Henry Corbin

For the Virginia politician, see Henry Corbin (colonist). For the United States Army general, see Henry Clark Corbin.
Henry Corbin
Born14 April 1903 (1903-04-14)
Paris, France
Died7 October 1978(1978-10-07) (aged 75)
Paris, France
Era20th-century philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy, Middle Eastern philosophy (Iranian philosophy)
SchoolIslamic philosophy (hikmah)
Christian philosophy
Western esotericism
Hermeneutics
Main interests
Angelology, anthropology, cosmology, ontology, metaphysics, phenomenology, religion, theology
Notable ideas
Prophetic philosophy, imaginal world

Henry Corbin (14 April 1903 – 7 October 1978)[1] was a French philosopher, theologian, and Iranologist, professor of Islamic studies at the École pratique des hautes études. He was influential in extending the modern study of traditional Islamic philosophy from early falsafa to later and "mystical" figures such as Suhrawardi, Ibn Arabi, and Mulla Sadra Shirazi. With works such as Histoire de la philosophie islamique (1964), he challenged the common European view that philosophy in the Islamic world declined after Averroes[2] and Avicenna.

Born into a Protestant family in Paris in April 1903,[1] Corbin received a Catholic education, obtaining a certificate in Scholastic philosophy from the Catholic Institute of Paris at age 19. Three years later he took his "license de philosophie" under the Thomist thinker Étienne Gilson. He studied modern philosophy, including hermeneutics and phenomenology, becoming the first French translator of Martin Heidegger. In 1928, Louis Massignon (director of Islamic studies at the Sorbonne) introduced him to Suhrawardi, the 12th-century Persian Muslim thinker. In a late interview, Corbin said: "through my meeting with Suhrawardi, my spiritual destiny ... was sealed. Platonism, expressed in terms of the Zoroastrian angelology of ancient Persia, illuminated the path that I was seeking."[3][4] He thus dedicated himself to understanding Iranian Islam, which he believed esoterically expressed older perennial insights related to Zoroastrianism and Platonism.

Corbin regularly spent time in Iran, working with Shia thinkers such as Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai and Seyyed Hossein Nasr. He also became prominent in the European Eranos circle of scholars initiated by Carl Jung, whose theories (such as the collective unconscious and active imagination) he appreciated. Aside from Islamic thought, Corbin wrote on Christian mysticism, especially Emanuel Swedenborg and the Holy Grail.[5]

Life and work

The philosophical life and career of Corbin can be divided into three phases. The first is the 1920s and 1930s, when he was involved in learning and teaching western philosophy. The second is the years between 1939 and 1946, in which he studied Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi and the School of Illumination in Istanbul. The last phase begins in 1946 and lasts until his death, in which he studied and reintroduced eastern and Islamic philosophy.[6]

In 1933 he married Stella Leenhardt. In 1938, he completed the first translation of one of Heidegger's works into French (Was ist Metaphysik?, as Qu’est-ce que la metaphysique?).[1] In 1939 they traveled to Istanbul, and in 1945 to Tehran. They returned to Paris one year later in July 1946. In 1949, Corbin first attended the annual Eranos Conferences in Ascona, Switzerland. In 1954 he succeeded Louis Massignon in the Chair of Islam and the Religions of Arabia at the École Pratique des Hautes Études in Paris. From the 1950s on he spent autumn in Tehran, winter in Paris and spring in Ascona.

The three major works upon which his reputation largely rests in the English speaking world were first published in French in the 1950s: Avicenna and the Visionary Recital, Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn 'Arabi and Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth. His later major work on Central Asian and Iranian Sufism appears in English with an Introduction by Zia Inayat Khan as The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism. His magnum opus is the four volume En Islam Iranien: Aspects spirituels et philosophiques. It has been translated into Persian twice by Dr Enshollah Rahmati and Reza Kuhkan from French (the 4th volume being still untranslated).[7] He died on 7 October 1978.[1][8]

Main themes

There are several main themes which together form the core of the spirituality that Corbin defends. The Imagination is the primary means to engage with Creation. Prayer is the "supreme act of the creative imagination". He considered himself a Protestant Christian but he abandoned a Christocentric view of history. The grand sweep of his theology of the Holy Spirit embraces Judaism, Christianity and Islam. He defended the central role assigned in theology for the individual as the finite image of the Unique Divine.

His mysticism is no world-denying asceticism but regards all of Creation as a theophany of the divine. This vision has much in common with what has become known as Creation Spirituality, and the figure of the Angel Holy Spirit is similar to what is sometimes called the Cosmic Christ.[9]

Legacy and influence

Corbin's ideas have continued through colleagues, students and others influenced by his work. Especially during his tenure at the Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy founded in 1974 by Seyyed Hossein Nasr. There he collaborated with western and non-western academics like William Chittick, Toshihiko Izutsu, Sayyed Jalal-ed-Din Ashtiani, Abbas Zaryab, Toshio Kuroda and others.[10] He also influenced Peter Lamborn Wilson[11][12][13] who studied under Corbin whilst in Iran who would go on to publish reviews on Corbin's work in the first publication of the journal Temenos by the Temenos Academy in 1981.[14][15] The journal Temenos also published English translations of Corbin's work, specifically by Peter Russell, Liadain Sherrard, Kathleen Raine between 1981 and 1992.[16][17][18][19][20][21] The journal was revived in 1998 as the Temenos Academy Review and continued to have translations of Corbin's work between 1998 and 2009 by Kathleen Raine and Christine Rhone.[22] Other scholars of Sufism and Islamic thought that were influenced by Corbin are Christian Jambet, Ali Amir-Moezzi, Hermann Landolt, Pierre Lory, James Cowan, James Morris, and Todd Lawson.

Corbin was an important source for the archetypal psychology of James Hillman and others who have developed the psychology of Carl Jung. In addition, Corbin was good friends with Jacques Lacan, the French reinterpreter of Sigmund Freud, which gave Lacan a familiarity with Islamic thought.[23][24][25][26] According to Behrooz Ghamari-Tabrizi, Michel Foucault’s Mystical understanding of Shia Islam which he utilised while reporting on the Iranian revolution was shaped by the scholarship of Louis Massignon and Henry Corbin. [27] The American literary critic Harold Bloom claims Corbin as a significant influence on his own conception of Gnosticism, and the American poet Charles Olson was a student of Corbin's Avicenna and the Visionary Recital. Corbin's friends and colleagues in France have established L'Association des Amis de Henry et Stella Corbin[28] for the dissemination of his work through meetings and colloquia, and the publication of his posthumous writings.[29][30]

Corbin's work has been criticized by a number of writers, including Steven M. Wasserstrom. Corbin's scholarly objectivity has been questioned on the basis of both a Shi'ite bias, and his theological agenda; he has been accused of being both ahistorically naive and dangerously politically reactionary; and he has been charged with being both an Iranian nationalist and an elitist in both his politics and his spirituality. Other writers, such as Lory and Subtelny, have written to defend Corbin.[31][32]

Selected bibliography

  • Avicenna and the Visionary Recital. Princeton University Press, 1960.
  • Histoire de la philosophie Islamique. Gallimard, 1964. (Re-issued by Kegan Paul in 1993 as History of Islamic Philosophy ISBN 0-7103-0416-1..)
  • Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn 'Arabi. Princeton University Press, 1969. (Re-issued in 1998 as Alone with the Alone.)
  • En Islam Iranien: Aspects spirituels et philosophiques (4 vols.). Gallimard, 1971–73.
  • Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth: From Mazdean Iran to Shi'ite Iran. Princeton University Press, 1977.
  • Le Paradoxe du Monothéisme. l'Herne, 1981.
  • Cyclical Time and Ismaili Gnosis. KPI, 1983.
  • L'Homme et Son Ange: Initiation et Chevalerie Spirituelle. Fayard, 1983.
  • Face de Dieu, Face de l'homme: Hermeneutique et soufisme. Flammarion, 1983.
  • Temple and Contemplation. KPI, 1986.
  • The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism. Omega Publications, 1994.
  • Swedenborg and Esoteric Islam. Swedenborg Foundation, 1995.

Documentaries

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Shayegan, Daryush "Henry Corbin" in Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  2. ^ Corbin, Henry. Encyclopedia of Religion.
  3. ^ Jambet, Christian, ed. (1981). Cahiers de l'Herne no. 39: Henry Corbin (in French). Paris: L'Herne. pp. 40–41. ISBN 2851970399. English translation of the entire interview with Philippe Nemo courtesy of L'Association des Amis de Stella et Henry Corbin. Quoted in Cheetham, Tom, The World Turned Inside Out, p. xi.
  4. ^ "Biographical post-scriptum to a philosophical interview". Translated by Evans-Cockle, Matthew. L'Association des Amis de Stella et Henry Corbin. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  5. ^ Carey, John (2011). "Henry Corbin and the Secret of the Grail" (PDF). Temenos Academy Review 14.
  6. ^ Wasserstrom, Steven M. (1999). Religion After Religion: Gershom Scholem, Mircea Eliade, and Henry Corbin at Eranos. Princeton University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-691-00540-9.
  7. ^ Corbin, Henry (1978) En Islam Iranien: Aspects spirituels et philosophiques Gallimard, Paris, OCLC 6776221
  8. ^ Lakhani, M. Ali. The Corbin Trilogy by Thom Cheetham. Review in Sacred Web, Volume 23, Summer 2009.
  9. ^ Irib. ir, Henri Corbin view point on Isalam and Iran
  10. ^ "History of the Institute of Iranian Philosophy". IRIP.
  11. ^ Versluis, Arthur (2010). "A Conversation with Peter Lamborn Wilson". Journal for the Study of Radicalism. 4 (2): 139–165. doi:10.1353/jsr.2010.0000. ISSN 1930-1197. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  12. ^ Evans-Cockle, Matthew. "La voie orientale du philosophe : phénoménologie de l'esprit, et philosophie prophétique dans l'enseignement d'henry corbin". Association des amis de Henry et Stella Corbin (in French). Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  13. ^ Versluis, Arthur (2014). American gurus: from American transcendentalism to new age religion. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 145. ISBN 9780199368136.
  14. ^ Wilson, Peter Lamborn (1981). "Henry Corbin and the Hermeneutics of Light". Temenos 1: A Review Devoted to the Arts of the Imagination (PDF). Wakins. pp. 229–2236. ISBN 9780722401880.
  15. ^ Wilson, Peter Lamborn (1987). "Guardian of the Temple". Temenos 8 (PDF). United Kingdom: Watkins. pp. 242–246.
  16. ^ Corbin, Henry (1981). "Towards a Chart of the Imaginal". Temenos 1: A Review Devoted to the Arts of the Imagination. Translated by Russell, Peter. Wakins. pp. 23–36. ISBN 9780722401880.
  17. ^ Suhrawardi, Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash (1983). "Epistle on the State of Childhood with Introduction, Presentation and Notes by Henry Corbin". In Corbin, Henry (ed.). Temenos 4. Translated by Sherrard, Liadain. Wakins. pp. 53–76. ISBN 9780000057938.
  18. ^ Corbin, Henry (1987). "The Theory of Visionary Knowledge in Islamic Philosophy". Temenos 8. Translated by Sherrard, Liadain. pp. 224–237. ISBN 9780950905914.
  19. ^ Corbin, Henry (1989). "Emblematic Cities". Temenos 10. Translated by Raine, Kathleen. pp. 11–24. ISBN 9780950905976.
  20. ^ Corbin, Henry (1992). "On the Meaning of Music in Persian Mysticism". Temenos 13. Translated by Raine, Kathleen. pp. 49–52.
  21. ^ Temenos: An Index, Volumes 1-13, 1981-1992 (PDF). Temenos Academy. 2015. ISBN 9780992604660. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  22. ^ "Henry Corbin in Temenos and The Temenos Academy Review". henrycorbinproject.blogspot.com. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
  23. ^ Élisabeth Roudinesco, Jacques Lacan (Malden: Polity Press, 1999), 11, 89, 98, 435.
  24. ^ Jacques Lacan, The Ethics of Psychoanalysis. Ed. by Jacques Alain-Miller. Trans. by Dennis Porter (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1992), 148-149.
  25. ^ Jacques Lacan, Le Triomphe de La Religion précédé de Discours aux Catholiques [The Triumph of Religion preceded by Discourse to Catholics] (Paris: Seuil, 2005), 65.
  26. ^ Abdesselem Rechak, Le grand secret de la psychanalyse (Mandeure: self-published, 2020).
  27. ^ Ghamari-Tabrizi, Behrooz (2016). Foucault in Iran. University of Minnesota Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-8166-9949-0.
  28. ^ "Association des amis de Henry et Stella Corbin – Site officiel de Henry Corbin". Retrieved 2021-02-08.
  29. ^ Amis Corbin (trans. Friends of Corbin) in French
  30. ^ Henry Corbin and the Resolution of Modern Problems by Recourse to the Concept of the Imaginal Realm,by SEYYED MOHSEN MIRI, pdf[permanent dead link‍]
  31. ^ Lory, Pierre (1999). Review of Wasserstrom's book.
  32. ^ Subtelny, Maria E. “History and Religion: The Fallacy of Metaphysical Questions (A Review Article).” Iranian Studies: March 2003, 36(1): 91-101.

Further reading

  • Adams, Charles J. "The Hermeneutics of Henry Corbin," in Approaches to Islam in Religious Studies, Martin, Ed., University of Arizona Press, 1985.
  • Addas, Claude. Quest for the Red Sulphur: The Life of Ibn 'Arabi. Trans. Peter Kingsley. Islamic Texts Society, 1993.
  • Algar, Hamid. "The Study of Islam: The Work of Henry Corbin." Religious Studies Review 6(2) 1980: 85–91.
  • Avens, Roberts. "The Subtle Realm: Corbin, Sufism and Swedenborg," in Immanuel Swedenborg: A Continuing Vision, Edited by Robin Larson. Swedenborg Foundation, 1988.
  • Amir-Moezzi, M., Christian Jambet and Pierre Lory, (eds). Henry Corbin: Philosophies et Sagesses des Religions du Livre. Brepols, 2005.
  • Bamford, Christopher. "Esotericism Today: The Example of Henry Corbin," in Henry Corbin, The Voyage and the Messenger: Iran and Philosophy. North Atlantic Books, 1998.
  • Bloom, Harold. Omens of Millennium: The Gnosis of Angels, Dreams and Resurrection. Riverhead Books, 1996.
  • Brown, Norman O., "The Prophetic Tradition," and "The Apocalypse of Islam," in Apocalypse and/or Metamorphosis. University of California Press, 1991.
  • Camilleri, Sylvain and Proulx, Daniel. « Martin Heidegger et Henry Corbin : lettres et documents (1930-1941) », in Bulletin heideggérien, vol. 4, 2014, p. 4-63.
  • Cheetham, Tom. The World Turned Inside Out: Henry Corbin and Islamic Mysticism. Spring Journal Books, 2003.
  • _____ Green Man, Earth Angel: The Prophetic Tradition and the Battle for the Soul of the World. SUNY Press, 2005.
  • _____ After Prophecy: Imagination, Incarnation and the Unity of the Prophetic Tradition. Lectures for the Temenos Academy. Spring Journal Books, 2007.
  • _____ All the World an Icon: Henry Corbin and the Angelic Function of Beings, North Atlantic Books, 2012.
  • _____ Imaginal Love: The Meanings of Imagination in Henry Corbin and James Hillman, Spring Publications, 2015.
  • Chittick, William. The Sufi Path of Knowledge: Ibn 'Arabi's Metaphysics of the Imagination. SUNY Press, 1989.
  • Chodkiewicz, Michel. An Ocean without Shore: Ibn 'Arabi, the Book and the Law. Trans. David Streight. Islamic Texts Society, 1993.
  • ______ Seal of the Saints: Prophethood and Sainthood in the Doctrine of Ibn 'Arabi. Trans. Liadain Sherrard. Islamic Texts Society, 1993.
  • Corbin, H. (1969). Creative Imagination in the Sufism of Ibn `Arabi. (Trans. R. Manheim. Original French, 1958.) Princeton, NJ. Princeton University Press.
  • Corbin, H. (1972). "Mundus Imaginalis, the Imaginary and the Imaginal". Spring, 1972 pp. 1–19. New York: Analytical Psychology Club of New York, Inc.
  • Elmore, Gerald. Islamic Sainthood in the Fullness of Time: Ibn al-'Arabi's Book of the Fabulous Gryphon. Brill, 1998.
  • Jambet, Christian, (Editor). Henry Corbin. Cahier de l'Herne, no. 39. Consacré à Henry Corbin, 1981.
  • _____ La logique des Orientaux: Henry Corbin et la science des formes. Éditions du Seuil, 1983.
  • Giuliano, Glauco. Il Pellegrinaggio in Oriente di Henry Corbin. Con una scelta di testi. Lavis (Trento-Italia), La Finestra editrice, 2003.
  • Giuliano, Glauco. Nîtârtha. Saggi per un pensiero eurasiatico. Lavis (Trento-Italia), La Finestra editrice, 2004.
  • Giuliano, Glauco. L'Immagine del Tempo in Henry Corbin. Verso un'idiochronia angelomorfica. Milano-Udine, Mimesis, 2009.
  • Landolt, Hermann. "Henry Corbin, 1903-1978: Between Philosophy and Orientalism," Journal of the American Oriental Society, 119(3): 484-490, 1999.
  • Morris, James. The Reflective Heart: Discovering Spiritual Intelligence in Ibn 'Arabi's Meccan Illuminations. Fons Vitae, 2005.
  • Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. “Henry Corbin: The Life and Works of the Occidental Exile in Quest of the Orient of Light,” ch. 17, in S.H. Nasr, Traditional Islam in the Modern World. KPI, 1987.
  • Shayegan, Daryush. Henry Corbin penseur de l'Islam spirituel, Paris, Albin Michel, 2010, 428 p.
  • Suhrawardi, Yahyá ibn Habash. The philosophy of illumination: A new critical edition of the text of Hikmat al-Ishraq, with English translation, notes, commentary, and introduction by John Walbridge and Hossein Ziai. Brigham Young University Press, 1999.
Part of a series on Islam
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  • Varzi, Roxanne. "Iran's French Revolution: Religion, Philosophy, and Crowds", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 637, issue 1, pp. 53 – 63, July 25, 2011
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