Icelandair traces its roots back to 1937, when Flugfélag Akureyrar was founded in Akureyri on the north coast of Iceland. Flight operations started in 1938 with a single Waco YKS-7 configured as a floatplane. In 1939 the airline was grounded when this aircraft was destroyed in a capsizing accident. In March 1940, Flugfélag Akureyrar moved its hub to Reykjavík and moved its operations to fixed-wing seaplane scheduled flights from the Vatnsmýri area, and changed its name to Flugfélag Íslands,[7] where it acquired another Waco aircraft and was relaunched in 1940 as Flugfélag Íslands, which translates as Flight Company of Iceland.[8] Seaplane flights were operated in the vicinity of Vatnsmýri in Skerjafjörður and Vatnagarðar.[9] Previously, the two unrelated airlines of the same name (Flugfélag Íslands) had existed in the country (from 1919 to 1920, and between 1928 and 1931).[10] For international purposes, the name Iceland Airways was adopted.[11]
In 1940, Iceland was invaded by the British and Reykjavík Airport was established south of the capital during the war. In in 1946 the airport was handed over to Icelandic civilian authorities, now called Isavia.[12] Iceland Airways (Icelandair) inherited a small building constructed by the British Army on the west side of the airport. Since 1947, the building has been gradually expanded but is still in use by Icelandair as a domestic terminal in 2024. By the 1950s, Iceland Airways operated flights to Britain and Northern Europe from the airport, as well as domestic flights.[12]
The airline was based from Reykjavík Airport, close to the city centre, and the fleet was expanded with a Beechcraft Model 18 in 1942; and with two De Havilland Dragon Rapides[13] and a Consolidated PBY Catalina in 1944, the latter being the first ever aircraft registered in Iceland to be flown to Iceland by an Icelandic crew from North America.[14] On 11 July 1945, this aircraft operated the first commercial flight over the Atlantic Ocean for the airline, which led from Reykjavík to Largs in Scotland, with four passengers and four crew members on board. Regular flights to Prestwick Airport in Scotland and Copenhagen in Denmark, using Consolidated B-24 Liberator aircraft leased from Scottish Airlines were launched in 1946.[10]
In the same year, the comfort and performance of domestic flights in Iceland was improved with the introduction of the Douglas DC-3. A total of six were purchased, which remained in service with the airline until 1972.[15] Until the late 1960s, Flugfélag concentrated mostly on domestic service, but it also continued operating internationally; in 1948, the Douglas DC-4 was introduced on international routes, and in 1957 two new Vickers 759 Viscounts were acquired, the first turboprop airliners to be operated by an Icelandic airline. In the 1950s, Flugfélag began to use Icelandair branding for flights beyond Iceland.[11]
In 1967, Flugfélag was the first Icelandic airline to join the jet age, when a Boeing 727-100 dubbed Gullfaxi was put into service. The B-727 jet aircraft was operated from Keflavík Airport, as the aircraft was considered too large for the smaller Reykjavík Airport. Most of Flugfélag's international operations transferred to Keflavík by this time. This left only shorter-distance flights to Greenland and the Faroes as the only international services from Reykjavík Airport.[16] Another 727 was acquired in 1971, and the aircraft type was operated until 1990.[17] In 2008, the cockpit section of Gullfaxi was put on display at the Akureyri Aviation Museum.[18]
Another company, Loftleiðir, called Icelandic Airlines internationally, was formed in 1944 by three young pilots returning from their flight training in Canada. The company, whose name roughly means "Skyways", initially concentrated on Icelandic domestic routes using two Stinson Reliants and then a Grumman G-21 Goose[19]amphibious aircraft.
Loftleiðir began scheduled international operations in 1947 from a small shed on the east apron of Reykjavík Airport.[20] Loftleiðir soon began challenging Flugfélag's dominance within Iceland; by 1952, the Icelandic authorities became concerned that the fierce domestic rivalry would cripple both companies, and attempted to force them to merge.[21] Unable to consummate a merger, the authorities instead divided domestic routes between the two airlines, prompting Loftleiðir to exit the domestic market and concentrate instead on international flights.[21][22] Its pioneering low-fare service across the North Atlantic commenced in 1953.[23] Loftleiðir is considered a precursor to the low-cost carriers, that emerged worldwide in the 1970s, as it was not part of or subject to IATA fares or rules.[24][25][26] Loftleiðir, anticipating increased demand, began construction of a large passenger terminal at Reykjavík Airport.[27]
The late 1960s were an exciting time for Loftleiðir.[28] In 1964, the airline acquired Canadair CL-44 aircraft, which were the largest transatlantic aircraft operating at the time.[29] As a result of the large size of the new aircraft, Loftleiðir moved its entire operation to Keflavík Airport in the same year, abandoning Reykjavík Airport completely.[30] The planned passenger terminal at Reykjavik Airport later became a hotel and headquarters for Loftleiðir, and as of 2024, continues to be the headquaters of Icelandair and a hotel.[31]
In 1969 the company acquired International Air Bahama, a small Bahamian airline that operated transatlantic nonstop service between Nassau and Luxembourg using Douglas DC-8 jetliners,[32] and a year later, Loftleiðir became one of the founders of Cargolux, a cargo airline. Also in 1970, Loftleiðir entered the jet age with its first two DC-8 aircraft.[33]
During those years, many people including the company's own staff called Loftleiðir "the Hippie Airline" or "the Hippie Express".[34] The airline was not known for speed or punctuality, but flying with the company became a sort of rite of passage for young "hippies" from America travelling to Europe, one of whom was future U.S. president Bill Clinton.[35][36]
Merger with Loftleiðir
During the 1970s energy crisis, the economic situation for both Flugfélag Íslands and Loftleiðir worsened. The government of Iceland initiated a new attempt to merge the two airlines, which could be realized in 1973 following lengthy and difficult negotiations.[37] In 1975, the Icelandic government provided a $13.5 million loan to Flugleiðir.[38] The staff of Loftleiðir complained that Flugfélag Íslands, although smaller, had gained the upper hand in the united company.[39] A holding company called Flugleiðir was created, which combined the two companies and began to streamline staff and operations.[40] At the time of the merger, two-thirds of the passenger traffic of the airline were international transatlantic crossings, and Flugfélag Íslands's fleet of Douglas DC-3s and Boeing 727s were enlarged by the Douglas DC-8s of Loftleiðir. In 1979, the two airlines Flugfélag Íslands and Loftleiðir merged into one airline Flugleiðir, and the airline was renamed Icelandair.
The aircraft fleet of Icelandair remained mainly unchanged until the Boeing 757-200 became the new backbone for transatlantic flights during the 1990s. The domestic Fokker F27s were replaced by Fokker 50s and Boeing 737s deployed on European routes. The European hub at Luxembourg Airport had been taken over from Loftleiðir. Passenger count topped one million in 1997[41] as the company's business grew on a reputation as a "backpacker airline", similar to Loftleiðir, which had been referred to as "Hippie Airline" since the late 1960s. In the same year, it was begun to dismantle the Luxembourg hub in favour of today's decentralized European network, linking the largest cities non-stop to Reykjavík,[42] closing it down altogether by 1999.[43]
In 1997 the domestic operations of Icelandair, part of which had previously been operated under the 'Flugfélag Nordurlands' branding, were combined with a small airline Nordurflug to form the Air Iceland (Icelandic: Flugfélag Íslands) subsidiary,[44] allowing mainline Icelandair to fully concentrate on international flights since then. On 20 November 1999, a new aircraft livery was introduced, as part of an image campaign designed to retire Icelandair's "backpacker" label in favour of an emphasis on business travel. In 2001, the Icelandair hub was moved to Keflavík International Airport. As Icelandair particularly focuses on flights to North America, the company was significantly affected by the airspace closure following the September 11 attacks in the same year.
The Flugleiðir holding was reorganized as Icelandair Group (for aviation business) and FL Group (for non-aviation finance and investment business) between 2002 and 2005, with Icelandair becoming the largest and most important of eleven subsidiaries. The wet-lease and charter department, which was founded in 2003, was named Loftleiðir Icelandic, thus re-introducing a familiar name.[45]
Developments since 2010
Icelandair was hit by the 2008 financial crisis in the country and was further impacted by a volcanic eruption in 2010.[46] Air traffic restrictions following the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull resulted in large parts of the European airspace being closed down. The air travel disruption coincided with the start of the important summer season for the company. The in-house crisis management organisation began assessing the situation once the scale of the problem had become known.[47] Thrice-daily crisis meetings were held at the airline's headquarters. Icelandair tried to operate as many passenger flights as possible, keeping its hub at Keflavík open and diverting European flights to airports that were still open. The eventual closure of Keflavík due to the volcanic ash cloud coincided with an improvement of the situation towards Europe, which allowed Icelandair to move its headquarters with 200 staff to Glasgow and operate flights from there for ten days,[48][49] with shuttle flights to Iceland's Akureyri Airport and round-the-clock bus shuttles onwards to Reykjavík.
In the aftermath of the eruption, the government of Iceland launched the successful[50][51][52] "Inspired by Iceland" campaign to regain confidence in travelling to Iceland for tourists and business people,[53] of which Icelandair was a leading participant and initiator.[48]
When the Grímsvötn volcano erupted in 2011, Icelandair once again had to cope with airspace closures in Europe. However, this time to a lesser extent due to a higher level of political preparedness.[54][55] Weekly newspaper The Economist claimed that Icelandair could even take advantage when catering for disaster tourists.[56]
In February 2011 Icelandair was chosen "The Knowledge Company" of the year and Icelandair CEOBirkir Hólm Guðnason was picked as "Man of the Year" in the Icelandic business community.[57] In both categories the panel of judges of the Association of Economists and Business Graduates in Iceland said that "the fine results of the company in the previous year showed both a high degree of skill and specialist knowledge within the company as well as excellent leadership."[57] In October of the same year, the airline was awarded the title "Marketing Firm of the Year in Iceland", by a judging panel from IMARK, the Marketing Association in Iceland.[58]
Further route expansion
After having launched scheduled flights to Washington, D.C., in 2011,[59]Denver was announced as a new U.S. destination for 2012, followed by Anchorage in 2013, bringing the total number of cities served in the country up to eight, along with Boston, Minneapolis, New York City, Orlando and Seattle.[60] Also in 2012, Icelandair resumed domestic services, with regular flights linking Akureyri to its Keflavík hub through subsidiary company Air Iceland.[61]
From 2009 to 2014, operations doubled. New destinations in 2014 were Edmonton and Vancouver in Canada; and Geneva. Twice-weekly flights to Vancouver commenced on 13 May 2014 and continued until October of that year. Flights to Edmonton started on 4 March 2014, with a year-round service operating five times a week. The Geneva service started on 24 May 2014 and continued twice weekly until September.[62]
On 9 December 2014, Icelandair revealed a northern lights-themed Boeing 757-200 (registration TF-FIU) named Hekla Aurora.[63] The aircraft was officially launched in February 2015 as part of the company's #MyStopover campaign. The exterior, which was hand-painted by a team of highly skilled airbrush artists from the UK, features artwork depicting an Icelandic winter scene complete with the Aurora Borealis. An installation of LED mood lighting in the cabin continues the theme by emulating both the colours and dancing patterns of the aurora. As part of Icelandair's transatlantic fleet, the Hekla Aurora began operating to all of Icelandair's destinations at the time, and has a three-day advance schedule available for passengers and observers.[64]
On 5 February 2015, Birmingham became Icelandair's 5th gateway in the UK, and the 39th overall, with flights operating twice weekly, on Thursdays and Mondays.[65] On 19 May 2015, Icelandair launched scheduled flights to and from Portland, Oregon in the US: its 14th destination in North America. Flights were set to operate twice weekly, on Tuesdays and Thursdays, until 20 October.[66] Further expansion of Icelandair's global network was announced on 12 May 2015 with new, year-round services from Chicago O’Hare International Airport. Services commenced on 16 March 2016, with flights to Iceland operating four days a week.[67] On 17 August 2015 Icelandair announced the augmentation of its global flight network with a new service between Keflavik and Aberdeen, the company's second Scottish destination. The new service, operated by Air Iceland Connect (a subsidiary of Icelandair Group), commenced in March of the following year, with flights scheduled four times per week.[68]
Icelandair commenced scheduled flights to Paris Orly Airport beginning on 29 March 2016.[69] Services to Montréal–Trudeau Airport began on 26 May 2016.[70] In September 2016, Icelandair announced services to Philadelphia, US, starting in May 2017 and Tampa, US starting in Sep 2017.[71]
In May 2017, Icelandair unveiled a glacier-themed special livery on Boeing 757-200 (registration TF-FIR) named Vatnajökull, the name of Europe's largest glacier. The special livery was created to commemorate Icelandair's 80th anniversary.[72][73] In August 2017, Icelandair announced service five days per week to Cleveland, US, which began on 16 May 2018.[74] The route was cut in early 2019.[75] In August 2017, the Cape Verdean government signed an agreement with Icelandic Airlines, part of the Icelandair Group, which turned the administration of TACV to the Icelandic group. The new administration plans include discontinuing the hub at Praia International Airport focusing all of the airline's operations at Amílcar Cabral International Airport and from there serving as a connecting hub between the Americas, Europe and Africa.[76][77] On 5 November 2017, the company Icelandair (the new TACV administrator) passed the first Boeing 757-200 to TACV to reinforce existing routes, such as daily flights to Lisbon, Fortaleza and Recife (which increases to 4 weekly flights as of 3 December).
Since the 1960s, Icelandair has offered passengers travelling on transatlantic flights between North America and Europe an opportunity to stopover in Iceland for up to seven days, at no additional cost. To raise awareness about its stopover offer, the company launched a new social media initiative in 2014, with the hashtag#MyStopover.[78]
On 9 January 2018, Icelandair announced that it would provide three non-stop flights a week from Kansas City International Airport to Keflavík International Airport, which commenced on 25 May 2018.[79] Icelandair commenced four weekly flights to and from Dallas Ft. Worth on 30 May 2018. It ended on 6 March 2019.[80][81] On 5 November 2018, Icelandair announced plans to take over its low-cost competitor, WOW Air, with the two airlines to be operated as separate brands.[82] On 29 November, Icelandair abandoned this endeavour as the shareholders’ meeting pre-conditions were unlikely to be met.[83]
On 18 September 2020, the company's share capital was increased with the issue of 23,000,000,000 new shares with a nominal value of 1 Icelandic króna following a public share offering.[84] In addition, the Icelandic government decided to guarantee a line of credit for Icelandair. The guarantee amounts to $120 million.[85]
In March 2020, Air Iceland Connect, a wholly owned subsidy of Icelandair, was absorbed into Icelandair, albeit retaining its separate air operator's certificate. Since then, all domestic flights have been operated under Icelandair's brand.[86]
On 9 March 2021, Icelandair Group announced that Air Iceland Connect is to merge with Icelandair by uniting domestic and international services from 16 March 2021 and continuing the current flight operations under the Icelandair brand.[87]
Icelandair announced the launch of a new flight path from Reykjavik to Istanbul. The new flight option will operate four times per week beginning September 5, 2025.[88]
Icelandair offers three booking classes: Economy Light, Economy, and Saga Class (the last being almost equivalent to Business class but without lie-flat beds). Free meals are only available in Saga Class, and a buy on board service is provided for the Economy classes.[89] The airline offered Economy Comfort until April 2018.[90]
All of Icelandair's aircraft are equipped with a free-of-charge VODin-flight entertainment system that includes seatback, and touch-screen monitors for each passenger.[91] On 1 April 2013 Icelandic band Sigur Rós debuted its latest album, Valtari, exclusively onboard Icelandair's aircraft, two months before the album's general release. Biophilia, Björk's 2011 album, had earlier been released on Icelandair's fleet in the same way.[92] All of Icelandair's fleet is equipped with in-flight Wi-Fi.[93][94]
Frequent-flyer programme
Icelandair's frequent-flyer programme is Saga Club, a programme where members can earn Saga points for travelling on Icelandair or partner airlines, and redeem points toward travel or Saga Shop inflight purchases.[95] As of January 2021, Alaska Airlines and JetBlue are the only partner airlines of Icelandair eligible to earn Saga points through Saga Club,[96] while Alaska Airlines is the only partner airline that allows for redeeming points towards travel.[97]
In-flight magazine
Icelandair Info, the inflight magazine of Icelandair, is printed four times a year in Icelandic and English. First published in 2008, it is also the product catalogue for the airline's Saga Shop.
As of April 2024[update], Icelandair operates the following aircraft, and most of the aircraft in Icelandair's fleet are named after Icelandic volcanoes.[102]
In 2005, the airline, on behalf of its parent company Icelandair Group, announced an order for ten Boeing 737-800 aircraft with options for five more.[109] Those options were later exercised.[110] These were not placed into service by the airline but leased to other airlines.[111] During that same year, Icelandair announced an order for two Boeing 787 Dreamliners.[112] In 2006, Icelandair announced an order for two more Boeing 787s.[113][114] In 2011, it was announced that orders for three of the 787s had been cancelled.[115]
On 13 February 2013, Icelandair Group announced that the company had finalized an order with Boeing for 16 new Boeing 737 MAX aircraft.[116] Purchase rights for eight additional 737s were also signed. The value for all 16 aircraft was US$1.6 billion at Boeing list prices, but the actual purchase price was confidential. The aircraft were scheduled to be delivered in 2018–2021. The order was for nine 737 MAX 8s configured for 153 passengers, and seven 737 MAX 9s to hold 172 passengers. Icelandair Group's current Boeing 757-200 aircraft hold 183 passengers.[117]
On 8 May 2019, Icelandair announced that the company was considering ordering the Airbus A321neo and Airbus A321LR as a replacement for their ageing fleet of Boeing 757s, or to run alongside their Boeing 737 MAX 8 or to even replace the MAX 8s entirely, due to the Boeing 737 MAX groundings.
On 22 January 2020 Icelandair announced that the airline would lease three Boeing 737-800 airliners to enter service in spring 2020.[118] The aircraft were to be dry leased and flown by Icelandair pilots.[citation needed] However this never took place.
On 12 August 2020, Icelandair reached a settlement with Boeing over the MAX groundings. The settlement included reducing the carrier's order for future MAX aircraft by four.[119]
On 7 April 2023, Icelandair announced that the airline had signed an MOU for an order of up to 25 A321XLRs: 13 firm orders with 12 further options. At the same time, it was also announced that negotiations were underway to lease four A321LRs. These will replace its ageing Boeing 757 fleet.[120] This will be the first-ever Airbus order for the Icelandic flag carrier. The first Airbus A321LR was delivered on 2 December 2024.[105]
In December 2024, Icelandair's two Boeing 757-300 aircraft were wet-leased to Fly Khiva of Uzbekistan.[108]
Special liveries
As of November 2024, Icelandair operates two aircraft with special liveries. These depict the natural beauty of Iceland. One showcases the largest glacier in Europe, Vatnajökull, as well as celebrates the independence of Iceland for 100 years. The other highlights the Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights), also part of Icelandair's #IcelandStopover campaign.
A third aircraft (Boeing B757-300 TF-ISX "Þingvellir") was painted in the red, white, and blue livery of Iceland's flag and celebrated both the 100th anniversary of Icelandic National Sovereignty (1918-2018) and the National Men's Football Team's World Cup debut in 2018. This aircraft was retired from the Icelandair fleet in October 2024.
Icelandair Cargo is a sister airline to Icelandair; it is Icelandair Group's cargo airline subsidiary. Flugfélag Íslands and Loftleiðir used their aircraft to carry freight as well as passengers, and when Icelandair was established in 1973 a freight division was set up within the airline. After years of operating freighter aircraft as part of Icelandair, Icelandair Cargo was established as a separate entity in 2000. The airline uses available space in the baggage compartments of Icelandair's passenger aircraft, as well as operating two Boeing 757 freighters to destinations in Europe and North America from its base at Keflavík International Airport.[127]
In 2021, Icelandair Cargo announced Boeing 767-300ER passenger aircraft would be converted to freighters.[128] The first converted 767-300BCF was delivered to Icelandair on 8 December 2022 with plans to use the increased capacity to establish new routes to the United States.[129]
Fleet
As of April 2024[update], the Icelandair Cargo fleet consists of the following aircraft:[130][131]
Icelandair and the City of Reykjavík are two of the main sponsors of the Iceland Airwaves, an annual music festival held in Reykjavík on the first weekend in November.[133]
Accidents and incidents
29 May 1947
A Flugfélag Islands Douglas DC-3 (registered as TF-ISI) crashed near Héðinsfjörður during a scheduled domestic flight from Reykjavík to Akureyri, killing the 21 passengers and four crew members on board. To date, this remains the worst aviation accident in Iceland.[134]
7 March 1948
An Avro Anson Mk5 belonging to Loftleiðir crashed on the mountain Skálafell en route from the Westmann Islands (Vestmannaeyjar) to Reykjavík, killing the pilot and the five passengers on board.[135]
31 January 1951
The 17 passengers and three crew members on board a DC-3, registered TF-ISG and named Glitfaxi, were killed when the aircraft crashed in the sea off the Icelandic coast near Hafnarfjörður in what became known as the Glitfaxi air crash. The pilots were attempting to land the aircraft at Reykjavík Airport in heavy snowfalls following a flight from Vestmannaeyjar when radar contact was lost.[136]
A Flugfélag Fokker F27 Friendship (registered TF-FIL) crashed into a mountain near Vágar, Faroe Islands while approaching Vágar Airport following a scheduled passenger flight from Bergen, in what is known as controlled flight into terrain. Of the 34 people on board, seven passengers and one crew member were killed.[138]
22 January 2002
The crew of Icelandair Flight 315, a Boeing 757-200 registered TF-FIO with 75 passengers on board, unintentionally entered a series of extreme manoeuvres during a go-around from a low altitude following an unstabilised approach into Oslo Airport, Gardermoen. During the incident the aircraft was subjected to load factors over the design limits, culminating in a dive followed by a +3.59 g pull-up manoeuvre clearing the ground by only 321 ft. The speed limit for the flap configuration was also exceeded. Control was regained and a second approach was flown with the aircraft landing safely. The airliner was permitted to proceed on its subsequent scheduled flights without a technical inspection being conducted until 13 March of that year when its manufacturer Boeing recommended further maintenance work after having evaluated the readings from the flight data recorder. The Accident Investigation Board Norway, which led the investigation into the incident, made four safety recommendations, including one to the wider aviation community on operational procedures regarding discontinued approaches.[139]
7 February 2020
Icelandair Flight 529, a Boeing 757-200 registered TF-FIA, suffered a right-hand main landing gear collapse after landing on runway 10 at Keflavík International Airport, Iceland. There were no injuries among the 166 people on board.[140]
Bye Aerospace eFlyer 2[1] (sebelumnya Sun Flyer 2) adalah pesawat terbang listrik ringan dirancang dan sedang dikembangkan oleh Bye Aerospace dari Denver, Colorado. Pesawat ini pertama kali diperkenalkan ke publik pada 11 Mei 2016, dan pertama kali terbang pada 10 April 2018.[2][3][4][5][6] Dua tempat duduk ini dirancang untuk pasar pelatihan penerbangan dengan motor listrik traktor tunggal yang ditenagai oleh baterai Lithium-ion. Desain ini aw...
Dari atas, dari kanan ke kiri: Katedral Szeged, Teater Nasional Sgezed, Universitas Szeged, Móra Ferenc Múzeum, dan Balaikota Sgezed. Peta lokasi Szeged Szeged (bahasa Slowakia: Segedín, bahasa Polandia: Segedyn, bahasa Rumania: Seghedin, bahasa Jerman: Szegedin/Segedin, bahasa Serbia: Segedin) adalah kota terbesar ketiga di Hungaria dan ibu kota kecamatan Csongrád. Pusat kedaerahan di Hungaria bagian tenggara ini memiliki wilayah seluas 280,84 km² dengan populasi 163.699 jiwa (2001...
Julanne JohnstonJulanne (1924)Lahir(1900-05-01)1 Mei 1900Indianapolis, Indiana, A.S.Meninggal26 Desember 1988(1988-12-26) (umur 88)Grosse Pointe, Michigan, A.S.PekerjaanAktrisTahun aktif1917-1934Suami/istriDavid W. Rust Julanne Johnston (1 Mei 1900 – 26 Desember 1988)[1] adalah seorang aktris pada era film bisu asal Amerika Serikat. Referensi ^ Silent Film Necrology, p.270 2nd Edition c.2001 by Eugene M. Vazzana..ISBN 0-7864-1059-0 Pranala luar Wikimedia Com...
Genus of birds Lanius Great grey shrike (Lanius excubitor) impaling a yellowhammer Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae Genus: LaniusLinnaeus, 1758 Type species Lanius excubitorLinnaeus, 1758 Species Many, see text Lanius, the typical shrikes, are a genus of passerine birds in the shrike family Laniidae. The majority of the family's species are placed in this genus. The genus name, Lanius, is derived f...
Eric Cunningham DaxBorn(1908-05-18)18 May 1908United KingdomDied29 January 2008(2008-01-29) (aged 99)Melbourne, Australia Eric Cunningham Dax, AO, FRACP, FRANZCP, HonFRCPsych (18 May 1908 – 29 January 2008) was a British-born Australian psychiatrist. Career In England during the 1930s and 1940s, Dax worked with John Rawlings Rees, Francis Reitmann and other biological psychiatrists who advocated the use of somatic (physical) treatments for patients with mental problems. He contributed...
J2 LeagueBadan yang mengaturJ.LeagueNegaraJepangKonfederasiAFCDibentuk1999; 25 tahun lalu (1999)Jumlah tim20Tingkat pada piramida2Promosi keJ1 LeagueDegradasi keJ3 LeaguePiala domestikEmperor's CupJuara bertahan ligaMachida Zelvia (1 kali juara) (2023)Klub tersuksesHokkaido Consadole Sapporo (3 kali juara)Televisi penyiarDAZNYouTube (pasar pilihan)Situs webjleague.jp (dalam bahasa Inggris) 2024 J2 League J2 League (Jepang: J2リーグcode: ja is deprecated , Hepburn: J2 Rīgu) ...
Professional wrestling-related events during the year of 2014 Overview of the events of 2014 in professional wrestling List of years in professional wrestling … 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 … Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... 2014 in professional wrestling describes the year's events in the world of professional wrestling. List of notable promotions These promotions held notable...
Style of Rotuman dance Rotuman tautoga performed in 1981 celebrating Rotuma's cession to Great Britain The tautoga (pronounced [tauˈtoŋa]) is considered the most formal and restrained style of Rotuman dance, usually seen performed in large festivities or ceremonies (called kato'aga, a term summing up all traditional Rotuman ceremonies), or in public opportunities to showcase Rotuman culture. The tautoga style can be seen as comparable to the Tuvaluan fatele or Tongan lakalaka, and t...
On September 9, 1998, the Starr Report was released. The Starr Report, officially the Referral from Independent Counsel Kenneth W. Starr in Conformity with the Requirement of Title 28, United States Code, Section 595(c), is a United States federal government report by Independent Counsel Ken Starr concerning his investigation of President Bill Clinton. Delivered to the United States Congress on September 9, 1998, the allegations in the report led to the impeachment of Bill Clinton and the fiv...
Carlo Piaggio (Parma, 1824 – La Spezia, 1906) è stato un architetto italiano. Biografia Palazzo Crozza Originario di Parma dopo gli studi si trasferisce a La Spezia negli anni quaranta del XIX secolo dove si dedica ad un'intensa attività di progettista edilizio. Operando negli anni dell'intenso sviluppo edilizio della città nella seconda metà del secolo vi realizza edifici per le famiglie Crozza e De Nobili e vari palazzi residenziali. La sua architettura riassume gli stilemi eclettici ...
American college basketball season 2010–11 Purdue Boilermakers men's basketballNCAA tournament, Round of 32ConferenceBig Ten ConferenceRankingCoachesNo. 17APNo. 13Record26–8 (14–4 Big Ten)Head coachMatt Painter (6th Season)Assistant coaches Paul Lusk Jack Owens Mike Jackson Home arenaMackey ArenaSeasons← 2009–102011–12 → 2010–11 Big Ten Conference men's basketball standings vte Conf Overall Team W L PCT W L PCT ...
American writer Jewell Parker RhodesBorn1954 (age 69–70)Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.OccupationNovelist, professorAlma materCarnegie Mellon UniversityWebsitejewellparkerrhodes.com Jewell Parker Rhodes (born 1954 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American bestselling novelist and educator. She is the author of several books for children including the New York Times bestsellers Black Brother, Black Brother and Ghost Boys, which has garnered over 50 awards and honors including ...
Berry Gordy Gordy, en 1998.Información artísticaOtros nombres Berry Gordy Jr.Género(s) R&BPeríodo de actividad 1953–2019[1][2]Discográfica(s) Motown [editar datos en Wikidata] Berry Gordy (Detroit, Míchigan, Estados Unidos, 28 de noviembre de 1929) es un productor discográfico y compositor estadounidense, fundador de la casa discográfica Motor City, que poco después se convirtió en Motown Records. Entre los éxitos compuestos por Berry, figura la c...
Myths of the Ancient Egyptians Nun, the embodiment of the primordial waters, lifts the barque of the sun god Ra into the sky at the moment of creation. Part of a series onAncient Egyptian religion Beliefs Afterlife Cosmology Duat Ma'at Mythology Index Numerology Philosophy Soul Practices Funerals Offerings: Offering formula Temples Pyramids Deities (list)Ogdoad Amun Amunet Hauhet Heh Kauket Kek Naunet Nu Ennead Atum Geb Isis Nephthys Nut Osiris Set Shu Tefnut A Aati Aker Akhty Amenhotep, son ...
2005 studio album by ManualAzure VistaStudio album by ManualReleased3 May 2005GenreElectronicLength47:54LabelDarla Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic [1]Almost Cool(7/10) [2]Prefix Magazine [3]Stylus MagazineB+ [4] Azure Vista is an album by Manual. It was released by Darla on 3 May 2005. Track listing Clear Skies Above The Coastline Cathedral – 8:38 Summer Of Freedom – 11:58 Twilight – 2:52 Tourmaline – 7:30 Neon Reverie – ...
هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (مارس 2018) مقاطعة أوزارك الإحداثيات 36°39′N 92°26′W / 36.65°N 92.44°W / 36.65; -92.44 ...
Gambar kontemporer Jerman tentang Insiden Juye. Kaos Franz Xaver Nies yang penuh dengan noda darah. Penanda pinggir jalan di lokasi kejadian. Insiden Juye (Hanzi: 曹州敎案 atau 巨野敎案; Pinyin: Cáozhōu Jiào'àn atau Jùyě Jiào'àn, bahasa Jerman: Juye Vorfall) merujuk kepada pembunuhan dua misionaris Katolik Jerman, Richard Henle dan Franz Xaver Nies dari Serikat Sabda Allah di County Juye, provinsi Shandong, Tiongkok pada malam 1–2 November 1897 (Hari Raya Semua O...
Эта статья об историческом государстве; о соответствующей династии см. Третья династия Ура. державаЦарство III династии Ура (Шумеро-Аккадское царство) Держава III династии Ура ← → → Около 2111 года до н. э. — Около 2003 года до н. э. Столица Ур Язык(и) шумерский Религи�...
_(01).jpg)
.jpg)
_2024-08-26_Andre_Gerwing_Collection_ID_021659.jpg)
.jpg)
_TF-FXI_De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-8-400_Dash_8Q_Reykjavik_Airport_(RKV_BIRK)_(52700443107).jpg)
_Boeing_757-256_(TF-FIU)_taking_off_from_Manchester_Airport.jpg)
.png)
.jpg)
.png)
