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*Hummel*
Hummel
	A Hummel on display at the Musée des Blindés in 2013
Type	Self-propelled artillery
Place of origin	Nazi Germany
Service history
In service	1943–1945
Wars	World War II
Production history
No. built	714
Specifications
Mass	24 tonnes (52,910 lb)
Length	7.17 m (23 ft 6 in)
Width	2.97 m (9 ft 9 in)
Height	2.81 m (9 ft 3 in)
Crew	6 - Driver and 5 gun crew
Armor	10–30 mm (.39 - 1.18 in)
Main; armament	1 × 15 cm sFH 18/1 L/30; 18 rounds
Secondary; armament	1 × 7.92 mm Maschinengewehr 34 ; 600 rounds
Engine	Maybach HL120 TRM V-12 petrol; 300 PS (296 hp, 221 kW)
Power/weight	12.5 PS/tonne
Suspension	Leaf spring
Operational; range	215 km (133 mi)
Maximum speed	42 km/h (26 mph)

Hummel (German: "bumblebee") was a German self-propelled gun used by the Wehrmacht during World War II. Based on the Geschützwagen III/IV chassis and armed with the 15 cm sFH 18/1 L/30 howitzer, it saw action from early 1943 until the end of the war. Its ordnance inventory designation was Sd.Kfz. 165.

The full name was Panzerfeldhaubitze 18M auf Geschützwagen III/IV (Sf) Hummel, Sd.Kfz. 165. On February 27, 1944, Hitler ordered the name Hummel to be dropped as it was deemed inappropriate for a fighting vehicle.^[1]

Development

The Hummel was designed in 1942 after the invasion of the USSR had demonstrated the need for more capable self-propelled artillery support for Wehrmacht tank forces than those that were available at the time.^[1]

The first option considered was mounting a 10.5 cm leFH 18 howitzer on a Panzer III chassis, rejected in favour of the same gun on a Panzer IV chassis. One prototype was built.

This design was rejected in favour of mounting the more powerful 15 cm sFH 18 L/30 howitzer on the specially designed Geschützwagen III/IV, which combined the driving and steering system of the Panzer III with the chassis, suspension, and engine of the Panzer IV.^[1] The same platform was also used for the Nashorn tank destroyer.

The engine was moved to the centre of the vehicle to make room for an open-topped lightly armoured fighting compartment at the rear housing the gun breech and crew.^[1] Late models had a slightly redesigned driver compartment and front superstructure offering more room to the radio operator and driver.^[1] In all, some 700 Hummel were built.

Variants

Because the basic Hummel could carry only a limited amount of ammunition, the Munitionsträger Hummel ("ammunition carrier Hummel") was developed. This was basically a standard production Hummel without the howitzer (a 10 mm armour plate covering the gun mount) and with racks fitted to hold the ammunition.^[2] When necessary, these could still be fitted with the 15 cm howitzer of the normal Hummel; this could even be done as a field conversion.

By the end of the war 157 Munitionsträger Hummel were built.^[1]^[2]

Combat history

The Hummel first participated in large scale combat at the Battle of Kursk, when some 100 served in armored artillery battalions (Panzerartillerie Abteilungen) of the Panzer divisions.^[2] They were formed into separate heavy self-propelled artillery batteries, each with six Hummel and one ammunition carrier.^[1]

A battery of Hummel howitzers in field position, Eastern Front, June – July 1943
A Hummel navigates a hill in central-southern USSR (June – July 1943)
A Hummel passes through a town in Romania, March 1944
A Hummel on the Eastern Front, January – February 1944
Captured Hummel in Soviet markings, date unknown

Foreign use

Foreign use of the Hummel was extremely limited. During WWII the Soviet Union deployed captured vehicles. Post-war only two nations are known to have acquired the gun, Romania (a single chassis with an inoperable weapon) and Syria (five, captured guns received from France).

Romania received one unit from the Red Army after the war ended. This was assigned to the 2nd Armoured Regiment with its military registration number as U069009. It was officially known as the Hummel TAs self-propelled gun in the army's inventory. The gun could not be used because it was missing the breech's lock.^[3] It was showcased to the public in a military parade in Bucharest of 10 May 1946 with Romanian markings. All German armour in Romania was later phased out in 1950 and finally scrapped by 1954, the army deciding on the sole use of Soviet tanks and armoured fighting vehicles (AFVs) instead.

Syria received five Hummel from France between the late 1940s and the early 1950s. Only a limited supply of main gun ammunition was provided (supplemented some time later by the Soviet Union, which had produced a sizeable quantity of compatible 150mm rounds domestically). These saw service against Israel up until the 1960s and all were most likely scrapped shortly afterwards.^[4]

Surviving vehicles

Six Hummel survive in museums, at the Munster Deutsches Panzermuseum, the Artillerie Schule in Idar Oberstein and the Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum in Germany, the Musée des Blindés in Saumur, France and the Fort Sill Field Artillery Museum in Fort Sill, Oklahoma and one has been reconstructed at the Australian Armour and Artillery Museum and is awaiting the Winterketten track.^[5]^[6]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Rickard, John. "Hummel (Bumblebee)/15cm Schwere Panzerhaubitze auf Fahrgestell Panzerkampfwagen III/IV (Sf)". historyofwar.org. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Hummel". Tank Encyclopedia. 2016-05-20. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
^ Scafes and Șerbănescu 2005, p.47
^ Zaloga, Steven (July 1995). "Strangers In a Strange Land: Early Syrian Armor 1948-56". Museum Ordnance, Volume 5, Number 4. Darlington, Maryland: Darlington Productions, Inc. pp. 4–5.
^ Fort Sill Field Artillery Museum restores WWII weapon
^ "Sill gets rare piece of artillery". Archived from the original on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2013-04-08.

Sources

Doyle, Hilary Louis & Jentz, Thomas L. (2023). Sf. Artillerie: PzSfl.IVb to Hummel-Wespe. Panzer Tracts. Vol. 10–1 (revised ed.). Old Heathfield, UK: Panzerwrecks. ISBN 978-1-915969-19-4.
Scafes, Cornel I; Scafes, Ioan I; Șerbănescu, Horia Vl (2005). Trupele Blindate din Armata Romana 1919-1947. Bucharest: Editura Oscar Print.

External links

Achtung Panzer! profile of the Hummel Archived 2007-03-07 at the Wayback Machine
World War II Vehicles
Surviving Panzer IV variants - A PDF file presenting the Panzer IV variants (Jagdpanzer IV, Hummel, Nashorn, Brummbär, StuG IV, Flakpanzer tanks and prototypes based on Pz IV) still existing in the world