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Hironori Ōtsuka
Hironori Ōtsuka
Born	June 1, 1892; Shimodate, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan
Died	January 29, 1982 (aged 89); Japan
Other names	Hironori Ohtsuka
Style	Wadō-ryū Karate (founder); Shotokan, Shitō-ryū, Motobu-ryū, Jujutsu (Shindō Yōshin-ryū, others)
Teacher(s)	Tatsusaburo Nakayama, Gichin Funakoshi, Kenwa Mabuni, Chōki Motobu
Rank	10th dan karate meijin
Other information
Notable students	Masaru Shintani, Tatsuo Suzuki
Website	Official site

Hironori Ōtsuka (大塚博紀, Ōtsuka Hironori, June 1, 1892 – January 29, 1982)^[a] was a Japanese master of karate who created the Wadō-ryū style of karate.^[1] He was the first Grand Master of Wadō-ryū karate, and received high awards within Japan for his contributions to karate.^[2]^[3]

Early life

Ōtsuka was born on June 1, 1892, in Shimodate City, Ibaraki, Japan.^[1] He was one of four children to Tokujiro Ōtsuka, a medical doctor.^[1]^[4] At the age of 5 years, he began training in the martial art of jujutsu under his great-uncle, Chojiro Ebashi (a samurai).^[4]^[1] Ōtsuka's father took over his martial arts education in 1897.^[5] At the age of 13, Ōtsuka became the student of Tatsusaburo Nakayama in Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujutsu.^[6]^[7]^{: 68, 174}^[8]

In 1911, while studying business administration at Waseda University in Tokyo, Ōtsuka trained in various jujutsu schools in the area.^[1] Before his studies were complete, his father died and he was unable to continue studying; he commenced work as a clerk at the Kawasaki Bank.^[1] Although he wished to become a full-time instructor, he did not pursue this course at this point out of respect for his mother's wishes.^[1]

Shotokan karate

On June 1, 1921 , Ōtsuka received the menkyo kaiden (certificate of mastery and license to teach) in Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujutsu from Tatsusaburo Nakayama. While a valid license, a common misconception is that along with this certificate he became the "4th grandmaster" of Shindō Yōshin-ryū. This is inaccurate – the 3rd grandmaster (Tatsuo Matsuoka) actually outlived Ōtsuka by almost 8 years.

Jujutsu was not to become his primary art, however; in 1922, Ōtsuka began training in Shotokan karate under Gichin Funakoshi, who was a new arrival in Japan.^[4]^[1] In 1927, he also established a medical practice and specialized in treating martial arts training injuries.^[1]

By 1928, Ōtsuka was an assistant instructor in Funakoshi's school. He also trained under Chōki Motobu and Kenwa Mabuni, and studied kobudo, around this time.^[1] Ōtsuka began to have philosophical disagreements with Funakoshi,^[9] and the two men parted ways in the early 1930s.^[1] This may have come, in part, from his decision to train with Motobu. Funakoshi's karate emphasized kata, a series of movements and techniques linked by the fighting principles. Funakoshi did not believe that sparring was necessary for realistic training. Motobu, however, emphasized the necessity of free application, and created a series of two-person kumite called yakusoku kumite.^[10]

Wado-ryu karate

On April 1, 1934, Ōtsuka opened his own karate school the Dai Nippon Karate Shinko Kai at 63 Banchi Suehiro-Cho, Kanda, Tokyo.^[1] He blended Shotokan karate with his knowledge of Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujutsu to form Wadō-ryū karate, although the art would only later take on this name several years later.^[1] With recognition of his style as an independent karate style, Ōtsuka became a full-time instructor.^[1] In 1940, his style was registered at the Butokukai, Kyoto, for the demonstration of various martial arts, together with Shotokan, Shitō-ryū, and Gōjū-ryū.^[1]

Following World War II, the practice of martial arts in Japan was banned.^[11] After a few years, however, the ban was lifted; through the 1950s, Ōtsuka held various karate competitions.^[12] In 1964, three of Ōtsuka's students Tatsuo Suzuki, Toru Arakawa, and Hajime Takashima) from Nihon University toured Europe and the United States of America, demonstrating Wadō-ryū karate.^[13]

Later life

On April 29, 1966, Emperor Hirohito awarded Ōtsuka the Order of the Rising Sun, Fifth Class for his contributions to karate.^[1]^[14] In the next few years, Ōtsuka wrote two books on karate: Karate-Do, Volume 1 (1967, focused on kata) and Karate-Do, Volume 2 (1970, focused on kumite).^[1] On October 9, 1972, the Kokusai Budoin International Martial Arts Federation (IMAF Japan) awarded Ōtsuka the title of Shodai Karate-do Meijin Judan (first-generation karate master 10th dan); this was the first time this honor had been bestowed on a karate practitioner.^[1]

On March 22, 1970, Ōtsuka was presented with the key to the City of Niagara Falls, NY. Mayor E. Dent Lackey awarded Ōtsuka with the key to the city which was presented to Ōtsuka by one of his students (Robert Heisner, a Niagara Falls resident) who had recently been promoted to Nidan - Second Degree Black Belt by Ōtsuka.^[15]

Ōtsuka continued to teach and lead Wadō-ryū karate into the 1980s, and died on January 29, 1982.^[1] In 1983, his son, Jiro Ohtsuka, became the second Grand Master of Wadō-ryū karate and honored his father by taking the name "Hironori Ōtsuka II."

Notes

a. ^{^} Ōtsuka's surname is sometimes also spelled as Ohtsuka.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s "Grand Master Hironori Otsuka". Wado.ca. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
^ Cody, Mark Edward (5 December 2007). Wado Ryu Karate/Jujutsu. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781463462802. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
^ Inc, Active Interest Media (June 22, 1983). "Black Belt". Active Interest Media, Inc. Archived from the original on February 22, 2022. Retrieved February 22, 2022 – via Google Books. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Lund, Graeme (December 29, 2015). Essential Karate Book: For White Belts, Black Belts and All Levels In Between. Tuttle Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 9781462905591. Hironori Ohtsuka (1892-1982) Ohtsuka, whose father was a medical doctor, was born in Shimodate City, Japan. Ohtsuka was first introduced to martial arts by his great uncle, Chojiro Ebashi, a samurai warrior, who began teaching him jujitsu. When he was thirteen, he studied the style under Shinzaburo Nakayama, a grandmaster of jujitsu. He continued with his studies through school and university. In 1922 Ohtsuka met Gichin Funakoshi and began to learn more about karate while still continuing with his studies of jujitsu. Ohtsuka also studied other Japanese martial arts including judo, kendo and aikido. He blended the practical and useful elements of Okinawan karate with the techniques found in jujitsu and kendo, which led to the birth of kumite in karate. At this stage Ohtsuka thought that there was a need for this more dynamic and fluid type of karate to be taught, so he decided to leave Funakoshi to concentrate on developing his own style of karate-Wado. In 1934, Wado-ryu karate was officially recognized as an independent style of karate. Ohtsuka left his medical practice and became a full-time martial artist. In 1944, Ohtsuka was appointed Japan's Chief Karate Instructor.
^ "Founder of Wado-Ryu - Hironori Otsuka" (PDF). wado-ryu.jp. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-13. Retrieved 2022-02-27.
^ Draeger, Donn F. (1996) [1974]. Modern Bujutsu & Budo. Weatherhill. p. 132. ISBN 9780834803510.
^ Sidney, James, ed. (2003). The Warrior's Path: Wisdom from Contemporary Martial Arts Masters. Shambhala Publications. ISBN 9781590300749.
^ "Takamura ha Shindo Yoshin kai". Shinyokai.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
^ Konishi, Y. (1977): Karatedo: Ryukyu Karate no sentatsusha-tachi (Predecessors of Ryukyu Karate) (in Japanese) (pp. 58–59). Japan: Sozou.
^ Ōtsuka, H. (1977): Karatedo: Meisei-juku Zengo (Before and after Meisei-juku) (in Japanese) (p. 55). Japan: Sozou.
^ "Martial arts: From ancient tradition to modern sport" (PDF). web-japan.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-25. Retrieved 2022-02-27.
^ "bushinkaiusa.com". Bushinkaiusa.com. Retrieved 23 November 2014. ^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Pollock, Ben. Karate Wadōryu: from Japan to the West (1st ed.). Manchester 2014. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-291-65036-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ "Wado Ryu". wado-ryu.jp. Archived from the original on 2015-02-28. Retrieved 2017-11-12.
^ "Niagara Falls Gazette 22 March 1970 — The NYS Historic Newspapers". nyshistoricnewspapers.org. Retrieved 2024-09-22.