Hartlepool (UK Parliament constituency)

Hartlepool
Borough constituency
for the House of Commons
Map
Interactive map of boundaries since 1983
Map of constituency
Boundary of Hartlepool in North East England
CountyCounty Durham
Electorate71,228 (2023)[1]
Major settlementsHartlepool, Seaton Carew
Current constituency
Created1974 (1974)
Member of ParliamentJonathan Brash (Labour)
SeatsOne
Created fromThe Hartlepools

Hartlepool /ˈhɑːrtlɪpuːl/ HART-lih-pool is a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament[a] by Jonathan Brash of the Labour Party from 2024. The constituency covers the town of Hartlepool plus nearby settlements.

Labour won every contest for the seat since the first at the February 1974 election (and mostly won the predecessor constituency of The Hartlepools from the 1945 election onward) until Jill Mortimer won the 2021 by-election, becoming the first Conservative MP to represent Hartlepool since 1959. However, she lost her seat back to Labour three years later, falling to third place.

Boundaries

1974–1983

The County Borough of Hartlepool.[2]

Before 1974 the seat was known as The Hartlepools (reflecting the representation of both old Hartlepool and West Hartlepool). The name was changed following the merger in 1967 of the County Borough of West Hartlepool and the Municipal Borough of Hartlepool to form the County Borough of Hartlepool.

1983–present

The Borough of Hartlepool.[3][4][5]

As a result of major local government boundary changes in 1974 arising from the Local Government Act 1972, the Borough of Hartlepool was incorporated into the new county of Cleveland. As a consequence, a small part of the pre-1983 Easington constituency was added to the seat.

The 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies left the boundaries unchanged.[6]

The seat is currently coterminous with the borough of Hartlepool, which has close to the average population for a UK parliamentary constituency. The seat includes the town of Hartlepool itself and the nearby villages of Hart, Elwick, Greatham, Newton Bewley and Dalton Piercy.

History

The constituency had previously substantially been in the constituency of The Hartlepools. It became the constituency of Hartlepool in 1974.

Hartlepool was a Labour constituency from its creation until 2021, although its predecessor did have Conservative MPs both in the early 1960s and during the Second World War. At the 1992 general election, Edward Leadbitter stood down and was succeeded by the former Labour Director of Communications Peter Mandelson. Mandelson's pivotal role in the reshaping of the Labour Party into New Labour attracted much attention, and he became a prominent target.

During the first term of the Labour government led by Tony Blair, Mandelson was twice appointed to the Cabinet and twice forced to resign amid minor but controversial scandals. At the 2001 general election there was a notable contest when Arthur Scargill, former leader of the National Union of Mineworkers and the leader of the Socialist Labour Party, stood for election in the hope of exploiting uneasiness about New Labour in "traditional" Labour heartlands. In the event, Mandelson retained his seat, while Scargill polled only 912 votes. Mandelson shocked many with a triumphalist victory speech in which he declared "They underestimated Hartlepool, and they underestimated me, because I am a fighter and not a quitter!".[7]

The following year, the town's first direct Mayoral election generated surprise when the mascot of Hartlepool United F.C., H'Angus the Monkey (real name Stuart Drummond) was elected on a platform that included free bananas for schoolchildren.

Mandelson resigned as MP for Hartlepool when he was appointed as a European Commissioner in the summer of 2004. This triggered a by-election that took place on 30 September. The Hartlepool by-election – the last held prior to the 2005 general election – saw Iain Wright retain the seat for Labour with a majority of 2,033 votes. That by-election marked the first time that the UK Independence Party had ever finished in third place at a by-election.

The Labour Party has continued to hold the seat since the by-election, with a dwindling majority and falling share of the vote, and at the three most recent general elections, three parties have finished in second place: the Liberal Democrats in 2005 (following their strong performance at the by-election the previous year), the Conservative Party in 2010, and UKIP, going one better than its by-election showing, in 2015.

In May 2010, the Conservatives gained their largest percentage vote increase in the country in Hartlepool, reducing the Labour majority to just over 5,500, whilst in 2015, UKIP recorded their eleventh-highest vote share in the United Kingdom, taking 28% and reducing the Labour majority to just over 3,000 votes.

2010 general election

Both the 2010 and 2015 general elections (in addition to several local elections) took place against the backdrop of concerns regarding the potential closure of Hartlepool and Stockton hospitals and their replacement with a new "super hospital" in out of town Wynyard. This precipitated the closure of several departments, and the removal of services from Hartlepool. The move was initially supported by Hartlepool MP Iain Wright, and opposed by Stockton South candidate James Wharton at the 2010 general election. A substantial protest group was formed opposing Wynyard, and calling on services to remain at Hartlepool,[8] backed by a campaign by the Hartlepool Mail, a local newspaper.

Following the recession of 2008, the incoming coalition government announced it would scrap the Wynyard proposals, although no guarantees were made regarding the future of Hartlepool hospital.[9] This issue continued to dominate politics in Hartlepool at both general elections and local council elections, which dented support for Iain Wright and Labour, who had backed the Wynyard plans, whilst many independent candidates gained traction.

At the 2010 general election, the Conservative Party approached Alan Wright, a regional broadcaster for the BBC and columnist for the Hartlepool Mail, to stand as its candidate,[10] despite his lack of political and campaigning experience, hoping that his high-profile would help. It was also noted that the similarity of his name to that of the town's MP, and the fact he would feature above him on the ballot paper, might result in additional votes.[11] The Conservative Party gained a swing of 16.7%, the largest in the country, taking second place from the Liberal Democrats, and garnering it a vote share far exceeding their traditional local support.

2015 general election

Sitting MP Iain Wright was the only candidate from 2010 to remain on the much-extended ballot paper in 2015, in which the three main parties faced competition from UKIP, the Green Party, and three independent candidates, each standing primarily on healthcare-related platforms.

Popular local taxi driver and charity fundraiser Stephen Picton put himself forward as the voice of the hospital campaigners,[12] although this was challenged by the last-minute candidacy of Sandra Allison, who stood under the banner of 'Your Vote Could Save Our Hospital'.[13] John Hobbs, an 80 year old autism campaigner stood under the tagline 'Tell it like it is'.[14]

UKIP earmarked Hartlepool as a potential gain, and the seat became one of its top ten national targets as well as its main target in the north-east, attracting significant party funding, visits from leader Nigel Farage, and the regional party conference.[15] It selected Philip Broughton, a former Stockton Conservative Councillor and wrestling entrepreneur, as its candidate.[16] The Conservative Party selected public affairs consultant and competitive swimmer, Richard Royal, as its candidate.[17]

The Conservative Party's national '40/40 strategy' meant that much of its regional resources were directed towards the marginal seats of Stockton South and Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland, forcing candidates to campaign outside of their selected seats.[18] The Green Party selected local member Michael Holt, who had been arrested the previous year for obstructing a police officer at a protest in London, although charges were subsequently dropped.[19] Just days before the nomination deadline, the Liberal Democrats selected Darlington-based Hilary Allen as its candidate.[20]

On Valentines Day in 2015, a 'We Love Our Hospital' rally was organised by Save Our Hospital and the Teesside Peoples' Assembly Against Austerity, attracting large crowds in Hartlepool town centre. Candidates Iain Wright, Richard Royal, Philip Broughton, Stephen Picton and Michael Holt each gave speeches alongside other selected speakers. It was reported that Wright was booed and heckled by the crowd.[21][22]

One day prior to the general election, local football club Hartlepool United F.C. took the unprecedented step of openly criticising Wright, and seemingly encouraging fans to support either Royal or Broughton, both of whom had met the club's leadership and shown support for its interests.[23] The club had been under pressure, facing relegation and had an ongoing land dispute with the Labour council.

Throughout the campaign, both Phillip Broughton and Richard Royal sought to portray themselves as the only viable alternative to Iain Wright, with Broughton distributing leaflets claiming that the Hartlepool election was a 'two horse race',[24] and Royal referring to the close 2010 result, with his slogan "Wright for your town? Wrong for your future. Turn Hartlepool Royal Blue".[25] As a result, much of the anti Labour vote was split, with UKIP and the Conservatives gaining a combined 48.9% compared to Iain Wright's 35.6%, but neither taking enough votes individually to defeat Labour. At one point during election night itself, the vote looked so close that a recount was reported to be due,[26] but this proved to be unnecessary after the inclusion of postal votes.

2017 general election

Following the 2015 general election result, Hartlepool became the 35th most vulnerable Labour seat in the country.[27] At the EU referendum in 2016 Hartlepool voted to 'Leave' by 69.5%, making it one of the highest Leave-voting Labour-held seats in the UK.[28] Despite this intense Euroscepticism in the area making it perceived as a vulnerable seat for Labour, at the 2017 general election Labour's new candidate Mike Hill retained the seat, with UKIP's vote falling by 17 points and Labour's rising by 17 points. This gave Labour their biggest total vote and popular vote majority in Hartlepool since 2001.

Following an allegation of sexual assault made against him in September 2019, Hill sat as an Independent. However, three weeks later, the allegation was withdrawn, and he had the Labour whip restored.

2021 by-election

Main article: 2021 Hartlepool by-election

On 16 March 2021 Mike Hill resigned as the MP for Hartlepool, triggering a by-election.[29] The election was won by Jill Mortimer of the Conservative Party. It is the first time the Conservatives have held the seat.

Members of Parliament

Election Member[30] Party
Feb 1974 Ted Leadbitter Labour
1992 Peter Mandelson Labour
2004 by-election Iain Wright Labour
2017 Mike Hill Labour
2019 Independent
2019 Labour
2021 by-election Jill Mortimer Conservative
2024 Jonathan Brash Labour

Elections

Hartlepool vote share as a percentage since the seat's formation in 1974

Elections in the 2020s

General election 2024: Hartlepool[31][32]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Jonathan Brash 16,414 46.2 +8.5
Reform UK Amanda Napper 8,716 24.5 −1.3
Conservative Jill Mortimer 7,767 21.9 −7.0
Independent Sam Lee 895 2.5 N/A
Green Jeremy Spyby-Steanson 834 2.3 N/A
Liberal Democrats Peter Maughan 572 1.6 −2.5
Workers Party Thomas Dudley 248 0.7 N/A
Heritage Vivienne Neville 65 0.2 N/A
Majority 7,698 21.7 +12.9
Turnout 35,511 49.7 −7.9
Registered electors 71,437
Labour gain from Conservative Swing +7.7
By-election 2021: Hartlepool[33]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Conservative Jill Mortimer 15,529 51.9 +23.0
Labour Paul Williams 8,589 28.7 –9.0
Independent Sam Lee 2,904 9.7 N/A
Heritage Claire Martin 468 1.6 N/A
Reform UK John Prescott[b] 368 1.2 –24.6
Green Rachel Featherstone 358 1.2 N/A
Liberal Democrats Andy Hagon 349 1.2 –2.9
Independent Thelma Walker[c] 250 0.8 N/A
No description Chris Killick 248 0.8 N/A
North East Hilton Dawson 163 0.5 N/A
Independent Ralph Ward-Jackson 157 0.5 N/A
Women's Equality Gemma Evans 140 0.5 N/A
Independent Adam Gaines 126 0.4 N/A
SDP David Bettney 108 0.4 N/A
Monster Raving Loony The Incredible Flying Brick 104 0.3 N/A
Freedom Alliance Steve Jack 72 0.2 N/A
Majority 6,940 23.2 N/A
Turnout 29,933 42.7 –15.2
Conservative gain from Labour Swing +16.0

The result was the biggest swing towards an incumbent governing party in a by-election in the post war era; the record was formerly the 1945 Bournemouth by-election.[34]

Elections in the 2010s

General election 2019: Hartlepool[35]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Mike Hill 15,464 37.7 −14.8
Conservative Stefan Houghton 11,869 28.9 −5.3
Brexit Party Richard Tice 10,603 25.8 N/A
Liberal Democrats Andy Hagon 1,696 4.1 +2.3
Independent Joe Bousfield 911 2.2 N/A
Socialist Labour Kevin Cranney 494 1.2 N/A
Majority 3,595 8.8 −9.5
Turnout 41,037 57.9 −1.3
Labour hold Swing -4.8
General election 2017: Hartlepool[36]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Mike Hill 21,969 52.5 +16.9
Conservative Carl Jackson 14,319 34.2 +13.3
UKIP Phillip Broughton 4,801 11.5 −16.5
Liberal Democrats Andy Hagon 746 1.8 −0.1
Majority 7,650 18.3 +10.6
Turnout 41,835 59.2 +2.4
Labour hold Swing +1.8
General election 2015: Hartlepool[37][38]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Iain Wright 14,076 35.6 −6.9
UKIP Phillip Broughton 11,052 28.0 +21.0
Conservative Richard Royal 8,256 20.9 −7.2
Independent Stephen Picton 2,954 7.5 N/A
Green Michael Holt 1,341 3.4 N/A
Save Hartlepool Hospital Sandra Allison 849 2.0 N/A
Liberal Democrats Hilary Allen 761 1.9 −15.2
Independent John Hobbs 201 0.5 N/A
Majority 3,024 7.7 −6.7
Turnout 39,490 56.8 +1.3
Labour hold Swing -14.0
General election 2010: Hartlepool[39][40][41]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Iain Wright 16,267 42.5 −9.0
Conservative Alan Wright 10,758 28.1 +16.6
Liberal Democrats Reg Clark 6,533 17.1 −13.3
UKIP Stephen Allison 2,682 7.0 +3.5
BNP Ronnie Bage 2,002 5.2 N/A
Majority 5,509 14.4 −6.7
Turnout 38,242 55.5 +4.0
Labour hold Swing -12.9

Elections in the 2000s

General election 2005: Hartlepool[42]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Iain Wright 18,251 51.5 −7.6
Liberal Democrats Jody Dunn 10,773 30.4 +15.4
Conservative Amanda Vigar 4,058 11.5 −9.4
UKIP George Springer 1,256 3.5 N/A
Socialist Labour Frank Harrison 373 1.1 −1.3
Green Iris Ryder 288 0.8 N/A
Independent John Hobbs 275 0.8 N/A
Monster Raving Loony Jedediah Caleb Bartimaeus Headbanger 162 0.5 N/A
Majority 7,478 21.1 −17.1
Turnout 35,436 51.5 −4.3
Labour hold Swing -11.5
By-election 2004: Hartlepool
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Iain Wright 12,752 40.7 −18.4
Liberal Democrats Jody Dunn 10,719 34.2 +19.2
UKIP Stephen Allison 3,193 10.2 N/A
Conservative Jeremy Middleton 3,044 9.7 −11.2
Respect John Bloom 572 1.8 N/A
Green Iris Ryder 255 0.8 N/A
National Front Jim Starkey 246 0.8 N/A
Fathers 4 Justice Peter Watson 139 0.4 N/A
Socialist Labour Christopher Herriot 95 0.3 −2.1
Common Good Dick Rodgers 91 0.3 N/A
Independent Philip Berriman 90 0.3 N/A
Monster Raving Loony Alan Hope 80 0.3 N/A
Independent Rainbow Ronnie Carroll 45 0.1 N/A
English Democrat Ed Abrams 41 0.1 N/A
Majority 2,033 6.5 −31.7
Turnout 31,362 45.8 −10.0
Labour hold Swing -11.5
General election 2001: Hartlepool[43]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Peter Mandelson 22,506 59.1 −1.6
Conservative Augustine Robinson 7,935 20.9 −0.4
Liberal Democrats Nigel Boddy 5,717 15.0 +0.9
Socialist Labour Arthur Scargill 912 2.4 N/A
Independent Ian Cameron 557 1.5 N/A
Independent John Booth 424 1.1 N/A
Majority 14,571 38.2 −1.2
Turnout 38,051 55.8 −9.8
Labour hold Swing

Elections in the 1990s

General election 1997: Hartlepool[44]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Peter Mandelson 26,997 60.7 +8.8
Conservative Michael Horsley 9,489 21.3 −13.6
Liberal Democrats Reginald Clark 6,248 14.1 +0.8
Referendum Maureen Henderson 1,718 3.9 N/A
Majority 17,508 39.4 +22.4
Turnout 44,452 65.6 −10.5
Labour hold Swing +11.2
General election 1992: Hartlepool[45][46]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Peter Mandelson 26,816 51.9 +3.4
Conservative Graham M. Robb 18,034 34.9 +1.0
Liberal Democrats Ian Cameron 6,860 13.3 −0.8
Majority 8,782 17.0 +2.4
Turnout 51,710 76.1 +3.1
Labour hold Swing +1.2

Elections in the 1980s

General election 1987: Hartlepool[47]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Edward Leadbitter 24,296 48.5 +3.0
Conservative Peter Catchpole 17,007 33.9 −5.3
Liberal Arthur Preece 7,047 14.1 −1.3
Independent Ian Cameron 1,786 3.6 N/A
Majority 7,289 14.6 +8.3
Turnout 50,136 73.0 +3.2
Labour hold Swing
General election 1983: Hartlepool[48]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Edward Leadbitter 22,048 45.5 −9.9
Conservative Frank Rogers 18,958 39.2 +1.3
SDP Norman Bertram 7,422 15.3 +8.6
Majority 3,090 6.3 −10.4
Turnout 48,434 69.8 −4.9
Labour hold Swing

Elections in the 1970s

General election 1979: Hartlepool
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Edward Leadbitter 27,039 55.1 +3.4
Conservative K. Miller 18,887 38.4 +3.4
Liberal Christopher M. Abbott 3,193 6.5 −6.9
Majority 8,162 16.7 ±0.0
Turnout 49,109 74.7 +2.3
Labour hold Swing
General election October 1974: Hartlepool
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Edward Leadbitter 24,440 51.7 −2.6
Conservative Nicholas Freeman 16,546 35.0 −10.7
Liberal L Tostevin 6,314 13.4 N/A
Majority 7,894 16.7 +8.1
Turnout 47300 72.4 −4.5
Labour hold Swing
General election February 1974: Hartlepool
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Edward Leadbitter 26,988 54.3
Conservative Nicholas Freeman 22,700 45.7
Majority 4,288 8.6
Turnout 49,688 76.9
Labour win (new seat)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ As with all constituencies, Hartlepool elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election at least every five years.
  2. ^ Not the former Deputy Prime Minister from 1997 to 2007
  3. ^ Walker is a member of and endorsed by the Northern Independence Party, but appears on the ballot as an Independent due to that party not being registered with the Electoral Commission.

References

Specific
  1. ^ "The 2023 Review of Parliamentary Constituency Boundaries in England – Volume two: Constituency names, designations and composition – North East". Boundary Commission for England. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  2. ^ Craig, Fred W. S. (1972). Boundaries of parliamentary constituencies 1885–1972;. Chichester: Political Reference Publications. p. 130. ISBN 0-900178-09-4. OCLC 539011.
  3. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1983" (PDF). p. 13.
  4. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1995". In the County of Cleveland.
  5. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 2007". In Hartlepool.
  6. ^ "The Parliamentary Constituencies Order 2023". Schedule 1 Part 4 North East region.
  7. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. ^ "Save Hartlepool Hospital". Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  9. ^ "£464m HOSPITAL AXED: Healthcare blow for region". hartlepoolmail.co.uk.
  10. ^ "Conservatives choose Alan Wright to take on Iain Wright for MP". hartlepoolmail.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  11. ^ "ConservativeHome's Seats & Candidates blog: Hartlepool Conservatives select Alan Wright to take on Labour MP Iain Wright". conservativehome.blogs.com.
  12. ^ "Hartlepool taxi driver hopes to become town's MP". hartlepoolmail.co.uk.
  13. ^ "Gran launches bid to become MP over Hartlepool A&E closure". hartlepoolmail.co.uk. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  14. ^ "Meet the 80-year-old granddad running to become Hartlepool's MP". hartlepoolmail.co.uk.
  15. ^ "UKIP North East Conference 2015 announced".
  16. ^ "VIDEO: UKIP's Hartlepool candidate pokes fun at 'commoners' as bizarre wrestling character". hartlepoolmail.co.uk.
  17. ^ "Royal to stand as Tory candidate in Hartlepool". hartlepoolmail.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 August 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  18. ^ "Non-target candidates are instructed to leave their seats and campaign in the 40/40 – even on polling day – Conservative Home". May 2015.
  19. ^ "Protest charges dropped against Hartlepool Green Party candidate". hartlepoolmail.co.uk.
  20. ^ "Lib Dem candidate hopes to be Hartlepool's MP". hartlepoolmail.co.uk.
  21. ^ "MP faces boos from crowd at Save Our Hospital demonstration". The Northern Echo. 14 February 2015.
  22. ^ Michelle Winship (14 February 2015). "Iain Wright – Save Our Hospital Valentines Day Rally". Archived from the original on 22 December 2021 – via YouTube.
  23. ^ "Hartlepool United slam Labour candidate on eve of general election". 6 May 2015.
  24. ^ "UKIP targets North-East town". The Northern Echo. 14 October 2014.
  25. ^ "Richard Royal, Conservative Parliamentary Candidate for Hartlepool". Richard Royal, Conservative Parliamentary Candidate for Hartlepool.
  26. ^ Wearmouth, Rachel (8 May 2015). "General Election 2015: UKIP set to request recount in Hartlepool amid purple surge".
  27. ^ "UK Polling Report". ukpollingreport.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
  28. ^ "Hartlepool votes with massive 70% support for Leave in EU Referendum". hartlepoolmail.co.uk.
  29. ^ "MP for Hartlepool resigns with immediate effect meaning by-election will be held". Northern Echo. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.
  30. ^ Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "H" (part 1)
  31. ^ "General Election 2024 – Hartlepool result". Hartlepool Borough Council. 5 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  32. ^ "Hartlepool results". BBC. 5 July 2024. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
  33. ^ "Notice of Poll, Statement of Persons Nominated & Situation of Polling Stations". Hartlepool Burough Council. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  34. ^ "How the Tories' Hartlepool by-election victory set a postwar record". newstatesman.com. 7 May 2021. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  35. ^ "Hartlepool Parliamentary constituency". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  36. ^ "General Election 2017: Hartlepool". ITV news. 2 June 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  37. ^ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  38. ^ "Hartlepool". BBC News. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  39. ^ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  40. ^ http://www.hartlepool.gov.uk/download/5989/parliamentary_notice_of_poll[permanent dead link‍]
  41. ^ "UK > England > North East > Hartlepool". Election 2010. BBC. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
  42. ^ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  43. ^ "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  44. ^ "Election Data 1997". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  45. ^ "Election Data 1992". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  46. ^ "Politics Resources". Election 1992. Politics Resources. 9 April 1992. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
  47. ^ "Election Data 1987". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  48. ^ "Election Data 1983". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
General

Craig, F. W. S. (1983). British parliamentary election results 1918–1949 (3 ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.

54°40′N 1°16′W / 54.67°N 1.26°W / 54.67; -1.26

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The various names used since classical times for the people known today as the Celts are of disparate origins. The names Κελτοί (Keltoí) and Celtae are used in Greek and Latin, respectively, to denote a people of the La Tène horizon in the region of the upper Rhine and Danube during the 6th to 1st centuries BC in Graeco-Roman ethnography. The etymology of this name and that of the Gauls Γαλάται Galátai / Galli is uncertain. The linguistic sense of Celts, a grouping of all spe...

 

 

Neal Stephenson

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American general Wade Hampton IMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom South Carolina's 4th districtIn officeMarch 4, 1803 – March 3, 1805Preceded byRichard WinnSucceeded byO'Brien SmithMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom South Carolina's 2nd districtIn officeMarch 4, 1795 – March 3, 1797Preceded byJohn HunterSucceeded byJohn Rutledge, Jr. Personal detailsBornearly 1750sColony of Virginia, British AmericaDied(1835-02-04)Februar...

 

 

P&O Irish Sea

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Loi d'Okun

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Lombard Street (San Francisco)

Street in San Francisco, California Lombard StreetLombard Street in 2020Part of US 101 between Richardson Ave./Broderick St. and Van Ness AvenueNamesakePhiladelphia's Lombard StreetMaintained by San Francisco DPW Caltrans (US 101 portion) Coordinates37°48′07″N 122°25′08″W / 37.80194°N 122.41889°W / 37.80194; -122.41889West endPresidio BoulevardMajorjunctions US 101 Fillmore Street US 101 Columbus Avenue Telegraph Hill Boulevard Gap in ro...

 

 

Scooby Snacks

This article was nominated for deletion. The discussion was closed on 2 February 2024 with a consensus to merge the content into the article Scooby-Doo. If you find that such action has not been taken promptly, please consider assisting in the merger instead of re-nominating the article for deletion. To discuss the merger, please use the destination article's talk page. (February 2024) Fictional dog treat in the Scooby Doo cartoons This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or d...

The End of the Affair (1955 film)

1955 film by Edward Dmytryk The End of the AffairTheatrical release posterDirected byEdward DmytrykScreenplay byLenore CoffeeBased onThe End of the Affairby Graham GreeneProduced byDavid LewisStarring Deborah Kerr Van Johnson John Mills Peter Cushing CinematographyWilkie CooperEdited byAlan OsbistonMusic byBenjamin FrankelColor processBlack and whiteProductioncompanyCoronado ProductionsDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease dates 24 February 1955 (1955-02-24) (London) May&#...

 

 

Consciousness of guilt

Legal evidence of a guilty conscience Evidence Part of the law series Types of evidence Testimony Documentary Real (physical) Digital Exculpatory Inculpatory Demonstrative Eyewitness identification Genetic (DNA) Lies Consciousness of guilt Relevance Burden of proof Laying a foundation Materiality Public policy exclusions Spoliation Character Habit Similar fact Authentication Chain of custody Judicial notice Best evidence rule Self-authenticating document Ancient document Hague Evidence Conven...

 

 

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List of mountain peaks of the United States

Denali in Alaska is the highest mountain peak of the United States and North America. Denali is the third most topographically prominent and third most topographically isolated summit on Earth after Mount Everest and Aconcagua. This article comprises three sortable tables of major mountain peaks[a] of the United States of America. The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three main ways: The topographic elevation of a summit measures the height of the tip of a mountain abo...

 

 

Chinese herbology

Traditional Chinese herbal therapy Dried herbs and plant portions for Chinese herbology at a Xi'an market Part of a series on theHistory of science and technology in China List of discoveries List of inventions the Four Great Inventions By subject Agriculture sericulture Alchemy Architecture classic gardens bridges Astronomy Calendar Cartography Ceramics Coinage Mathematics Units of measurement Traditional medicine herbology Metallurgy Military navy Printing Silk industry Transport navigation...