Hymenopterida

Hymenopterida
Temporal range: Triassic–present
Blue-eyed ensign wasp (Evania appendigaster)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Clade: Eumetabola
Clade: Holometabola
Superorder: Hymenopterida
Orders

Hymenopterida is a superorder of holometabolous (metamorphosing) insects. As originally circumscribed, it included Hymenoptera and the orders in Panorpida (Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Diptera, Trichoptera and Lepidoptera).[1] However, more recent studies find Hympenoptera as sister to the other members of Holometabola and the superorder is restricted to Hymenoptera.[2]

Evolution

The following phylogenetic tree shows the internal relationships of the superorder as a clade of Hymenoptera and the orders that comprise Panorpida.[3][4]

Endopterygota
Neuropteroidea
Hymenopterida

Hymenoptera

Panorpida
Antliophora

Diptera (true flies)

Mecoptera (scorpionflies, hangingflies)

Siphonaptera (fleas)

Amphiesmenoptera

Trichoptera (caddisflies)

Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)

(Mecopterida)
(Holometabola)

More recent molecular analyses find a different arrangement within Holometabola, with Hymenoptera as the earliest branching group.[5]

Holometabola

Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, bees, ants)

Aparaglossata
Neuropteroidea
Neuropterida

Raphidioptera (snakeflies)

Megaloptera (alderflies and allies)

Neuroptera (Lacewings and allies)

Coleopterida

Coleoptera (beetles)

Strepsiptera (twisted-wing parasites)

Panorpida
Amphiesmenoptera

Trichoptera (caddisflies)

Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths)

Antliophora

Diptera

Mecoptera (scorpionflies)

Siphonaptera (fleas)

References

  1. ^ Weaver J.S.I. The Evolution And Classification Of Trichoptera, With A Revision Of The Lepidostomatidae And A North American Synopsis Of This Family. Degree: Ph.D. Degree Year: 1983 Institute: Clemson University
  2. ^ Grimaldi, David; Engel, Michael S. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press. p. 147.
  3. ^ Yeates, David K.; Wiegmann, Brian. "Endopterygota Insects with complete metamorphosis". Tree of Life. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  4. ^ Whiting, Michael F. (2005). "Phylogenetic Position of Diptera: Review of the Evidence". In Yeates, David K.; Wiegmann, Brian (eds.). The Evolutionary Biology of Flies. Columbia University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-231-50170-5.
  5. ^ Kjer, Karl M.; Simon, Chris; Yavorskaya, Margarita & Beutel, Rolf G. (2016). "Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 13 (121): 121. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0363. PMC 5014063. PMID 27558853.

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