An ongoing separatist struggle has continued in the region since the late 1940s, making it the longest running separatist struggle in South Asia. There are multiple parties involved in the struggles including different ethnic groups and states, some of whom want total independence from India while others call for a restructuring of the states.[3]
There are existing territorial conflicts within the Northeastern states, including Manipur and Nagaland, Nagaland and Assam, Meghalaya and Assam, and Mizoram and Assam. These are often based on historical border disputes and differing ethnic, tribal or cultural affinities.[citation needed] There has been a number of insurgent activities and regional movements in all parts of the northeast, often unique in character to each state. Military action by the armed and paramilitary forces and political action have led to the intensity of these insurgencies fluctuating and to the resolution of the insurgency in Mizoram.[citation needed]
Human rights abuses on the part of Indian forces in the area are frequently traced to immunity granted to Indian security forces under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958. The act has been criticized by Human Rights Watch as a "tool of state abuse, oppression and discrimination".[4]
"This reasoning exemplifies the vicious cycle which has been instituted in the North East due to the AFSPA. The use of the AFSPA pushes the demand for more autonomy, giving the people of the North East more reason to want to secede from a state which enacts such powers and the agitation which ensues continues to justify the use of the AFSPA from the point of view of the Indian Government."[6]
A report by the Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis points to multiple occurrences of violence by security forces against civilians in Manipur since the passage of the Act.[7] The report states that residents believe that the provision for immunity of security forces urge them to act more brutally.[8]
Violence broke out between Bodo tribes and Bengali-speaking Muslim migrant settlers in the Kokrajhar district of Assam[9] on 20 July 2012, leaving at least 40-45 people dead and approximately 1,70,000 displaced in the month of July.[10] According to Human Rights Watch, the fighting has led to a strict curfew, with police being given "shoot at sight" orders for curfew violators.[11][12] Multiple police shootings were reported after the order was given.[13][14]
Allegations of sexual assault
Women are mostly raped or sexually assaulted[15] during military crackdowns where men of the villages or towns are gathered outside their homes and women are forced to stay indoors.[16] Furthermore, most of the raped go unreported due to the social stigma and fear of backlash.[17][better source needed]
^Bendangjungshi (2012). Confessing Christ in the Naga Context: Towards a Liberating Ecclesiology. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 60. ISBN978-3643900715.
^Chakma, Suhas (2001). Marianne Jensen (ed.). Racism Against Indigenous Peoples. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 204. ISBN978-8790730468.
^Institute for Defense Studies and Analysis, 'Manipur and Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act 1958' "the alleged rape and killing of Manjab Manorama", "security forces have destroyed homes", "arrests without warrants", "widespread violations of humane rights", "The cases of Naga boys of Oinam village being tortured before their mothers by Assam rifles Jawans in July 1987; the killing of Amine Devi and her child of Bishnupur district on April 5, 1996 by a CRPF party; the abduction, torture and killing of 15-year-old Sanamacha of Angtha village by an Assam Rifles party on 12th February 1998; the shooting dead of 10 civilians by an Assam Rifles party in November 2000 are some of the glaring examples that are still fresh in the mind of Manipuris."
