Hatzalah (/hətˈsʌlə/; Hebrew: הַצָּלָה, lit. 'rescue, relief') is the title used by many Jewish volunteer emergency medical service (EMS) organizations serving mostly areas with Jewish communities around the world, giving medical service to patients regardless of their religion.[1] Most local branches operate independently of each other, but use the common name. The Hebrew spelling of the name is always the same, but there are many variations in transliteration, such as Hatzolah, Hatzoloh, and Hatzola.[2] It is also often called Chevra Hatzalah, which loosely translates as "Company of Rescuers", "Group of Rescuers", or "Rescue Squad". It is the largest volunteer medical group in the United States.
History
The original Hatzalah emergency medical services (EMS) was founded in Williamsburg, a neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, by Hershel Weber in the late 1960s.[3] His aim was to improve rapid emergency medical response in the community, and to mitigate cultural concerns of a Yiddish-speaking, Hasidic community. The idea spread to other Orthodox Jewish neighborhoods in the New York City area, and eventually to other regions, countries, and continents.[4] Hatzalah is believed to be the largest volunteer ambulance service in the world.[5][6] Chevra Hatzalah in New York has more than a thousand volunteer emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics who answer more than 70,000 calls each year with private vehicles and a fleet of more than 90 ambulances.[7]
Hatzalah organizations now function in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Israel, Mexico, Panama,[8] Russia,[9] South Africa, Switzerland, United Kingdom,[10] Ukraine, and in 10 U.S. states: California, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Texas. Hatzalah branches are currently being organized in other states as well.
In Israel, there are two Hatzalah organizations operating on the national level: United Hatzalah (Hebrew: איחוד הצלה), and Tzevet Hatzalah (Hebrew: צוות הצלה). While United Hatzalah is inarguably the larger of the two organizations, in the past their volunteers were limited to direct response on-scene care, versus Tzevet Hatzalah volunteers, which are additionally licensed and authorized to provide emergency transport utilizing Magen David Adom ambulances. Currently United Hatzalah has a wide deployment of active ambulances and several Mobiles Intensive Care Units (always staffed by a specialist doctor and a paramedic) distributed in the greatest cities of Israel, which allows them to transport sick and injured to the nearest suitable medical center, for free.
Hatzalah uses a fly-car system, where members are assigned ad-hoc to respond to the emergency. The dispatcher requests any units for a particular emergency location. Members who think they will have best response times respond via handheld radios, and the dispatcher confirms the appropriate members. Two members will typically respond directly to the call in their private vehicles. A third member retrieves an ambulance from a base location.[11]
Each directly dispatched Hatzolah volunteer has a full medical technician "jump kit" in their car, with oxygen, trauma, and appropriate pharmaceutical supplies. Paramedic (EMT-P) members carry more extensive equipment and supplies, including EKG, IV, injection, intubation, and other pharmaceuticals. Each volunteer is called a unit (as in, a crew of one) and is assigned a unit number that starts with a neighborhood code, followed by a serial number for that neighborhood (e.g., "Q-120" means "Queens unit number 120"[12]). Ambulances used to have unit numbers in the same format, with the first few numbers for each neighborhood reserved for the ambulance numbers.[11] By now all neighborhoods have begun to assign 3-digit unit numbers to their ambulances, using numbers out of the range assigned to human member units (e.g., 900-numbers). The new system is prone to confusion since every neighborhood has a 901, 902 etc. Often times dispatch and units on calls may get confused which bus is being called, i.e, B901 (the Boro Park bus) or F901 (the Flatbush bus) especially when Flatbush busses passing through Boro Park to and from Maimonidies Medical Center can, and often do, respond to Boro Park calls.
In some areas there may be periods where coverage is not strong enough, for example on a summer weekend. When this happens, coordinators may assign an on-call rotation. The rotation may still respond from their houses, or they may stay at the garage through their shift. In such periods, Hatzalah functions closer to a typical EMS crew setup, though the dispatchers may still seek non-on-call members to respond, and there will still often be a non-ambulance responder as first dispatched, even if that responder starts from the base.[12]
In Israel, United Hatzalah relies upon mobile phone technologies which include an SOS app and a special emergency phone number, 1221, with messages to news organizations distributed by WhatsApp.[13]
Response times
Hatzalah's model provides for speedy first responder response times. Each Hatzalah neighborhood's response time varies. For example, in Borough Park, Brooklyn, daytime response in life-threatening emergency are between 1–2 minutes, and nighttime response times are 5–6 minutes. However, in the last few years with the implementation of Truck-1 (night on-call crews) the nighttime response in Boro Park has been shortened significantly. [14] In the Beverly-La Brea neighborhood of Los Angeles, response times average at 60–90 seconds.[15]
In Israel, the response time is under 3 minutes.[16]
Organization
Hatzalah is not a single organization. Each chapter operates autonomously, or, in some cases, with varying levels of affiliation with neighboring Hatzalah chapters and under a central association.[2][17]
In New York City's Hatzalah, there is a very simple operational hierarchy. Usually, there are two or three members who are "coordinators",[18] managing all operational aspects of the chapter.
As Orthodox Jews, many volunteers see each other daily during prayers, and especially on Shabbat. This allows them to remain organized, despite the lack of an extensive formal hierarchy.
The coordinators are responsible for recruitment, interaction with municipal agency operations (police, fire, and EMS), first-line discipline, and day-to-day operations. The coordinators often are responsible, directly or via delegation, for arranging maintenance crews, who are often called service members or service units, and for purchasing supplies, ambulances, and other equipment. There is also an administrative function, often separate from the coordinator function. The chief administrator is often called a director or executive director, and this is sometimes a paid position. All other positions in Hatzalah, including coordinators, are held by unpaid volunteers.
Most of the New York State branches have some centralized administration and dispatch functions, known as "Central Hatzalah", or, simply, "Central". The neighborhood organizations under Central are nevertheless independent. Most Hatzalah organizations pattern themselves after the Williamsburg and Central models (see operational descriptions below).
Formally, the New York City-area "Central Hatzalah" is called Chevra Hatzalah of New York. It combines dispatch and some other functions for over a dozen neighborhood organizations, including[17]Williamsburg,[3]Flatbush, Borough Park, Canarsie, Crown Heights, Lower East Side, Upper West Side, Midtown, Washington Heights, Queens, Rockaways & Nassau County, Seagate, Catskills, Staten Island, Riverdale, and others. As each of these areas is otherwise independent, each has its own fund-raising, management, garages, ambulances, and assigned members. Rockland County, New York, and Kiryas Joel (Town of Palm Tree) branches have a centralized dispatch system as well, but their central organization is separate from the other New York State centralized functions, and they have a looser relationship with their New York State brethren, though there is a great deal of co-operation among them. Together, the combined New York State branches have grown to become the largest all-volunteer ambulance system in the United States.[14]
Outside of New York and Israel, there are many smaller Hatzalah organizations. Each of these operates as a self-contained unit as members of a single association, but with no centralized coordination. However, where there are other Hatzalahs nearby, there is often a great deal of co-operation.
In Baltimore, Hatzalah's response area straddles two jurisdictions; Baltimore City Fire Department and Baltimore County Fire Department. Members in Baltimore often work side by side with crews from both services.
In England, all Hatzalah chapters are CQC-registered, and they have a memorandum of understanding with local police forces with regards to use of blue lights and sirens, if certain criteria are met. Like any other emergency service, this does not mitigate if a collision occurs, and the service and its members can be prosecuted if deemed to be in the public interest.[citation needed]
In New York, Hatzalah usually use red and blue lights and sirens, like normal unmarked emergency vehicles. In New Jersey, Hatzalah usually use blue lights.[20] Since 2021, Florida law has permitted faith-based volunteer ambulance services to operate, allowing Hatzalah response vehicles to use emergency lights and sirens.[21]
In Toronto, Hatzalah use green lights, having the same legal status as volunteer firefighters who also use green lights in their vehicles.[22]
In Australia, Hatzalah are trained as Community First Responders. They are tasked by the professional services to respond to emergencies, but they cannot use flashing lights or sirens, and they must obey all traffic rules.
Community involvement
Hatzalah organizations are often involved in other community activities, on top of their primary mission of emergency medical work. Many neighborhood chapters sponsor and participate in community events, both within the local Jewish community and in the broader community.
Many Hatzalahs worldwide[23][24][25] run public relations campaigns related to safe drinking on Purim, fire safety on Chanukah, and during Passover preparations. Chevra Hatzolah in New York works closely with the New York City Fire Department on this matter.
Specialization of Hatzalah
A number of items that are either unique to Hatzalah, or that are relatively unusual for an EMS, include:
Direct response
A marked and an unmarked unit respond to an incident in Toronto
Most EMS rely on crews with scheduled shifts operating from a known location. Due to its members and the communities they serve usually living in proximity, Hatzolah relies little on scheduled crews and stations, and, rather, has all service members on call 24/7 and members responding from wherever they are.[26]
Cultural sensitivities
Language, religion, and culture barriers create challenges for an emergency medical service.[citation needed] Hatzalah was predicated on the consideration of these challenges, especially with regard to halakha (Jewish law) and communities that only speak Yiddish or Hebrew.[27]
A Jew reluctant to violate Shabbat rules when receiving medical attention may be more at ease and easily convinced of the medical urgency when the EMT or paramedic is a fellow Orthodox Jew.[citation needed] A woman or girl worried about physical modesty and contact may be helped by knowing that a Jewish provider will be aware of the details of her concerns, and will act to reduce the problem as much as possible.[citation needed]
Many Hatzalah response crews will include at least one mental health professional (either a psychologist or psychiatrist), even if the emergency is not psychological in nature. The mental health professional functions to deal with potential psychological elements of the medical emergency including: calming the patient before and during transport to hospital, calming surrounding individuals on the scene, and dealing with actual psychological/psychiatric emergencies. Some Hatzalah chapters globally have their own mobile crisis units.
Cost
In areas where the EMS charges a fee, lower income clientele lacking health insurance may have a reluctance to call for an ambulance, unless the evidence of urgency is overwhelming. A volunteer service, with less overhead costs, tends to reduce that reluctance. Hatzolah will often handle "check-out" cases without charge. In this way, the true emergencies among those check-outs may be recognized and treated quickly, where the caller might have otherwise not sought treatment.[28]
In contrast with most other EMS agencies, many Hatzalah volunteers will remain at the hospital with the patient long after bringing them to the emergency department. This is especially true during serious cases, where volunteers will remain in order to help the patient and/or their families navigate the sometimes confusing series of events that occur during an emergency. Members will stay to explain, advocate, and sometimes help make arrangements to bring in other specialists or arrange transfer to higher care facilities.
Across the world, Hatzalah organisations make money by fundraising, either by fundraising dinners, or via public matching funds.
Interaction with other agencies
At times, there have been difficulties in dealing with outside organizations, including other first-responders.[29][30]
On February 20, 2013, the Federal Communications Commission granted Chevrah Hatzalah's request for a waiver to obtain calling party numbers (CPN), even when callers have caller ID blocking.[31] Calls to 911 are exempt from CPN blocking, but calls to Chevrah Hatzalah do not go through 911. Other Hatzalah dispatch numbers, including other New York State Hatzalah groups, do not have this waiver, but some are working on it.
In general, branches have excellent relations with state and local police and EMS.[citation needed]
An example of those operating in uneven,[32] or otherwise especially challenging situations[33] is Catskills Hatzolah, handling the swelling summer crowd.[34]
Israel's United Hatzalah has shared its expertise with a group of Palestinian volunteers from East Jerusalem, to form an emergency first response unit called Nuran. The group has since been dismantled, and the volunteers were incorporated into United Hatzalah.
Magen David Adom
United Hatzalah's relationship with Magen David Adom, however, is strained, and MDA has banned its members and volunteers from also volunteering in other rescue organizations, including Hatzalah.[35][36]
The Chevra NYC Central affiliates boast an excellent relationship with New York City and New York State agencies.[11]
Ezras Nashim
Hatzalah was the subject of controversy as articles in the New York Post[37][38] and JEMS Magazine[39] criticize the organization for its practice of not allowing women to join. A group of Orthodox women founded an organization called Ezras Nashim, an all-female Orthodox Jewish volunteer EMT ambulance service.[40] They cited the need for modesty and sensitivity to the needs of fellow Orthodox women, with the goal of preserving women's modesty in emergency medical situations, especially childbirth: "This is a woman's job. Historically, women have always delivered babies in traditional Jewish values, pointing to the Hebrew BibleBook of Exodus, where the first midwives were women, Shiphrah and Puah."[41][42] "In our community, women also have a very strong motivation to seek female doctors", said their lawyer, Rachel Freier, a Brooklyn Civil Court Judge and Haredi Orthodox Jewish mother of six.[43]
Notable field operations
Crown Heights riot
Lack of public understanding of Hatzalah operations played a key role in the 1991 Crown Heights riot in Brooklyn. To the general public observing a car crash, it appeared that Hatzalah was there to help the Jewish operator of the car and not the two small children who were severely injured by the car.
Hatzalah was not dispatched by the city's 911 system, and a print-out of the 911 job from FDNY EMS does not list them as responding units.[47] However, audio recordings exist of Hatzalah's own dispatch, including members calling for help during the collapse of the first tower.[48] There are also well-known photos of destroyed Hatzalah ambulances[49][50] and the destroyed cars of Hatzalah members, in the aftermath of the attack.[51]
COVID-19 pandemic
Hatzalah chapters across the United States continued to service Jewish communities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The organization saw a 250% increase in emergency calls during the pandemic.[52] In addition to medical response, Hatzalah worked with rabbis and community leaders to communicate to Jewish communities the need for self-isolation and the implementation of safety precautions.[53][54] Multiple Hatzalah chapters donated ventilators and masks, as well as other vital personal protective equipment, to local hospitals in need of the equipment.[55][56]
Surfside building collapse
On 24 June 2021—ten days after Governor Ron DeSantis signed the law that would allow Hatzalah in Florida to operate[21]—Hatzalah of South Florida's (HSF) Baruch Sandhaus was one of the first paramedics on the scene of the Surfside condominium collapse, providing triage care to survivors and families. HSF, which was on-site for the duration of the rescue and recovery operation, initiated calls to Magen David Adom and the Israel Defense Forces search and rescue team (part of the Home Front Command), later providing medical and rehab support to them as well as the Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Department and United Hatzalah.[57][58] HSF treated sixty patients on-site.[58]
Chapters of the organization exist in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Panama,England, Israel, Mexico, Russia, South Africa, Switzerland, and in the United States. The chapters in each neighborhood or city operate independently, though in many cases, affiliations and levels of co-operation do exist between neighboring chapters.[2][59]
See also
Shomrim (literally, "Watchers"), neighborhood security force
^South Africa: Taback, Aryeh B. (2003). The Director. Artscroll. p. 153. ISBN1-57819-734-1. Attention all responders .. report of an MVA (Motor Vehicle Accident)
^Cooper, E. C. (30 March 2012). "Chevrah Hatzalah"(PDF). Request to FCC regarding access to Blocked Telephone Numbers. fcc.gov. Retrieved 27 December 2014. "Hatzalah is the only volunteer ambulance service licensed to serve the entire City of New York, and it is believed to be the largest volunteer ambulance service in the nation."
^The Edhi Foundation, with more than 500 ambulances, has held the Guinness record for world's "largest volunteer ambulance organization" since 1997.
^ abA number of Hatzoloh volunteers wearing "Flatbush Hatzoloh Paramedics" uniforms are featured in the documentary film 102 Minutes That Changed America.
^FDNY Call 0727 MCI40P Aircraft Incident/ Crash PDJob#01225500590 Date 9/11/01
^The Hatzalah ambulance donated by NYS Assembly Speaker Sheldon Silver in memory of his parents protected early Hatzalah responders, but was subsequently destroyed by falling debris after they were evacuated. Sheldon Silver: My 9/11: A New York United – Thirteen
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