Gul (design)

Konya 18th carpet with Memling gul design. There is a row of triangular amulet motifs (Muska) at top and bottom; each of the four lower gul has a star motif (Yıldız) at its centre.
Turkmen carpet with three central gul medallions

A gul (also written gol, göl and gül) is a medallion-like design element typical of traditional hand-woven carpets from Central and West Asia. In Turkmen weavings they are often repeated to form the pattern in the main field.

Shape

Gul are medallions, often octagonal, and often somewhat angular on a generally octagonal plan, though they can be somewhat rounded within the constraints of carpet-weaving, and some are lozenge-shaped (rhombuses). They usually have either twofold rotational symmetry or mirror reflection symmetry (often both left/right and up/down).[1]

Gul were historically described in the West as being elephant's foot motifs. Other Western guesses held that the gul was a drawing of a round Turkmen tent, with lines between tents representing irrigation canals; or that the emblem was a totemic bird. None of these descriptions have any basis in weaving tradition or culture.[2]

Etymology

The term gul, gol, göl or gül is used widely across Central and West Asia, and among carpet specialists in the West. It is derived from the Persian word gol (گل) which means flower or rose.[3][4]

Usage

In Turkmen weavings, such as bags and rugs, guls are often repeated to form the basic pattern in the main field (excluding the border).[4][5]

The different Turkmen tribes such as Tekke, Salor, Ersari and Yomut traditionally wove a variety of guls, some of ancient design, but gul designs were often used by more than one tribe, and by non-Turkmens.[4][5]

Western authors have used comparison of the "design vocabulary" of tribal guls, reproduced on traditional rugs, in studying the ethnogenesis of Asian peoples.[6]

In Western culture

Triptych by Hans Memling, 1479, with a gul-patterned carpet at the Virgin's feet
Further information: Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting

Western artists including Hans Memling depicted oriental carpets from Turkish Anatolia with guls in several of his paintings, to the extent that these are known as Memling carpets. These guls often contain star or (hooked) dragon motifs as found on 15th century Konya carpets.[7] The presence of the hooked motif defines a "Memling carpet".[8] The artists Lorenzo Lotto and Hans Holbein who similarly depicted Anatolian carpets also have the varieties they painted named after them.[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Rug Gallery. Carpet Turkey (Kurdish) 18th century". MathForum. 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  2. ^ Thompson, Jon (1988). Carpets from the Tents, Cottages and Workshops of Asia. Barrie & Jenkins. p. 156. ISBN 0-7126-2501-1.
  3. ^ "Rug Layouts and Designs". Little Persia. 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  4. ^ a b c Thompson, Jon (1988). Carpets from the Tents, Cottages and Workshops of Asia. Barrie & Jenkins. p. 163. ISBN 0-7126-2501-1.
  5. ^ a b "Carpet Motifs: A Beginner's Guide". Arastan. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  6. ^ Mace, Ruth; Holden, Clare J.; Shennan, Stephen (2005). The evolution of cultural diversity: a phylogenetic approach. Routledge. pp. 118–120. ISBN 1-84472-099-3.
  7. ^ Howe, R. John (2 October 2010). "The "Memling" Gul Motif, The Lecture". R. John Howe. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
  8. ^ King, Donald and Sylvester, David eds. The Eastern Carpet in the Western World, From the 15th to the 17th century, Arts Council of Great Britain, London, 1983, ISBN 0-7287-0362-9. page 57
  9. ^ "Turkish carpet". Kilim Collection. 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.

Further reading

Read other articles:

Imago

Demokritos, tokoh yang menggunakan istilah imago Imago berasal dari kata dalam bahasa Latin yang artinya tiruan.[1][2] Imago juga memiliki banyak pengertian yang dapat dibagi menjadi keempat pengertian.[1] Pertama, imago kadang sering dipakai untuk menerjemahkan kata dalam bahasa Yunani eidolon, sebagimana istilah yang digunakan oleh Demokritos dan Epikuros yang menyebut kerangka-kerangka yang dikirim oleh objek-objek kepada panca indra dalam persepsi.[1] Kedua...

 

Ján Sokol (bishop)

Ján Sokol (born 9 October 1933) is a Slovak archbishop and former Archbishop of Trnava and Bratislava. His ExcellencyJán SokolArchbishop Emeritus of TrnavaChurchRoman CatholicArchdioceseArchdiocese of TrnavaAppointedMay 19, 1988InstalledJune 12, 1988Term endedApril 18, 2009SuccessorRóbert BezákOrdersOrdinationJune 23, 1957ConsecrationJune 12, 1988by Francesco ColasuonnoPersonal detailsBorn (1933-10-09) October 9, 1933 (age 90)Jacovce, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia)Coat of arms St...

 

List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1980

Part of a series onBritish law Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Year      1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 ...

Kashima Antlers

Kashima Antlers鹿島アントラーズNama lengkapKashima Antlers F.C.Julukan-Berdiri1947StadionStadion Kashima Kashima, Ibaraki(Kapasitas: 40.728[1])KetuaFumiaki KoizumiManajerAntônio Carlos ZagoLigaJ1 League2023ke-5Situs webSitus web resmi klub Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Kashima Antlers (Jepang: 鹿島アントラーズ) merupakan sebuah tim sepak bola Jepang yang bermarkas di Kashima, Prefektur Ibaraki, Jepang. Klub ini didirikan pada tahun 1947 oleh Sumitomo Metal Indust...

 

Первородный грех

Об экономическом термине см. Первородный грех (экономика). ХристианствоБиблия Ветхий Завет Новый Завет Евангелие Десять заповедей Нагорная проповедь Апокрифы Бог, Троица Бог Отец Иисус Христос Святой Дух История христианства Апостолы Хронология христианства Ран�...

 

1929 in music

1929 in music By location United Kingdom Norway By genre country jazz By topic Overview of the events of 1929 in music List of years in music (table) … 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 … In radio 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 In television 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 In film 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... Igor Stravinsky conducting ...

Penshurst

Questa voce sull'argomento centri abitati del Kent è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Penshurstparrocchia civilePenshurst – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Regno Unito    Inghilterra RegioneSud Est Contea Kent DistrettoSevenoaks TerritorioCoordinate51°10′13.48″N 0°10′47.89″E / 51.170411°N 0.179969°E51.170411; 0.179969 (Penshurst)Coordinate: 51°10′13.48″N 0°10′47.89″E࿯...

 

Mario Suárez

Mario Suárez Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Mario Suárez MataTanggal lahir 24 Februari 1987 (umur 37)Tempat lahir Alcobendas, SpanyolTinggi 1,86 m (6 ft 1 in)Posisi bermain Gelandang bertahanInformasi klubKlub saat ini Atlético MadridNomor 4Karier junior1999–2004 Atlético MadridKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2004–2006 Atlético B 38 (4)2005–2008 Atlético Madrid 4 (0)2006–2007 → Valladolid (pinjaman) 23 (3)2007–2008 → Celta (pinjaman) 26 (2)2008–20...

 

乌克兰总理

 烏克蘭總理Прем'єр-міністр України烏克蘭國徽現任杰尼斯·什米加尔自2020年3月4日任命者烏克蘭總統任期總統任命首任維托爾德·福金设立1991年11月后继职位無网站www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/（英文） 乌克兰 乌克兰政府与政治系列条目 宪法 政府 总统 弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基 總統辦公室 国家安全与国防事务委员会 总统代表（英语：Representatives of the President of Ukraine） 总...

哥伦布 (密西西比州)

密西西比州 哥伦布城市綽號：Possum Town哥伦布位于密西西比州的位置坐标：33°30′06″N 88°24′54″W / 33.501666666667°N 88.415°W / 33.501666666667; -88.415国家 美國州密西西比州县朗兹县始建于1821年政府 • 市长罗伯特·史密斯 (民主党)面积 • 总计22.3 平方英里（57.8 平方公里） • 陸地21.4 平方英里（55.5 平方公里） • ...

 

توظيف

وظيفةرسم بياني يقارن التوظيف الحكومي كنسبة مئوية من إجمالي العمالة في الاتحاد الأوروبي في عامي 2000 و2018معلومات عامةصنف فرعي من نشاط اقتصادي جانب من جوانب عمل ممثلة بـ فصل من الخدمةفترة تجربة العملسجل الدوام انظر أيضاً ربُّ العملعدد الموظفين تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي �...

 

A Real Job

2023 French filmA Real JobTheatrical release posterFrenchUn métier sérieux Directed byThomas LiltiScreenplay byThomas LiltiProduced byAgnès ValléeEmmanuel BarrauxStarringVincent LacosteFrançois CluzetAdèle ExarchopoulosLouise BourgoinWilliam LebghilLucie ZhangBouli LannersCinematographyAntoine HéberléEdited byGwen MallauranMatthieu RuyssenMusic byJonathan MoraliProductioncompanies31 Juin FilmsLes Films du ParcFrance 2 CinémaLe PacteLes Films de BenjaminDistributed byLe PacteRelease ...

1908 Washington gubernatorial election

For related races, see 1908 United States gubernatorial elections. 1908 Washington gubernatorial election ← 1904 November 3, 1908 1912 →   Nominee Samuel G. Cosgrove John Pattison Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 110,190 58,126 Percentage 62.6% 33.0% County resultsCosgrove:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Governor before election ...

 

Zarhalol

This article is about the town formerly known as Kommunizm. For the Soviet-Russian conceptual collective, see Kommunizm (band). Jamoat in Sughd Region, TajikistanZarhalol Russian: Зархалол Tajik: ЗарҳалолJamoatZarhalolLocation in TajikistanCoordinates: 40°04′N 69°00′E / 40.067°N 69.000°E / 40.067; 69.000Country TajikistanRegionSughd RegionCityIstaravshanPopulation (2015) • Total30,683Time zoneUTC+5 (TJT)Official languages R...

 

ATM (Milano)

Azienda Trasporti MilanesiLogo Sede centrale in Foro Buonaparte 61 Stato Italia Forma societariaSocietà per azioni unipersonale Fondazione22 maggio 1931 a Milano Fondata daComune di Milano Sede principaleMilano Controllatevedi elenco Persone chiave Gioia Ghezzi (presidente)[1] Arrigo Giana (amministratore delegato e direttore generale) SettoreTrasporto Prodottitrasporto pubblico Dipendenti10 468 (2021) Sito webhttps://www.atm.it https://www.atminternational.com Modifica...

Antonio Maxia

Questa voce o sezione sugli argomenti telecomunicazioni e politici italiani non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Antonio Maxia Ministro delle poste e delle telecomunicazioniDurata mandato25 marzo 1960 –26 luglio 1960 PresidenteFernando Tambroni PredecessoreGiuseppe Spataro Succe...

 

George Pal

George PalPal pada tahun 1979LahirGyörgy Pál Marczincsak(1908-02-01)1 Februari 1908Cegléd, Austria-HongariaMeninggal2 Mei 1980(1980-05-02) (umur 72)Los Angeles, California, Amerika SerikatMakamHoly Cross Cemetery, Culver City, CaliforniaKebangsaanHongaria, Amerika SerikatNama lainJulius György MarczincsakWarga negaraAmerika SerikatAlmamaterHungarian University of Fine ArtsTahun aktif1931–1975Suami/istriElisabeth Zsoka Pal (m.1930)Anak2 putra George Pal (lahir György Pá...

 

Elf

Supernatural being in Germanic folklore This article is about the mythical creature. For Tolkien's fictional version, see Elf (Middle-earth). For the film, see Elf (film). For other uses, see Elf (disambiguation). Elves redirects here. For the lightning-related phenomenon, see ELVES. Ängsälvor (Swedish Meadow Elves) by Nils Blommér (1850) An elf (pl.: elves) is a type of humanoid supernatural being in Germanic folklore. Elves appear especially in North Germanic mythology, being mentioned i...

Invisible Ghost

1941 film by Joseph H. Lewis Invisible GhostFilm posterDirected byJoseph H. LewisScreenplay by Al Martin Helen Martin[1] Story by Al Martin Helen Martin[1] Produced bySam KatzmanStarringBela LugosiPolly Ann YoungJohn McGuireCinematography Marcel Le Picard Harvey Gould Edited byRobert Golden[1]ProductioncompanyBanner Pictures Corp.[1][2]Distributed byMonogram Pictures Corp.[2]Release date April 25, 1941 (1941-04-25) Running time64 ...

 

Nouvelle-Zélande aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1988

Cet article est une ébauche concernant les Jeux olympiques et la Nouvelle-Zélande. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Nouvelle-Zélande aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1988 Code CIO NZL Lieu Séoul Participation 18e Athlètes 83 Porte-drapeau Ian Ferguson MédaillesRang : 18e Or3 Arg.2 Bron.8 Total13 Historique Jeux olympiques d'été 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972...