His Eminence Josef Beran Servant of God
Cardinal Archbishop of Prague
Church	Roman Catholic Church
Archdiocese	Prague
See	Prague
Appointed	4 November 1946
Term ended	17 May 1969
Predecessor	Karel Kašpar
Successor	František Tomášek
Other post(s)	Cardinal-Priest of Santa Croce in Via Flaminia (1965-69)
Orders
Ordination	10 June 1911 by Pietro Respighi
Consecration	8 December 1946 by Saverio Ritter
Created cardinal	22 February 1965 by Pope Paul VI
Rank	Cardinal-Priest
Personal details
Born	Josef Beran (1888-12-29)29 December 1888 Plzeň, Plzeňský kraj, Bohemia, Kingdom of Bohemia, Austria-Hungary
Died	17 May 1969(1969-05-17) (aged 80) Pontifical Nepomucene College, Rome, Italy
Buried	Saint Peter's Basilica, Vatican City (until 2018) Saint Vitus Cathedral (from 2018)
Alma mater	Pontifical Urbaniana University
Motto	Eucharistia et labor ("Eucharist and labor")
Coat of arms
Sainthood
Attributes	Cardinal's attire

Styles of Josef Beran
Reference style	His Eminence
Spoken style	Your Eminence
Informal style	Cardinal
See	Prague

Josef Beran (29 December 1888 – 17 May 1969) was a Czech Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Prague from 1946 until his death. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1965.^[1][2][3]

Adam Beran was imprisoned in the Dachau concentration camp during World War II after the Nazis had targeted him for "subversive and dangerous" behavior where he almost died in 1943 due to disease. He was freed in 1945 upon Allied liberation and Pope Pius XII nominated him to head the Prague archdiocese.^[2] But the introduction of the communist regime saw him imprisoned and placed under house arrest. His release in 1963 came with the condition that he could not perform his episcopal duties and he was later exiled to Rome in 1965 as part of a coordinated deal between the church and the national government.^[1][3]

His cause for canonization opened in 1998 and he became titled as a Servant of God.^[3] He was granted the rare honor of being buried in Saint Peter's Basilica upon his death and remained the sole Czech national to be buried there until 2018 when his remains were transferred back to his native homeland for interment in the Saint Vitus Cathedral.^[1][4]

Josef Beran was born in Plzeň on 29 December 1888 as the eldest of four children to the schoolteacher Josef Beran and Marie Lindauerová (b. 16 May 1866; the niece of famous painter Gottfried Lindauer). Father Josef Jaroslav baptized Beran whose godparents were Josef Beneš and Rozálie Benešová.^[3] Beran's siblings (in order) were his brothers Jaroslav, Karel and Slavoj and his sister Marie. His father's earnings were meager. Beran thought about learning medicine but a religious instructor at his school thought that he would make a fine priest and so used his influence to secure him a position for ecclesial studies.^[4]

Beran commenced his ecclesial studies in Plzeň from 1899 to 1907 (graduating with distinction in June 1907) and later at the Pontifical Urbaniana in Rome from 1907 until 1911.^[2] He was ordained to the priesthood in the Basilica of Saint John Lateran on 10 June 1911 in Rome. In 1912 he obtained a doctorate. Beran began doing pastoral work in Plzeň until 1932. From 1912 until 1917 he did work in a worker's district parish and was later named as both a chaplain for the Sisters of Notre Dame in Prague and then as the director for the Saint Anne Institute from 1917 until 1929.^[1] Beran was made the spiritual director for seminarians in Prague from 1932 until 1942 and also served as a professor at Charles College in 1932. Pope Pius XI later named him as a monsignor on 11 June 1936.^[2]

Beran ensured that Pius XI's document Mit brennender Sorge was published and circulated in Prague due to the anti-racism stance the document made. Beran was made a full professor in 1939 ending his stint as an assistant professor. Pope Pius XII reconfirmed him as a monsignor on 19 October 1939.^[1] On 21 April 1941 the cardinal Karel Kašpar died and the Nazis seized the moment insisting Beran broadcast on radio the announcement of the cardinal's death. The Nazis made him do this and placed Beran near the top of the list of "religious radicals".^[4]

At the beginning of June 1942 he announced he would celebrate a Mass for the Czechoslovak prisoners of war detained and in Czech in direct defiance of Nazi directives. The Gestapo arrested Beran on 6 June 1942 during World War II (on the basis of being "subversive and dangerous") and he was later imprisoned without trial in Pankrác at Theresienstadt (alongside future cardinal Štěpán Trochta) and also the Dachau concentration camp. From 6 June 1942 until 6 July he was held in Pankrác before being sent for two months to Terzin. He arrived at Dachau on 4 September 1942 where his number was 25844.^[1] It was there that a typhoid epidemic in 1943 almost killed him but he rallied from it and remained there until 29 April 1945 after Allied forces liberated the camp.^[3] Upon his immediate return to Prague the President of Czechoslovakia Edvard Beneš decorated him with the Iron Cross and the medal of Hero of the Resistance - the two highest honors the nation had.

Part of a series on
Persecutions of the Catholic Church
Overview Historical persecution of Christians Catholic Church persecutions 1939–1958 Eradication of the Church under Stalinism Eastern Catholic persecutions Persecution of Christians in the modern era
Roman Empire Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire Diocletianic Persecution
Neo-Persian Empire Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem
Byzantine Empire Massacre of the Latins
Muslim world Muslim conquests Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide Greek genocide Kosheh massacres
Saudi Arabia Christianity in Saudi Arabia
Sudan Christianity in Sudan
Egypt Maspero demonstrations
Islamic terrorism Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State
Japan Martyrs of Japan
European wars of religion Thirty Years' War Reformation
Canada Canadian Martyrs 2021 Canadian church burnings
France Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution War in the Vendée Martyrs of Compiègne Massacre in the Rue Haxo
Mexico Cristero War Iniquis afflictisque Acerba animi Saints José Sánchez del Río Anti-clericalism in Mexico Miguel Pro
Spain Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War Red Terror Dilectissima Nobis Martyrs of Turon Martyrs of Daimiel Bartolomé Blanco Innocencio of Mary Immaculate José María of Manila 233 Spanish Martyrs 498 Spanish Martyrs 522 Spanish Martyrs Burning of convents in Spain (1931)
Netherlands Titus Brandsma
Germany Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany Mit brennender Sorge Alfred Delp Alois Grimm Rupert Mayer Bernhard Lichtenberg Max Josef Metzger Karl Leisner Erich Klausener Kulturkampf
China Martyr Saints of China Auguste Chapdelaine Persecution of Christians in China Ad Sinarum gentem Cupimus Imprimis Ad Apostolorum principis Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei Beda Chang Dominic Tang
Vietnam Vietnamese Martyrs Andrew of Phú Yên Nguyễn Văn Thuận Trương Bửu Diệp Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn
Poland Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland Maksymilian Kolbe Polish anti-religious campaign 1945–1990 Stefan Wyszyński 108 Blessed Polish Martyrs Policies In Poloniae annalibus Gloriosam Reginam Invicti athletae Jerzy Popiełuszko
Eastern Europe József Mindszenty Eugene Bossilkov Severian Baranyk Josef Beran Drina Martyrs Zynoviy Kovalyk Aloysius Stepinac Meminisse iuvat Anni sacri Sára Salkaházi Walter Ciszek Pietro Leoni Theodore Romzha
India Violence against Christians in India 2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka Devasahayam Pillai
El Salvador Four U.S. missionaries Ignacio Ellacuría Rutilio Grande Ignacio Martín-Baró Segundo Montes Óscar Romero 1989 murders of Jesuits
Nigeria Religious violence in Nigeria
Guatemala Stanley Rother
Great Britain and Ireland Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Irish Catholic Martyrs Dissolution of the Monasteries Penal Laws Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
United States James Coyle Know Nothing The Menace Oregon Compulsory Education Act Pierce v. Society of Sisters Philadelphia nativist riots Ursuline Convent riots
Philippines Lorenzo Ruiz Pedro Calungsod Gomburza
Turkey Murder of Andrea Santoro
North Korea Catholic Church in North Korea
Norway Anti-Catholicism in Norway
Russia Martyrs of Pratulin Conversion of Chelm Eparchy Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions
Catholicism portal
v t e

On 4 November 1946 he was appointed as the Archbishop of Prague and thus the leader of the Czechoslovakian Church; this also made him the Primate. Beran received his episcopal consecration on the following 8 December from Archbishop Saverio Ritter with Bishops Mořic (Maurice) Pícha and Anton Eltschkner serving as the co-consecrators.

The election of Klement Gottwald - the communist president of Czechoslovakia in 1948 - prompted Beran to have a Te Deum sung for the new president in the Prague Cathedral. However the rise of the communist regime in 1948 saw Beran prohibit his priests from taking an oath of allegiance to the new regime (viewing such an action as a "treason to the Christian faith"^[5]) and in public protested the seizure of land that belonged to the Prague archdiocese.^[6] as well as the infringement of religious freedom.^[7] He declared: "The Catholic Church should enjoy the absolute freedom to which it has a right, both God-given and guaranteed by the existing Constitution".^[8] He condemned as schismatic the Communist government-approved Czech Catholic Action.^[9] On 19 June 1949 he was placed under house arrest and complained of being "deprived of all personal freedom and all rights as the archbishop".^[10]

He was convicted in a show trial and his house arrest - confining him to the archiepiscopal residence - ended on 7 March 1951. On 10 March he was taken from Prague with few knowing his precise location. In that period he was first taken to a villa near Liberec before being sent to Mištěves and Hořice. He was then sent to Paběnice and Mukařov near Prague. On 4 October 1963 before going to Radvanov. His release came in 1963 and he was forbidden to perform his ecclesial duties; this lasted until his relocation to Rome in 1965.^[3] During his time in imprisonment he resisted regime pressure to resign from his see. In May 1961 the pope sent him a letter to commemorate the 50th anniversary of his ordination. But the letter was sent back to the pope with the words "without delivery". To that end John XXIII published the letter in L'Osservatore Romano.^[2] It was a widespread rumour that Beran was one of the three prelates that Pope John XXIII elevated into the College of Cardinals reserved in pectore on 28 March 1960; the pope's death in 1963 meant that it was never known if that was indeed true since the pope did not reveal the names of those reserved.^[1]

Beran was impeded from exercising his episcopal duties upon his release and offered his resignation to the pope on numerous occasions despite such resignations being refused each time. Beran later went to live in Rome on 17 February 1965 in exchange for governmental concessions to the Church following negotiations in late 1964 that saw the appointment of new bishops and an apostolic administrator for the Prague archdiocese due to Beran's negotiated exit. He knew going to Rome was an exile and tried to resist at first. But Beran relented for the good of the Czech Church and the progress that had been made.^[2][3][11]

Pope Paul VI elevated him into the cardinalate and made him the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Croce in Via Flaminia on 22 February 1965; he received his red hat and title on 25 February.^[1][3] He was made a member of both the Congregation for the Clergy and the Congregation for Rites. In 1965 he participated in the last session of the Second Vatican Council. During the council's discussion on its document Dignitatis humanae on 20 September 1965 he suggested that expiation for past attacks on religious freedom was a possible cause of the Church's modern suffering. He spoke on the principle of ecclesial independence and received a standing ovation.^[2][12] In 1966 he made a trip to the United States of America where he received several honorary academic citations. In 1968 the pope sent him a letter in Latin to commemorate his 80th birthday. In 1969 he gave an address on Vatican Radio in response to the suicide of Jan Palach. Beran disapproved of his suicide but highlighted Palach's ideals. His address drew some criticism.^[2]

Beran died from lung cancer^[7] in Rome in 1969 at the Pontifical Nepomucene College where he lived.^[2] Pope Paul VI learned of the cardinal's precarious health condition and he rushed to visit the ailing cardinal but was too late. Beran had died just a few minutes before Paul VI arrived at his bedside. He was buried in the grotto of Saint Peter's Basilica in the chapel of the Bruised Madonna after Paul VI celebrated his funeral. Upon his death Cardinal Franjo Šeper referred to Beran as "the second Saint Adalbert".^{[citation needed]}

Beran's last will expressed his desire to be buried in Prague but this never materialized after his death because the Czechoslovak communist government forbade his remains to be brought in.^[4] This changed in 2018 after Pope Francis permitted the transfer of the late cardinal's remains to Prague which occurred on 20 April with Cardinal Angelo Comastri overseeing it. A permanent plaque was put in place of his old tomb to commemorate Beran and the small bag of earth buried with him was also sent back to his homeland. His coffin was then transported to the Pontifical Neopomucenum where he lived in Rome for a short gathering with the Czech Culture Minister leading the Czech delegation. His remains were then buried on 23 April in the Saint Vitus Cathedral in the Saint Agnes of Bohemia chapel.^{[13][14][3][1]} The translation of his remains came after the cardinal's relatives and Cardinal Dominik Duka requested it of the pope.^{[citation needed]}

Cardinal Miloslav Vlk blessed the foundation stone of a memorial to Beran unveiled on 13 May 2009 in Prague. The cardinal underlined that "truth" and fairness" were integral aspects to Beran's life. Present at the unveiling were Archbishop Karel Otcanasek and the archdiocesan vicar-general Fr. Michael Slavik.^[15]

The beatification process for Beran was introduced on 9 February 1998 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints titled the late cardinal as a Servant of God and issued the official "nihil obstat" edict opening the cause; this came after the forum for the cause was moved on 14 February 1997 from Rome to Prague. On 2 April 1998 the beatification process was launched in Prague in a diocesan process tasked with the collection of both documentation and witness testimonies in relation to his life and reputation for holiness. Cardinal Miloslav Vlk presided over the launch of the process with the apostolic nuncio Giovanni Coppa present.^[3] The diocesan process was later closed on 17 May 2018.

• The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
• Hagiography Circle
• Catholic-Hierarchy
• "We Believe in Each Other" - TIME Magazine
• Geni
• Find a Grave
• Radio Praha
• Newspaper clippings about Josef Beran in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW