indicating that she respects the gay community.[31] She lost in the general election to Geringer.[32] By then, Wyoming's voting patterns trended towards favoring Republicans, due to an increase in straight-ticket voting and opposition to Clinton's presidency.[5]
Following her defeat, she practiced law with Margy White, Karpan's former deputy secretary of state.[5] In 1995, Karpan was appointed to serve as interim Laramie County attorney to replace Roberta Coates, who resigned.[33] In the same year, she also taught a course on state government at Laramie County Community College, and in spring 1996, she taught political science classes at the University of Wyoming as the Milward Simpson fellow.[5]
In 1996, a poll paid for by the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee showed Karpan leading John Barrasso, Dan Sullivan, and Eli Bebout in that year's United States Senate election. The poll also showed that she had name recognition among 92 percent of people and was viewed by 81 percent of people as an effective public servant.[34] On April 3, Karpan informally announced that she would seek the Democratic nomination for the Senate seat held by retiring Republican Senator Alan Simpson. She formally announced her campaign on June 24.[35] During the campaign, Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle and Senator Bob Kerrey campaigned for Karpan.[36][37] She won the Democratic nomination against Mickey Kalinay.[38] During the general election, The New York Times remarked that Karpan was "running a surprisingly strong race", despite the state's Republican-leaning electorate. She espoused conservative positions, including fiscal responsibility and a smaller role for the federal government.[39] She and her opponent, Republican Mike Enzi, both received an A rating from the NRA Political Victory Fund (NRA-PVF), indicating a strong record of supporting gun rights and the Second Amendment. Karpan found the NRA's endorsement to be "very heartening". She battled Republican efforts to label her as a "national Democrat" or "Clinton Democrat", instead referring to herself as a "Wyoming Democrat".[40] However, she supported abortion rights, a liberal position.[39] Karpan ultimately lost to Enzi,[41] who successfully associated Karpan with Clinton and gained votes from supporters of Bob Dole during that year's presidential election.[5] Karpan raised $927,949 in contributions and ended the campaign with a balance of $24,919. Enzi had raised $911,153 and ended his campaign with a balance of $121,587 in cash and $29,000 in debt.[42]
United States Department of the Interior
Karpan in 1998
On May 6, 1997, Clinton, who had won reelection, selected Karpan to serve as director of the Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement. The United States Senate confirmed her by a unanimous vote on July 31.[43][44] Karpan took office on August 4, 1997,[45] becoming the first woman to hold that position.[46] In this role, Karpan considered regulations on mountaintop removal mining in eastern US coal mines, and continued a "Clean Streams Program" in abandoned mine lands. Her office's work on mine reclamation brought her full circle to her first job with Roncalio, who had sponsored the legislation that authorized the office to fund reclamation efforts from taxes on current coal production.[5]
Environmentalists accused Karpan of being too close to the mining industry. On March 15, 2000, Karpan recused herself as director and took several weeks of vacation time, while she applied to a job as head of the National Mining Association, a lobbying group for the mining industry. As her office regulated mining, environmentalists and journalists raised ethical concerns about a potential conflict of interest. On April 10, 2000, unsure of whether she would actually get the job, Karpan stepped down as director[47] and became acting principal deputy assistant secretary for land and minerals management.[48][49] In her new role, she oversaw non-mining issues that involved the Bureau of Land Management and the Minerals Management Service.[50]
Later life
As Clinton's presidency came to an end, Karpan considered applying for jobs in private business or non-governmental organizations. She indicated that she did not plan to return to political life.[51] After the inauguration of George W. Bush as president in January 2001, Karpan returned to her law practice in Cheyenne.[5] The law office opened as Bagley, Karpan, Rose and White in November 2001.[52] In 2007, the law firm dissolved under its former name and became Karpan and White, P.C.[53]
