Hokaglish

Hokaglish
Philippine Hybrid Hokkien
salamtsam-oe
EngChiLog[citation needed]
Native toPhilippines
RegionManila (concentrated in Binondo), or elsewhere in the Philippines
EthnicityChinese Filipinos
Native speakers
(More than 100,000[citation needed] cited 1945 – present)
none
Official status
Official language in
Not official, Minority language of the Philippines
in Binondo, Metro Manila and abroad
Recognised minority
language in
Not yet recognized, Metro Cebu, Metro Bacolod, Iloilo
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
Area where Hokaglish is spoken
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Hokaglish (or Philippine Hybrid Hokkien, /ˈhɒkəɡlɪʃ/), also known by locals as Sa-lam-tsam oe (mixed language, Tai-lo: sann-lām-tsham-uē, [sãlamt͡sʰamue]), is an oral contact language primarily resulting among three languages: (1) Philippine Hokkien Chinese, (2) Tagalog/Filipino and (3) Philippine English.[1] (Other languages that have relative influence include Philippine Spanish, Cantonese, and other local peripheral languages.)[2]

Usage

Typically used amongst some Filipino Chinese or Chinese Filipinos, who are also typically fluent in Taglish and some level of fluency of Philippine Hokkien, Hokaglish is used in various corporations, academic institutions, restaurants, and religious institutions especially in Metro Manila or wherever there are Chinese Filipinos across the Philippines.[1] Some note that this is a result of having to maintain command of all three languages in the spheres of home, school and greater Philippine society. Although used by Chinese Filipinos in general, this form of code-switching or code-mixing is popular especially among the younger generations of Chinese Filipinos, such as Generation X and millennials.[3]

Usually older generation Chinese Filipinos who typically have Philippine Hokkien as their first language, such as those of the Silent Generation, Baby Boomer, and some Generation X, typically use Hokkien Chinese sentence structure as the base while injecting English and Tagalog words while the younger generations who have Tagalog and/or English as their first language, such as Generation X, millennials, and some Baby Boomers and Generation Z use the Filipino/Tagalog sentence structure as the base while injecting the few Hokkien terms they know in the sentence. The latter therefore, in a similar sense with Taglish using Tagalog grammar and syntax, tends to code-mix via conjugating the Hokkien terms the way they do for Filipino/Tagalog words.[4]

Etymology

The term Hokaglish is a portmanteau or blend of Hokkien and Taglish, itself a blend of Tagalog and English. It was first recorded in 2016.[5]

Classification

Earlier thought to be a creole,[2] it may actually be a mixed language similar to Light Warlpiri or Gurindji Kriol. It is also considered a hybrid English or X-English, making it one of the Philippine Englishes.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Wong Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel (May 2016). "Exploring trilingual code-switching: The case of 'Hokaglish' (PDF Download Available)". Retrieved 2016-10-24 – via ResearchGate.
  2. ^ a b Wong Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel (16 November 2016). The language ecology of post-colonial Manila and Hokaglish – via ResearchGate.
  3. ^ Zulueta, Johana. "I "Speak Chinese" but..." Code switching and Identity Construction in Chinese Filipino Youth". www.revistas.usp.br. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
  4. ^ Palanca, Ellen H. (2002). "A Comparative Study of Chinese Education in the Philippines and Malaysia*" (PDF). Asian Studies. 38 (2): 32 – via Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia.
  5. ^ Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 22. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
  6. ^ Wong Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel (2017). "Philippine Englishes". Asian Englishes. 19: 79–95. doi:10.1080/13488678.2016.1274574. S2CID 220291779.