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In Romanian, the town is known as Jula or Giula, in German as Jula and in Turkish as Göle.
Geography
Gyula is located in the Great Hungarian Plain on the River Fehér-Körös, 235 km (146 mi) southeast from Budapest and 5 km (3 mi) from the border with Romania. The (Szeged-)Békéscsaba-Gyula-Kötegyán railway line and Highway 44 also cross the town. Highway 44 is a four-lane expressway between Gyula and the county seat Békéscsaba.[4]
History
The first recorded reference to Gyula was in a document dated 1313 which mentions a monastery called Gyulamonostora (Julamonustra in Latin). By 1332 the settlement around the monastery was called Gyula. The construction of Gyula Castle began in the 14th century but finished only in the mid-16th century.[3] It was the property of the Maróthy family and later John Corvinus, the illegitimate son of Matthias Corvinus.[3]
In the beginning of July 1566, an Ottoman army of 27,000–30,000 men led by Pertev Mehmed Pasha [tr] surrounded the 2,000-strong Gyula castle and laid siege to it. The city defenders surrendered after 59–63 days of siege. No other castle in 16th-century Hungary could hold the besieging Ottoman army for such a long time. Despite securing a deal, the defenders who withdrew on 2 September were looted and many of them were slaughtered by the Janissaries. Castle captain László Kerecsényi [hu] was also captured and taken to Belgrade, where he was executed in 1567.
From 1566, the town became part of Ottoman Hungary. During Ottoman rule, it was known as Göle and was an important sanjak in the centre of the Temeşvar Eyalet.
At the end of 1693, Gyula remained the only stronghold of the Ottomans north of the Maros river. In 1694, several Turkish letters sent from the castle were intercepted by the imperial troops, in which they requested the delivery of food from the Turkish army stationed in Temesvár. The Turkish military leadership was unable to deliver food to Gyula. In mid-December 1694, the Turkish castle commander indicated his intention to capitulate. On 21 December, a contract was signed on the surrender of the castle and the free retreat of the guard and the population. Gyula's Turkish guard left the castle on 18 January 1695, and after 129 years, the city was liberated by Christian troops.[3]
Due to the wars, most of the native Hungarian population fled from Gyula and Békés County became near uninhabited.[5] The landowner János Harruckern invited German, Hungarian, and Romanian settlers, who re-established the town in the early 18th century.[3] In 1881, the town had 18,046 inhabitants, of which 12,103 were Hungarians, 2,608 Romanians, 2,124 Germans, 400 Slovaks and 811 of other ethnicities.[6] Gyula became a popular tourist destination in the 20th century. The thermal bath was established in 1942 and expanded in 1959, and the castle was restored in 1962.[3]
Demographics
According to the 2011 census, the population of Gyula was 31,067, of whom there were 25,895 (83.4%) Hungarians, 974 (3.1%) Romanians, 971 (3.1%) Germans and 102 (0.3%) Romani by ethnicity. In Hungary, people can declare more than one ethnicity, so some people declared Hungarian and a minority one together.[7][8]
The Christián László Municipal Sports Complex is a municipal sports complex, consisting of 13 hectares of sports facilities, which includes the Himer Center field with an athletics track and a football pitch surrounded by a motorcycle speedway track. In addition, there are two more full size football pitches, tennis courts, basketball and skateboarding facilities.[18][19]
Notable people
Born in Gyula
Béla Bánáthy (1919–2003), social scientist and professor
Zoltán Bay (1900–1992), physicist (born in Gyulavári, now part of Gyula)
^ abcdefghijkAntal Papp: Magyarország (Hungary), Panoráma, Budapest, 1982, ISBN963 243 241 X, p. 860, pp. 453-456
^ abMagyarország autóatlasz, Dimap-Szarvas, Budapest, 2004, ISBN963-03-7576-1
^Károly Kocsis (DSc, University of Miskolc) – Zsolt Bottlik (PhD, Budapest University) – Patrik Tátrai: Etnikai térfolyamatok a Kárpát-medence határon túli régióiban, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences) – Földrajtudományi Kutatóintézet (Academy of Geographical Studies); Budapest; 2006.; ISBN963-9545-10-4, CD Atlas
