Commerson's dolphin

Commerson's dolphin[1]
A Commerson's dolphin in Chubut Province.
Size compared to an average human
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[3]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Delphinidae
Genus: Cephalorhynchus
Species:
C. commersonii
Binomial name
Cephalorhynchus commersonii
Subspecies
  • C. c .commersonii
  • C. c .kerguelensis
C. c. commersonii distribution near South America
C. c. kerguelensis distribution near the Kerguelen Islands

Commerson's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii), also referred to by the common names jacobita, skunk dolphin, piebald dolphin, panda dolphin, or tonina overa (in South America), is a small oceanic dolphin of the genus Cephalorhynchus. Commerson's dolphin has two geographically-isolated but locally-common subspecies. The principal subspecies, C.c.commersonii, has sharply-delineated black-and-white patterning and is found around the tip of South America. The secondary subspecies, C.c.kerguelenensis, is larger than C.c.commersonii, has a less-sharply delineated dark and light grey patterning with a white ventral band, and is found around the Kerguelen Islands in the Indian Ocean.

The dolphin is named after French naturalist Dr Philibert Commerson, who first described them in 1767 after sighting them in the Strait of Magellan.[4]

Population and distribution

Two disjunct subspecies of the dolphin are found in geographically disparate areas separated by 130° of longitude and about 8,500 km (5,300 mi); it is not known why they are thus distributed. Global populations are unknown, but the species is accepted to be locally common.[5]

The main subspecies, C.c.commersonii, is found inshore in various inlets in Argentina including Puerto Deseado, in the Strait of Magellan and around Tierra del Fuego, and near the Falkland Islands (Las Malvinas).[6] A survey in 1984 estimated there to be 3,200 individuals in the Strait of Magellan. [7]

Dolphins of the second subspecies, C.c.kerguelenensis, were discovered in the 1950s. They reside near the Kerguelen Islands in the southern part of the Indian Ocean, and prefer shallow waters.

In 2004, a vagrant individual of unconfirmed origin was sighted on South Africa's Agulhas Bank, a location 4,200 km (2,600 mi) from the Kerguelen Islands and 6,300 km (3,900 mi) from South America. Though the Kerguelen Islands are closer, such a journey would require swimming against the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.[8]

Description

Cephalorhynchus commersonii commersonii

Commerson's dolphins in the Strait of Magellan

The commersonii subspecies has a black head, dorsal fin, and fluke, with a white throat and body. The demarcation between the two colours is very clear-cut. This stocky creature is one of the smallest of all cetaceans, growing to around 1.5 m (5 ft). A mature female caught off of southern Patagonia, at 23 kg (51 lb) and 1.36 m (4.5 ft), may be the smallest adult cetacean on record.[9] Its appearance resembles that of a porpoise, but its conspicuous behaviour is typical of a dolphin. The dorsal fin has a long, straight leading edge which ends in a curved tip. The trailing edge is typically concave, but not falcate. The fluke has a notch in the middle.

Sexes are easily distinguished by the different shape of the black blotch on the belly — it is shaped like a teardrop in males but is more rounded in females. Females reach breeding age at six to 9 years. Males reach sexual maturity at about the same age. Mating occurs in the spring and summer and calving occurs after a gestation period of 11 months during the spring and summer.[6][10] The Commerson's dolphin has been known to live up to eighteen years in the wild, while in captivity the oldest individual was at least 33 years old at the time of death.[11]

Cephalorhynchus commersonii kerguelenensis

Dolphins of the kerguelenensis subspecies tend to be larger than those of C.c.commersonii, and differ in patterning in that they are dark grey instead of black, and light grey instead of white, except ventrally. The demarcation between areas of the pattern is also less clearly demarcated.[12]

Behavior

Commerson's dolphin is very active. It is often seen swimming rapidly on the surface and leaping from the water. It also spins and twists as it swims and may surf on breaking waves when very close to the shore. It will bow-ride and swim behind fast-moving boats. It is also known to swim upside-down, which is thought to improve the visibility of its prey.

This dolphin feeds on a mix of coastal and pelagic fish and squid. Those in the South American subpopulation supplement their diets with crustaceans.[13][14][15] Individuals have been recorded as entering the Santa Cruz River to forage there during low tide.[16]

They can be found in estuaries, especially during the breeding season.[6][16]

Conservation

The IUCN lists Commerson's dolphin as Least Concern in its Red List of Threatened Species. The proximity of the dolphin to the shore makes accidental killing in gillnets a common occurrence. The dolphin was killed for use as crab bait by some Argentinian and Chilean fishermen in the 1970s and 1980s, but this practice has since been curtailed.[2]

The Commerson's dolphin population of South America is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) because it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.[17][18]

Captivity

These dolphins have been known to be displayed in a few aquariums.[19][20]

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cephalorhynchus commersonii.
Wikispecies has information related to Cephalorhynchus commersonii.
  1. ^ Mead, J. G.; Brownell, R. L. Jr. (2005). "Order Cetacea". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 723–743. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Crespo, E., Olavarria, C., Dellabianca, N., Iñíguez, M., Ridoux, V. & Reeves, R. 2017. Cephalorhynchus commersonii (errata version published in 2018). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T4159A128963283. Downloaded on 30 December 2018.
  3. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  4. ^ Sharks and Whales (Carwardine et al. 2002), p. 370.
  5. ^ Pimper, Lida E.; Remis, Maria I.; Natalie, R.; Goodall, P.; Baker, C. Scott (1 September 2009). "Teeth and Bones as Sources of DNA for Genetic Diversity and Sex Identification of Commerson's Dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina". Aquatic Mammals. 35 (3): 330–333. doi:10.1578/am.35.3.2009.330. ISSN 0167-5427.
  6. ^ a b c Righi, Carina F.; Blanco, Gabriela S.; Frere, Esteban (March 2013). "Abundance and Spatial Distribution of Commerson's Dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) at a Breeding Site: Ría Deseado, Patagonia, Argentina". Aquatic Mammals. 39 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1578/am.39.1.2013.1. hdl:11336/23945. ISSN 0167-5427.
  7. ^ Leatherwood, S.; Kastelein, R. A.; Hammond, P. S. (1988). "Estimate of number of Commerson's dolphins in a portion of the northeastern Strait of Magellan, January-February 1984". Reports of the International Whaling Commission. 9: 93–102.
  8. ^ Bruyn, P. J. N., de; Hofmeyr, G. J. G.; Villiers, M. S., de (2006). "First record of a vagrant Commerson's dolphin, Cephalorhynchus commersonii, at the southern African continental shelf" (PDF). African Zoology. 41 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2015.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc. (1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9
  10. ^ Sakai, Mai; Morisaka, Tadamichi; Iwasaki, Mari; Yoshida, Yayoi; Wakabayashi, Ikuo; Seko, Atsushi; Kasamatsu, Masahiko; Kohshima, Shiro (4 July 2013). "Mother–calf interactions and social behavior development in Commerson's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii)". Journal of Ethology. 31 (3): 305–313. doi:10.1007/s10164-013-0380-2. hdl:2433/193101. ISSN 0289-0771. S2CID 11054565.
  11. ^ Pedicini, Sandra (1 February 2016). "Unusual Commerson's dolphins' time at SeaWorld's Aquatica coming to a close". Orlando Sentinel.
  12. ^ Jefferson, Thomas A.; Webber, Marc A. J. G. M.; Pitman, Robert L. (2008). Marine mammals of the world: a comprehensive guide to their identification (1st ed.). London: Academic. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-12-383853-7. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  13. ^ Kastelein, R. A.; McBain, J.; Neurohr, B. (1993). "Information on the biology of Commerson's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii)" (PDF). Aquatic Mammals. 19 (1): 13–19.
  14. ^ Brownell, Robert L.; Donovan, Gregory P. (1988). Biology of the genus Cephalorhynchus. International Whaling Commission. ISBN 0-906975-17-4. OCLC 19253432.
  15. ^ Kastelein, R.; McBain, J.; Neurohr, B.; Mohri, M.; Sayo, S.; Wakabayaski, I.; Wiepkema, P.R. (1993). "The food consumption of Commerson's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii)". Aquatic Mammals. 19 (2): 99–121.
  16. ^ a b Loizaga de Castro, Rocio; Dans, Silvana Laura; Coscarella, Mariano Alberto; Crepso, Enrique Alberto (2013). "Living in an estuary: Commerson´s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii (Lacépède, 1804)), habitat use and behavioural pattern at the Santa Cruz River, Patagonia, Argentina". Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research. 41 (5): 985–991. doi:10.3856/vol41-issue5-fulltext-17. eISSN 0718-560X. Retrieved 11 December 2018 – via SciELO.
  17. ^ "Convention on Migratory Species page on the Commerson's dolphin". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
  18. ^ Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009.[1]Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Batt, Elizabeth (20 October 2014). "CAPTIVE COMMERSON'S DOLPHINS IN NORTH AMERICA". The Dolphin Project. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  20. ^ Gewalt, Wolfgang (1990). "The Jacobita, or Commerson's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii)". Aquatic Mammals. 16 (2): 53–64.
  • National Audubon Society: Guide to Marine Mammals of the World ISBN 0-375-41141-0
  • Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals ISBN 0-12-551340-2
  • The Sierra Club Handbook of Whales and Dolphins