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Holy See–Syria relations refer to the diplomatic and religious interactions between the Holy See, representing the Vatican City and the Roman Catholic Church, and Syria. The relations between the two countries are primarily shaped by historical religious ties, humanitarian concerns, and efforts for peace and stability in the region.

Historical background

The relationship between the Holy See and Syria has roots in early Christian history. Syria is home to some of Christianity's significant ancient sites, including the city of Damascus, where, according to Christian tradition, Paul the Apostle experienced his conversion to Christianity.^[1] Over the centuries, the region has been an important center for Eastern Christian communities, such as the Syriac Orthodox Church and Melkite Greek Catholic Church, both of which maintain ties with the Vatican.^[2]^[3]

During the time Syria was under the Ottoman Empire, Catholic communities in Syria were governed under the millet system, allowing them some autonomy in religious affairs.^[4] The Vatican's formal diplomatic relations with modern Syria were established on 21 February 1953.^[5]

Interfaith dialogue

Syria has a diverse religious landscape, with significant Muslim and Christian populations.^[6] The Holy See has actively promoted interfaith dialogue in Syria as a means of fostering peaceful coexistence and mutual understanding.^[2] The Vatican's outreach to Muslim leaders and communities in Syria is part of its broader effort to support interreligious cooperation in the Middle East.

The Holy See’s position is that dialogue between different religious communities is essential for building peace in Syria and the broader region. This approach has been particularly important in light of the ongoing conflict, which has strained relations between various religious and ethnic groups.^[7]

Diplomatic relations

The Holy See and Syria officially established diplomatic ties on 21 February 1953.^[5] The Vatican has a nunciature in Damascus,^[8] and Syria has maintained diplomatic representation to the Holy See through its embassy in Madrid^[9] since the closure of the one in Rome.^[10] Diplomatic relations have been maintained even during times of political upheaval and conflict in the region.^[11]

One of the key moments in the history of Holy See–Syria relations occurred in 2001, when Pope John Paul II made a historic visit to Syria. During his visit, he became the first pope to enter a mosque, visiting the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, a gesture of interfaith respect and dialogue. The visit was seen as an effort to promote peace and reconciliation between Christians and Muslims.^[12]

Vatican's position on the Golan Heights

The Vatican has consistently advocated for a peaceful resolution to the Golan Heights dispute through dialogue and international law.^[2] During his 2001 visit to Quneitra, Pope John Paul II emphasized the need for forgiveness and reconciliation, urging that past conflicts not fuel further suffering.^[13] Successive popes have echoed this call for peace, supporting Syria’s efforts to regain the Golan Heights while promoting coexistence and respect among all communities in the region.^{[citation needed]}

Relations during the Syrian Civil War

The outbreak of the Syrian Civil War in 2011 significantly affected relations between the Holy See and Syria.^{[citation needed]} The Holy See has consistently called for peace, dialogue, and humanitarian aid for the millions of people affected by the conflict.^[14] Pope Benedict XVI and Pope Francis have both expressed deep concern over the situation in Syria, especially regarding the plight of Christians and other religious minorities in the region.^[15]^[16]

In 2013, Pope Francis held a global day of prayer and fasting for peace in Syria, which coincided with rising international tensions over the potential military intervention in the country.^[17] The Holy See has also worked through diplomatic channels to advocate for peaceful solutions and has provided significant humanitarian support for Syrian refugees and internally displaced persons.^[18]

Humanitarian efforts

The Vatican has played a key role in the humanitarian response to the Syrian crisis. Caritas Internationalis, the Catholic Church's charitle arm, has been active in Syria, providing aid to those affected by the war, regardless of their religious affiliation.^[19] The Holy See has repeatedly urged the international community to prioritize humanitarian assistance and reconciliation efforts in Syria.^[20]