Jovan Radonjić

Jovan Radonjić
guvernadur of Montenegro
In office
1764 – 8 July 1803

Jovan Radonjić (Serbian Cyrillic: Јован Радоњић, 1748 – 8 July 1803), commonly known as Jovo (Јово) or Joko, was the guvernadur of Montenegro between 1764 and 1803.

Early life

Jovan was born in Njeguši, the son of vojvoda and serdar Stanislav Radonjić (1690–1758), the first guvernadur (s. 1756–58). The family belonged to the Radonjić-Rajičević brotherhood of Njeguši.

It is possible that he had an older brother, Vukale, who had served as the guvernadur following Stanislav's death.[citation needed]

Term during Metropolitan Sava

Jovan was elected guvernadur by the assembly in Cetinje in 1764.[1] The young Jovan had the final word in that period in Montenegro; the Venetians, the Vizier of Scutari and surrounding Ottoman pashas and beys turned to him when something needed to be arranged.[2]

The fact that the Republic of Venice, the traditional ally of the Montenegrins, saw negatively on the relations between Russia and Montenegro is evident from a letter sent by Montenegrin chieftains to the provveditore of Kotor Gaetan Molino dated 1 April 1770, which condemns the antagonistic approach by the Venetians to the Montenegrin-Russian relations.[3] The letter was signed by guvernadur Jovan Radonjić, serdar Vukale Vukotić, serdar J. Đurašković, serdar Jovo Petrović, and serdar M. Plamenac.[3] In February 1769, Russian Empress Catherine issued the order to count Aleksije Orlov to organize the planning of an uprising on the Balkans; his assistant was Georgije Dolgorukov, which was sent to Montenegro.[3] Orlov was during this Russo-Turkish war mostly in Italy, so that he was unable to assist Dolgorukov.[3]

In 1773, in the same month of the death of Šćepan Mali,[4] Kara Mahmud Pasha attacked the Kuči and Bjelopavlići,[5] but was decisively defeated and returned to Scutari.[4]

With the end of Russo-Turkish War (1768–74), the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca was signed on 21 July 1774. It did not mention Montenegro, which despite that saw in Russia a great hope.[6] In the beginning of August 1775, Jovan sent an extensive petition to the Russian court, not to forget about the Montenegrins.[6]

In 1775–76 there seems to have been armed conflicts between Montenegro and the Republic of Ragusa at their frontier, as Jovan Radonjić suggested them peace.[7]

On 27 April 1779, a letter in Italian signed by Jovan Radonjić, Ivan Petrović, arhimandrit Petar Petrović and conte Pietro Beladinovich to the Austrian Emperor thanked for the gifts sent to them by the Empress through the clerk Heinz. They were most happy with the painting of the Emperor, which they saw as a proof of honour and protection from the Austrian side.[8]

Term during Metropolitan Petar I

Conflict with Petar I

The Metropolitan and Jovan were the two head chiefs of Montenegro, one by title, the other according to actual position.[9] Jovan sought to rule Montenegro by himself; he appropriated secular rights for himself, and wanted the Metropolitan to exerice only his spiritual leadership;[10] that the guvernadur was the master of the people and the Metropolitan the master of the church.[11]

The two clashed in international politics: the Metropolitan held to Russia, while Jovan relied on Austria.[10][12] Hence, there were two parties in the land, one "Russophile" and the other "Austrophile", led by the Metropolitan and Jovan, respectively.[10] On the question whether to support Austria or not, the two sides conflicted during the Austro-Turkish War (1787–91) and Russo-Turkish War (1787–92).[13]

During this period, Montenegro was divided into the following districts: Katunska nahija, Riječka nahija, Crmnička nahija, Lješanska nahija and Pješivačka nahija. These were governed by the officials, Jovan Radonjić and the Metropolitan, with the help of 5 serdars, 9 vojvodas and 34 knezes (a synthesis of secular and theocratic government which will cause strife and struggle for supremacy until 1832–1833).[14]

Kara Mahmud Pasha's offensive (1785)

When Kara Mahmud Pasha's large army advanced towards Montenegro, the Montenegrin army of 8,000 was reduced by 3,000 Crmničani, and they were followed by many more surrenders.[15]

When Jovan saw Mahmud Pasha's army across Bjelica, he set his own house on fire and fled to Venetian territory.[16] Mahmud Pasha went to burn down the Njeguši tribe, but the Nikšići asked him to preserve it, because they had trading relations with them.[16] Mahmud Pasha settled the promised war gift; he gave Milić and knez Martinović two flasks filled with Ottoman copper coins, and 10 ducats each for the service they had done for him.[16] Mahmud Pasha then crossed with his army through Paštrovići to return to Scutari.[16] When the Pasha crossed Paštrovići at the Kašćela height near the church, Rade Andrović and his two friends approached and failed to assassinate him.[16]

Letters to Russia (1788–89)

In July 1788, he sent a letter to Queen Catherine II: "Now all of us, Serb Montenegrins, ask Your Imperial Grace to send Sofronije Jugović to us".[17] This Sofronije Marković (self-styled Jugović), was promised by Jovan the throne of Montenegro; Jovan sought to bring him to the land and replace Petrović, then get rid of him too, securing the rule for himself.[18] He sent another letter in 1789.[17]

Delegation to Austria (1789–90)

Jovan, being the main Austrian supporter in Montenegro, decided to take a trip to Austria.[19] Having faith in Austria, he led a delegation consisting mainly of chieftains from the Crmnica nahija.[19] Beginning to lose his position in Montenegro, he sought to retrieve his reputation with the help of the Austrian court.[19] In the beginning of September 1789, the delegation arrived at Rijeka, then Radonjić and Plamenac crossed over to Trieste, from where they sent a request to Vienna hoping that the delegation would extend their trip to the Austrian capital.[19] Radonjić requested that the Austrian army be sent into Montenegro, which was declined.[19] On Radonjić's re-request, the Austrian Emperor decided to send munition to Montenegro in February 1790, provided that the Montenegrins "come under the wings of the Emperor in war-time, as much as in peace-time, with the Ottoman Empire".[19] Austrian support looked unpromising.[19]

Kara Mahmud Pasha's offensive (1796)

In 1796, Kara Mahmud Pasha, the Pasha of Scutari, was defeated at the Battle of Martinići. Mahmud Pasha later returned and was defeated and killed at the Battle of Krusi on 22 September. Half of the Montenegrin army was led by Metropolitan Petar I, the other by Jovan.[20]

After the victory, Jovan wrote to Vienna and asked to be compensated for his house that he had earlier burnt down. As the Austrians were satisfied with Jovan's efforts, they sent him money and lumber for the repair of the house.

Last years

Shortly before his death, Jovan purchased a printing press in Vienna and hired an Austrian to educate the Montenegrins in using it. However, Metropolitan Petar I accused him of bringing an Austrian spy, and charged him of wanting to sell Montenegro to the Austrian Crown. Thus, Jovan gave up on the idea of printing, and sold the press to a merchant in the Bay of Kotor. Several years later, Petar II Petrović-Njegoš brought the same press back to Montenegro.

References

  1. ^ Novak 1949, p. 176

    Иван-Јово- Јоко Радоњић изабран за гувернадура Црне Горе од Народне скупштине на Цетињу 1764 године.

  2. ^ Čubrilović 1983, p. 460, Млади гувернадур Јово Радоњић води главну реч у то доба у Црној Гори; њему се обраћају Млечићи, скадарски везир и околне турске паше и бегови кад је требало средити неко питање са Црном Гором..
  3. ^ a b c d Glasnik cetinjskih muzeja 1974, p. 181
  4. ^ a b Zapisi. Cetinjsko istorijsko društvo. 1939. Истога мјесеца кад је Шћепан погинуо удари на Куче везир скадарски Мехмед - паша Бушатлија , но с великом погибијом би сузбијен и врати се у Скадар .
  5. ^ Летопис Матице српске. У Српској народној задружној штампарији. 1898. Године 1774. везир скадарски Мехмед паша Бушатлија ударио је на Куче и Бјелопавлиће, који позваше у помоћ Црногорце те произиђе због овога међу Црном Гором и Арбанијом велики бој и Арбанаси су се повукли ...
  6. ^ a b Stanojević & Vasić 1975, p. 399
  7. ^ Stanoje Stanojević; Dragoslav Stranjaković; Petar Popović (1934). Cetinjska škola: 1834-1934. Štamparija Drag. Gregorića. p. 29.
  8. ^ Andrija Luburić; Špiro M. Perović (1940). Porijeklo i prošlost Dinastije Petrovića. Štamp. "Mlada Srbija". Шта су све тада примили и с каквом захвалношћу види се. из следећег: „Писмом од 27. априла 1779. год., писаним на италијан- ском језику у гостионици код „Јелена", Иван Радоњић, Иван Петровић, архимандрит Петар Петровић и conte Pietro Beladinovich јављају Њ. Превасходству да су примили прекра- сне поклоне Њ. В. Царице, који су им послати по чинов- нику Хајнцу; и то, примили су: 3 златне дуванкесе, један ча- совник окићен бриљантима, четири златне медаље, две сто- тине угарских дуката, и — што их је још више усрећило — примили су слику цареву. Њихова захвалност је у то- лико већа, што они те поклоне сматрају као претходни до- каз милости и заштите узвишенога двора, за којом они с целим народом уздишу, и за коју су готови да жртвују крв своју ит.д. Како им је преко ...
  9. ^ Stanojević & Vasić 1975, p. 460

    Петровић и гувернадур Јован Радоњић, два прва црногорска главара, један по звању, а други по стварном положају. У почетку сложни, они се ускоро размимоилазе, јер сваки од супарника настоји да обезбиједи првенство у ...

  10. ^ a b c Brastvo. Vol. 32. Društvo sv. Save. 1941. p. 91. Гувернадур Јоко је хтео да потпуно завлада земљом; он је себи присвајао право световне, а владику је хтео да ограничи на вршење духовне власти. У спољној политици се такође нису слагали: владика је држао с Русијом, док се гувернадур ослањао на Аустрију. Отуда су у земљи и постојале две странке: русо- филска и аустрофилска; прву је водио владика, а другу гувернадур ...
  11. ^ Srbsko učeno društvo 1891, p. 227.
  12. ^ Stanojević & Vasić 1975, p. 460.
  13. ^ Čubrilović 1983, p. 362

    На питању за Аустрију или против Аустрије сукобили су се у руско-аустријском рату против Турске 1787 — 1792. владика Петар I и гувернадур Јоко Радоњић. Организујући отпор против аустријског утицаја у својој земљи за ...

  14. ^ Историски записи. Vol. 73. с.н. 2000. p. 127. Њима су управљали гувернадур Иван Радоњић и митрополит помоћу 5 сердара, 9 војвода и 34 кнеза (синтеза световне и теократске власти, што ће изазивати трвења и борбу за примат све до 1832-1833. године)
  15. ^ Srbsko učeno društvo 1891, p. 262.
  16. ^ a b c d e Rade Turov Plamenac; Jovan R. Bojović (1997). Memoari. CID. p. 537. ISBN 9788649500471. Гувернадур Јоко, чим опази турску војску преко Бјелица, он из- гори своју кућу и утече у Млетачку државу. Кара-Махмут паша хо- ћаше опалит племе Његуше, него су га измолили Никшићи да се са- чувају, јер са њима држе везу трговине. Кара-паша подмири обећани дар вој. Милићу и кнезу Мартиновићу са пуне двије боце „башлика" (турских бакарних новаца) и повр њих у грла од боца напуни по десет дуката за њихову услугу коју су му учињели, па се онда преко Паштровића врати с војском у Скадар. Кад је прелазијо преко Паштровића почине више Кашћела бли- зу цркве; онда поп Раде Андровић нови Обилић узме два
  17. ^ a b Vasilije Derić (1900). O srpskom imenu po zapadnijem krajevima našega naroda. Štampano u državnoj štampariji. 1788. год. пише Иван Радоњић, црногорски губернатор, руској царици Катарини II.: „Сада ми сви Срби Црногорци молимо вашу царску милост да пошљете к нама књаза Софронија Југовића"." 1789. год. пише опет Иван Радоњић, црногорски губернатор, руској царици: „Сад ми сви Срби из Црне Горе, Херцеговине, Бањана, Дробњака, Куча, Пипера, Бjeлопавлића, Зете, Климената, Васојевића, Братоножића, Пећи, Косова, Призрена, Арбаније, Маћедоније припадамо вашему величанству и молимо, да као милостива наша мајка пошљете к нама књаза Со- фронија Југовића
  18. ^ Srbsko učeno društvo 1891, p. 228.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g Stanojević & Vasić 1975, p. 442
  20. ^ Novak 1949, p. 178

    ... под Мартинићима и 22 септембра исте године у Крусима, недалеко Под- горице, половином црногорске војске командовао владика Петар I, а другом половином гувернадур Јоко. Из овога се јасно види до које висине је доспела ...

Sources

Preceded by Guvernadur of Montenegro
1764 – 1803
Succeeded by

Read other articles:

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (مارس 2016) مقارنة بين حجم أكبر أربع طائرات الأنتونوف إيه إن-225(الأخضر)، والإتش-4 هيركوليز (ذهبى)، بوينغ 747-8 (أزرق)، والإي�...

 

English bishop (1676–1761); instigator of the Bangorian controversy For his son, the English physician and dramatist, see Benjamin Hoadly (physician). The Right ReverendBenjamin HoadlyBishop of WinchesterBenjamin Hoadly, painted by Sarah HoadlyDioceseDiocese of WinchesterIn office1734–1761 (died)PredecessorRichard WillisSuccessorJohn ThomasOther post(s)Bishop of Bangor (1716–1721)Bishop of Hereford (6 October 1721 {elected} [1]–1723)Bishop of Salisbury (9 December 1723 {transl...

 

Chinese economic reformSimplified Chinese改革开放Traditional Chinese改革開放Literal meaningReform and Opening-UpTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinGǎigé kāifàngWade–GilesKai3-ko2 k'ai1-fang4IPA[kàɪkɤ̌ kʰáɪfâŋ]Yue: CantoneseYale RomanizationGóigaak hōifongJyutpingGoi2-gaak3 hoi1-fong3IPA[kɔːi˧˥kaːk̚˧ hɔːi˥fɔːŋ˧] History of thePeople's Republic of China 1949–1976 Mao era Revolution Proclamation Korean War Land R...

Concert hall in Chicago, Illinois, United States Symphony CenterOrchestra Hall (2021)Address220 S. Michigan Ave.LocationChicago, IllinoisOwnerChicago Symphony Orchestra AssociationTypeConcert hallCapacityOrchestra Hall: 2,522Armour Stage: 150Grainger Ballroom: 300The Club at Symphony Center: 120Buntrock Hall: 350ConstructionBuilt1904[1]OpenedDecember 14, 1904 (1904-12-14)Websitecso.org U.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic Landmark Coordinates4...

 

Low-cost airline of Thailand, operating long-haul flights This article is about the long-haul airline from Thailand. For its Malaysian sister airline, see AirAsia X. Thai AirAsia X ไทยแอร์เอเชีย เอกซ์ IATA ICAO Callsign XJ TAX EXPRESS WING Founded18 September 2013; 10 years ago (2013-09-18)Commenced operations17 June 2014; 9 years ago (2014-06-17)Operating basesSuvarnabhumi AirportFrequent-flyer programBIG Loyalty Program...

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Chaderghat – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Inner City in Telangana, IndiaChaderghatInner CityChaderghatLocation in Telangana, IndiaShow map of TelanganaChaderghatChaderghat (India)Show map o...

Steny AgustafLahir23 Agustus 1975 (umur 48)Jakarta, IndonesiaPekerjaanPembawa acarapenyiar radiohumanitarianaktorTahun aktif2000—sekarangSuami/istriJihan Oktary ​(m. 2016)​ Steny Agustaf (lahir 23 Agustus 1975) adalah seorang pembawa acara, penyiar radio, humanitarian, dan aktor Indonesia. Karier Steny memulai kariernya sebagai penyiar radio pada tahun 2000.[1] Steny membawakan sejumlah acara televisi, seperti Mamamia Show di Indosiar selama d...

 

坐标:43°11′38″N 71°34′21″W / 43.1938516°N 71.5723953°W / 43.1938516; -71.5723953 此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2017年5月21日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目,无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者:请搜索一下条目的标题(来源搜索:新罕布什尔州 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像),以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源...

 

斯洛博丹·米洛舍维奇Слободан МилошевићSlobodan Milošević 南斯拉夫联盟共和国第3任总统任期1997年7月23日—2000年10月7日总理拉多耶·孔蒂奇莫米尔·布拉托维奇前任佐兰·利利奇(英语:Zoran Lilić)继任沃伊斯拉夫·科什图尼察第1任塞尔维亚总统任期1991年1月11日[注]—1997年7月23日总理德拉古京·泽莱诺维奇(英语:Dragutin Zelenović)拉多曼·博若维奇(英语:Radoman Bo...

Barangay in Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines Barangay in National Capital Region, PhilippinesForbes ParkBarangayGate along EDSA Map of Makati with Forbes Park highlightedCountryPhilippinesRegionNational Capital RegionCityMakatiDistrictPart of the 1st district of MakatiFounded1940sNamed forWilliam Cameron ForbesGovernment • TypeBarangay • Barangay CaptainEvangeline Manotok • Barangay Councilors Members Ana Maria BorromeoMaria Micaela RemullaMarcus Lesl...

 

Mizoram was a part of the Assam state in the 1950s The history of Mizoram encompasses the history of Mizoram which lies in the southernmost part of northeast India. It is a conglomerate history of several ethnic groups of Chin people who migrated from Chin State of Burma. But information of their patterns of westward migration are based on oral history and archaeological inferences, hence nothing definite can be said. The recorded history started relatively recently around the mid-19th centu...

 

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言,清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日(哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統) 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

Salvatore Accardo nel 2012 Salvatore Accardo (Torino, 26 settembre 1941[1][2]) è un violinista italiano. Con un repertorio che spazia dalla musica barocca a quella contemporanea, è considerato uno dei maggiori esponenti della scuola violinistica italiana del Novecento. Compositori quali Salvatore Sciarrino, Franco Donatoni, Luigi Nono, Astor Piazzolla, Walter Piston, Krzysztof Penderecki e Iannis Xenakis gli hanno dedicato alcune loro opere. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Riconoscimen...

 

2007 Scottish Parliament election ← 2003 3 May 2007 (2007-05-03) 2011 → ← outgoing memberselected members →All 129 seats to the Scottish Parliament65 seats needed for a majorityOpinion pollsTurnoutConstituency - 53.9% 4.2pp Regional - 54.0% 4.3pp   First party Second party Third party   Leader Alex Salmond Jack McConnell Annabel Goldie Party SNP Labour Conservative Leader's seat Gordon Motherwell and Wishaw West o...

 

Suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaCarltonMelbourne, VictoriaTerraced houses on Drummond StreetCarltonCoordinates37°48′00″S 144°58′02″E / 37.8001°S 144.9671°E / -37.8001; 144.9671Population16,055 (SAL 2021)[1]Established1851Postcode(s)3053Elevation45 m (148 ft)Area1.8 km2 (0.7 sq mi)Location3 km (2 mi) from MelbourneLGA(s)City of MelbourneState electorate(s)MelbourneFederal division(s)Melbourne Suburbs a...

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (يونيو 2023) إسحاق نافون (بالعبرية: יצחק נבון)‏  رئيس إسرائيل في المنصب24 مايو 1978 – 5 مايو 1983 رئيس الوزراء مناحم بيجن إ...

 

مقاطعة بورغاس   الاسم الرسمي (بالبلغارية: Бургас)‏(بالإنجليزية: Burgas)‏    الإحداثيات 42°30′N 27°15′E / 42.5°N 27.25°E / 42.5; 27.25   [1] تاريخ التأسيس 8 يناير 1999  تقسيم إداري  البلد بلغاريا[2][3]  التقسيم الأعلى بلغاريا  العاصمة بورغاس  خصائص جغر...

 

Bài viết này cần thêm chú thích nguồn gốc để kiểm chứng thông tin. Mời bạn giúp hoàn thiện bài viết này bằng cách bổ sung chú thích tới các nguồn đáng tin cậy. Các nội dung không có nguồn có thể bị nghi ngờ và xóa bỏ. Họ Điều nhuộmĐiều nhuộm (Bixa orellana)Phân loại khoa họcGiới (regnum)Plantae(không phân hạng)Angiospermae(không phân hạng)EudicotsBộ (ordo)MalvalesHọ (familia)BixaceaeKunth, 1822Ch...

Sinistra Italiana PresidenteNichi Vendola[1] SegretarioNicola Fratoianni[2] Stato Italia SedeCorso del Rinascimento, 69 00186 Roma AbbreviazioneSI Fondazione7 novembre 2015 (movimento)19 febbraio 2017 (partito) Derivato daSinistra Ecologia LibertàFuturo a Sinistra IdeologiaSocialismo democratico[3][4]Ecosocialismo[3]Progressismo[4]Antifascismo[4][5]Europeismo moderato[4][6] CollocazioneSinistra[...

 

French politician You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (March 2009) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into th...