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Grey nightjar
	in Eaglenest, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Clade:	Strisores
Order:	Caprimulgiformes
Family:	Caprimulgidae
Genus:	Caprimulgus
Species:	C. jotaka
Binomial name
	Caprimulgus jotaka; Temminck & Schlegel, 1845

The grey nightjar (Caprimulgus jotaka; also "gray" in some non-local literature) is a species of nightjar found in East Asia, breeding from southeastern Russia south through China, the Korean Peninsula and Japan to northern Indochina and westward along the Himalayas.^[2] It is largely migratory, wintering in Indochina south to Java in Indonesia, but is resident in warmer areas in the south of its breeding range.^[2] It is sometimes treated as a subspecies of the jungle nightjar (C. indicus), its South Asian relative.^[3]^[4] The grey nightjar breeds and forages in early successional habitats surrounded by forests; its populations have declined since the 1970s in Japan.^[5] Like all nightjars, it is crepuscular to nocturnal, feeding on flying insects, including moths, beetles, flying ants, grasshoppers, and others.^[3]

Taxonomy

The grey nightjar belongs to the Caprimulginae subfamily (or typical/true nightjars) with 79 known species that mostly have similar characteristics.^[6]

The species was first described by Temminck & Schlegel in 1845.^[7]^[8] However, Grey nightjar was then included as a subspecies of the Jungle nightjar (C. indicus; also called Grey nightjar formerly) until Rasmussen and Anderton split them in 2005 by the distinguishable calls and egg coloration.^[3]^[4]Both Grey and Jungle nightjar can be differentiated from other relatives that occurrent in same habitats by their different patterns on the tail feathers.^[9]

Description

Grey nightjar is a medium-sized nightjar with a large head, large eye, long tail, weak bill and short legs.^[10] The plumage is mottled, very similar to the Himalayas subspecies of Jungle nightjar (C. indicus harzarae). The forehead, crown, and nape are covered with small, intricate grayish-white and dark brown vermiculated patterns mixed with black longitudinal streaks, with the central black stripe on the crown being particularly prominent. The feathers on the nape have pale brown spots at the tips. The upper back to the upper tail coverts are of the same color as the crown, but with more dark brown horizontal bars. The scapulars are black with brownish-yellow spots, and the outer webs often have brownish-yellow patches. The wing coverts and remiges are dark brown, with the tips of the wing coverts displaying round brownish-yellow spots. The inner flight feathers are grayish-white with black shaft streaks and vermiculated patterns. The primaries and secondaries are edged with reddish-brown serrated markings. The first primary feather has a white circular patch near the center of the inner web, and the second to fourth primaries have white horizontal bars. The central tail feathers are gray-brown with dense dark brown vermiculated markings and 6 or 7 black wavy horizontal bands. The outer tail feathers are mostly dark brown with prominent white subterminal patches. The lores, supercilium, cheeks, chin, and throat are dark brown with yellowish-brown spots on the feather tips. The ear-coverts are yellowish-brown with black streaks. The throat has a conspicuous white patch. The chest is dark brown with pale brown horizontal bars, while the rest of the underparts are pale brownish-yellow, densely covered with dark brown horizontal stripes. Female has similar plumage to the male but slightly paler; the white throat patch is smaller and often tinged with brown; no white spots in the middle of the flight feathers, and no white subterminal patch on the tail feathers.^[11]^[12]

Iris: Dark brown; Beak: Black; Tarsus and toes: Horny brown; Claws: Black.

Measurements

Measurements of Grey nightjar^[11]
Sex	Length (cm)	Weight (g)	Wing Length (cm)	Tail length (cm)	Tarsus (mm)	Culmen (mm)
Male	25–27.8	61–100	19.7–22.3	12.1–14.2	15.1–17.7	9.5–11.1
Female	26–27.5	82–109	19.9–21.2	12.2–13.1	14.8–17.6	9.8–10.9

Voice

The songs of typical nightjars (Caprimulginae) is an important aspect to distinguish them in field.^[4] The Grey nightjar song is a series of hollow byuck notes lasting 2–4 seconds and repeated at short intervals, like the firing of a cartoon laser gun (click to hear).^[10]^[13]^[14] This song is a determinative evidence when splitting the Grey nightjar from the Jungle nightjar, that the Jungle nightjar sing a long series of bouncing pooKIHpooKIHpooKIH notes (click to hear).^[4]^[15]^[16]

Distribution and Habitat

The Grey nightjar occurs throughout the South Asia to southeastern Russia, and east to Japan.^[4]^[5]^[8]^[11]^[12] The estimated extent of occurrence is 17700000 km² (6834008 mi²). The resident range includes: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Singapore; Some sedentary populations breed within the resident range while other migratory populations breed also in Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia and Vietnam. There are also some non-breeding occurrence in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Russian Federation (Eastern Asian Russia), and Thailand.^[8]^[11]^[17]Vagrants have been spotted in south Alaska, US.^[8]^[18]

The Grey nightjar habitat can be high up to 3300 m (10827 ft) in altitude, includes forest, shrubland, cliffs or mountain rocks, and anthropogenic constructions.^[8]^[11]^[12] This species primarily inhabits broadleaf forests and mixed broadleaf-coniferous forests, and can sometimes be observed in coniferous forests below an altitude of 1,400 m (4593 ft).^[11]Populations distributed in south China at altitudes ranging from 700 to 2,500 m (2297-8202 ft).^[12]

Breeding

The Grey nightjar has an average generation length of 5.6 years.^[8] Breeding occurs between May and July. No nest is constructed, and eggs are laid directly on the ground, on rocks, or within dense coniferous forests, bamboo groves, or shrub thickets, as well as in open, bare areas. Occasionally, eggs are placed on grass, underneath a tuft of wild grass or shrubs. There is one nesting cycle per year, with 2 eggs laid per clutch. The eggs are elliptical, white with grayish-brown and dark gray speckles, averaging 30.7 mm in size (ranging from 27.2 to 33.1 mm) by 22.7 mm (ranging from 20.3 to 23.5 mm), and weighing 6.5 grams. The female incubates during the day, while the male takes over during dawn and dusk.^[11]

Behaviour

Grey nightjar active at night, especially at dusk, continuously foraging for insects in flight. During flight, it is silent, with slow wing beats, occasionally gliding or hovering without moving its wings. Its flight pattern is often circular, but can become erratic with sharp turns when pursuing insects. During the day, it typically rests on grassy slopes or tree branches. When perching on a branch, its body axis aligns parallel to the branch, blending closely to it, making it difficult to detect while resting.^[11]^[12]

Diet

The Grey nightjar is insectivore and feed mainly on Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera.^[3]^[11]^[12] While individuals may occasionally consume seeds intentionally, various solid and hard particles such as wood, glass shards, and gravel have also been found in some birds. However, the reasons for the ingestion of these materials remain unclear.^[11]^[12]

Status and Conservation

The global Grey nightjar population is stable and hence been listed as "Least Concern" under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species assessment in 2016.^[8] As this species possess the ability integrating into urbanized area, there is no concern of habitat fragmentation under current circumstances.^[8]^[11] Although there is no systematic monitoring scheme, the entire Grey nightjar range crosses through many conservation sites and the populations are tracked by local governments.^[8]^[11]^[12]

Grey Nightjar in Khonoma, Nagaland, India
Grey nightjar from the collections of World Museum.

References

^ BirdLife International (2016). "Caprimulgus jotaka". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22725702A94899999. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725702A94899999.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^ ^a ^b del Hoyo, Josep (2020). All the birds of the world. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p. 201. ISBN 978-84-16728-37-4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (eds). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Editions. pp. 359–360 ISBN 84-87334-25-3
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Rasmussen, PC & JC Anderton 2005. Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions.
^ ^a ^b Kawamura, Kazuhiro; Yamaura, Yuichi; Nakamura, Futoshi (2023-07-04). "Early successional habitats created through plantation harvesting benefit the Gray Nightjar ( Caprimulgus jotaka ): An 8-year survey in central Hokkaido, northern Japan". Journal of Forest Research. 28 (4): 289–296. Bibcode:2023JFR....28..289K. doi:10.1080/13416979.2023.2195038. hdl:2115/91439. ISSN 1341-6979.
^ Austin, O.L. Birds of the world : a survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Hamlyn. p. 162.
^ Temminck, C.J.; Schlegel, H. Description des oiseaux observes au Japon par les voyageurs Hollandais. P.F. von Siebold. Fauna Japonica. II. Aves. Leiden.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ BirdLife International. 2016. Caprimulgus jotaka. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22725702A94899999. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22725702A94899999.en. Accessed on 14 October 2024.
^ King, Ben F. (2011). "Review of NIGHTJARS, POTOOS, FROGMOUTHS, OILBIRD AND OWLET-NIGHTJARS OF THE WORLD". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 123 (3): 657–660. ISSN 1559-4491. JSTOR 23033581.
^ ^a ^b "Grey Nightjar 普通夜鷹". avifauna.hkbws.org.hk. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Guanxun, Guan; Yaokuang, Tan (2003). "Aves: Caprimulgiformes, Apodiformes, Bucerotiformes, Coraciiformes, Piciformes". In Zoological Editorial Committee of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ed.). 中国动物志 [Fauna Sinica] (in Chinese). Vol. 7. Beijing: Science Press. ISBN 7-03-011418-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "中国动物主题数据库" [China Animal Scientific Database]. www.zoology.csdb.cn (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-10-14.
^ XC812441 Grey Nightjar (Caprimulgus jotaka), retrieved 2024-10-14
^ "Gray Nightjar - eBird". ebird.org. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
^ XC461583 Jungle Nightjar (Caprimulgus indicus), retrieved 2024-10-14
^ "Jungle Nightjar - eBird". ebird.org. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
^ "Caprimulgus jotaka (Grey Nightjar) - Avibase". avibase.bsc-eoc.org. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
^ Day, R. H., Knudtson, E. P., Woolington, D. W., & Schulmeister, R. P. (1979). Caprimulgus indicus, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, Otus scops, and Limicola falcinellus in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. The Auk, 96(1), 189-190.