Range of Guiana dolphin(coastal–solid pattern) and tucuxi (inland–hatched pattern)
Sound of Sotalia guianensis
The Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis), also known as the estuarine dolphin or costero, is a dolphin found in the coastal and estuary waters to the north and east of South America, and east of Central America. It is a member of the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae).
English name
During its 2008 Annual Meeting in Santiago, Chile, as proposed by Flores et al. (2008)[3], the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) endorsed "Guiana dolphin" as the common English name for (Sotalia guianensis) in its IWC List of Recognized Cetacean Species (LRCS). Following this endorsement, Flores and colleagues also made the case for the adoption of the English name in the Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals.[4]
Description
The Guiana dolphin is frequently described as similar to the bottlenose dolphin in appearance, but it is typically smaller, at only up to 2.1 m (6.9 ft) in length. Individuals are light to bluish grey in coloration on their back and sides. The ventral region is light grey. The dorsal fin is typically slightly hooked, with a triangular shape. The beak is well-defined and of moderate length.
The Guiana dolphin is very similar in appearance to the closely related Tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis) with most differences only apparent in skull shape and body size. The Guiana dolphin is the larger of two at a maximum mass of 121 kilograms versus 53 kilograms for the tucuxi.[5]
Researchers have recently shown that the Guiana dolphin has an electroreceptive sense, and speculate this may also be the case for other odontocetes.[6]
Taxonomy
Although described as species distinct from the tucuxiSotalia fluviatilis by Pierre-Joseph van Bénéden in 1864, the Guiana dolphin Sotalia guianensis was subsequently synonymized with Sotalia fluviatilis with the two species being treated as subspecies, or marine and freshwater varieties.[7] The first to reassert differences between these two species was a three-dimensional morphometric study of Monteiro-Filho and colleagues.[8] Subsequently, a molecular analysis by Cunha and colleagues[9] unambiguously demonstrated that Sotalia guianensis was genetically differentiated from Sotalia fluviatilis. This finding was reiterated by Caballero and colleagues[10] with a larger number of genes. The existence of two species has been generally accepted by the scientific community.[11]
Distribution
The Guiana dolphin is found close to estuaries, inlets and other protected shallow-water areas around the eastern and northern South American coast. It has been reported as far south as southern Brazil and north as far as Nicaragua and possibly Honduras. This species has been observed to tolerate a wide range of temperatures and salinities[12][13][5]
Behaviour
This species generally forms small groups averaging about 2-6 individuals, but does occasionally form larger aggregations of up to several hundred animals. They are quite active and may jump clear of the water (a behaviour known as breaching), somersault, spy-hop or tail-splash. They are unlikely, however, to approach boats. Guiana dolphins feed mainly on a wide variety of bony fish and occasionally on shrimps, cephalopods, and crabs. Studies of growth layers suggest the species can live more than 40 years.[14][5]
More than 60 species of demersal and pelagicschooling fish have been reported as prey. Small fish of 8 in (20 cm) or less are preferred. Foraging may be carried out individually or in groups. Different dolphin communities may adopt their own foraging strategies based on local circumstances. One of the best studied groups herds fish onto beaches and half strands themselves for a few seconds while grabbing their prey.[15]
A study of a population off the coast of southern Brazil in the late 1990s found that females matured at 5-8 years of age and had a mean reproductive cycle of 2 years. The gestation period was found to be approximately 12 month gestation period. After age 25, the researchers found that the reproductive cycle had increased to 2.5 years a possible indication of reproductive senescence, or aging.[16]
In December 2006, researchers from the Southern University of Chile and the Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro witnessed attempted infanticide by a group of Guiana dolphins in Sepetiba Bay, Brazil.[17] A group of six adults separated a mother from her calf, four then keeping her at bay by ramming her and hitting her with their flukes. The other two adults rammed the calf, held it under water, then threw it into the air and held it under water again. The mother was seen again in a few days, but not her calf. Since females become sexually receptive within a few days of losing a calf, and the group of attacking males were sexually interested in the female, it is possible that the infanticide occurred for this reason.[18]Infanticide has been reported previously in bottlenose dolphins but is thought to be generally uncommon among cetaceans.[18]
Conservation
The Guiana dolphin is listed on Appendix II[19] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). It is listed on Appendix II[19] as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements. As with all coastal cetaceans, the Guiana dolphin suffers from negative interactions with humans. Entanglement in gill nets, seine nets, and shrimp traps is responsible for the death of many animals each year. There is very limited gene flow between concentrations of this dolphin, and large stretches of coast contain no animals at all, so recovery from depletion of a local population may take time.[15]
A population decline was noted in Guanabara Bay near Rio de Janeiro with 34 individuals surviving in 2016, down from 70 in 1995 and 400 in 1985.[20] The bays around Rio de Janeiro are known to be polluted with industrial waste and sewage, a possible cause of this population's decline. By 2024 the number in Guanabara Bay was below 30, and while populations in Sepetiba Bay and Ilha Grande Bay to the west are larger, they are thought also to be at risk.[21]
^Flores, PAC; Bazzalo, M; Caballero, S; Santos, MCO; Trujillo, F; Azevedo, AF; Cremer, MJ; SIMÕES-LOPES, PC; MAY-COLLADO, LJ; Flach, L; others (2008). "Proposed English common name of Sotalia guianensis to the IWC List of Recognized Cetacean Species". Scientific Committee of the IWC/60/SM16: 3.
^ abcFlores, Paulo A. C.; da Silva, Vera M. F.; Fettuccia, Daniela de C. (2018). "Tucuxi and Guiana Dolphins: Sotalia fluviatilis and S. Guianensis". In Bernd Würsig (ed.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Elsevier. pp. 916–918. ISBN978-0-12-804327-1.
^Borobia, M.; S. Siciliano; L. Lodi & W. Hoek (1991). "Distribution of the South American dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 69 (4): 1024–1039. Bibcode:1991CaJZ...69.1025B. doi:10.1139/z91-148.
^Araújo, Janaina P.; Souto, Antonio; Geise, Lena; Araújo, Maria Elisabeth (2008). "The behavior of Sotalia guianensis (Van Bénéden) in Pernambuco coastal waters, Brazil, and a further analysis of its reaction to boat traffic". Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 25: 1–9. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752008000100001. ISSN0101-8175.
^ abBerta, Annalisa, editor. Whales, Dolphins & Porpoises: A Natural History and Species Guide. University of Chicago Press, 2015.
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