Trojan was born in Prague. He graduated from the Faculty of Theatre of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague in 1988 and Realistické divadlo Zdeňka Nejedlého (RDZN) in Prague-Smíchov. He holds a Master of Fine Arts degree from the Academy. In 1992 he moved to Divadlo na Vinohradech (DNV). In 1997 he decided to move to a newly established Dejvické divadlo (DD).
At the International TV Festival in Monte Carlo 2013, Ivan Trojan was awarded the prize of Golden Nymph for the Best Actor in the mini-series Burning Bush.
He is son of actor Ladislav Trojan and brother of producer and director Ondřej Trojan. He is married to actress Klára Pollertová-Trojanová with four sons – František (born 1999), Josef (born 2001), Antonín (born 2009) and Václav (born 2012)