Each of the districts include Norman- or medieval-era churches, many of which are included in the Somerset towers, a collection of distinctive, mostly spirelessGothic architecture church towers. The prolific construction of the towers—some started before 1360—was typically accomplished by a master mason and a small team of itinerant masons, supplemented by local parish labourers, according to Poyntz Wright.[4] But other authors reject this model, suggesting instead that leading architects designed the parish church towers based on early examples of Perpendicular design and ornamentation developed for cathedrals—their most important commissions. Contract builders carried out the plans, adding a distinctive mix of innovative details and decorations as new designs emerged over the years.[5] These are included in the list of towers in Somerset.
Apart from the churches, each area has its own characteristics. Most of Bath's Grade I listed buildings are made from the local golden-coloured Bath Stone, and date from the 18th and 19th centuries. Their dominant architectural style is Georgian.[6] In the Mendip district, the greatest concentrations of these cluster around the cathedral and abbey in Wells and in Glastonbury. North Somerset features bridges and piers along with a selection of Manor houses. The Sedgemoor district has many buildings related to trade and commerce centred on Bridgwater; while in South Somerset abbeys, priories and farmhouses predominate. Taunton Deane includes the defensive Taunton Castle, similarly Dunster Castle and related buildings in Dunster feature in West Somerset.
Click here to see an interactive OpenStreetMap with locations of all Grade I listed buildings, Somerset-wide, for which coordinates are included in the list-articles linked below.
Bath and North East Somerset (commonly referred to as BANES or B&NES) is a unitary authority created on 1 April 1996, following the abolition of the County of Avon.[7] Bath and North East Somerset occupies an area of 220 square miles (570 km2), two-thirds of which is green belt.[8] BANES stretches from the outskirts of Bristol, south into the Mendip Hills and east to the southern Cotswold Hills and Wiltshire border.[8] The city of Bath is the principal settlement in the district, but BANES also covers Keynsham, Midsomer Norton, Radstock and the Chew Valley. BANES has a population of 170,000, about half of whom live in Bath, making it 12 times more densely populated than the rest of the district.[8]
Bath and North East Somerset has 663 Grade I listed buildings, one of the highest concentrations in the country,[10] covered by about 100 English Heritage listings. The oldest sites within Bath are the Roman Baths, for which the foundation piles and an irregular stone chamber lined with lead were built during the Roman occupation of Britain,[11][12] although the current building is from the 18th century.[13]Bath Abbey was a Norman church built on earlier foundations, although the present building dates from the early 16th century and shows a late Perpendicular style with flying buttresses and crocketedpinnacles decorating a crenellated and pierced parapet.[14][15][16] The medieval era is represented by the remains of the city walls in Upper Borough Walls.[17]
Most of Bath's Grade I listed buildings are made from the local golden-coloured Bath Stone, and date from the 18th and 19th centuries. Their dominant architectural style is Georgian,[6] which evolved from the Palladian revival style that became popular during the early 18th century. This led to the entire city's designation as a World Heritage Site.[18]
Much of the development, and many of the buildings, were the vision of John Wood, the Elder. The Circus is seen as the pinnacle of Wood's work. It consists of three long, curved terraces that form a circular space or theatre intended for civic functions and games. The games give a clue to the design, the inspiration for which was the Colosseum in Rome.[6] The best known of Bath's terraces is the Royal Crescent, built between 1767 and 1774 and designed by Wood's son, John Wood, the Younger.[20] Around 1770 the neoclassical architect Robert Adam designed Pulteney Bridge, a three-arched bridge spanning the Avon. He used as his prototype an original, but unused, design by Palladio for the Rialto Bridge in Venice.[9] The heart of the Georgian city was the Pump Room, which together with its associated Lower Assembly Rooms was designed by Thomas Baldwin, a local builder responsible for many other buildings in the city, including the terraces in Argyle Street.[21]Great Pulteney Street, where Baldwin eventually lived, is another of his works: this wide boulevard, constructed c. 1789 and over 1,000 feet (305 m) long and 100 feet (30 m) wide, is lined on both sides by Georgian terraces.[22][23]
There are 90 Grade I listed buildings in the Mendip district. There are churches in the various towns and villages, however the greatest concentrations of Grade I listed buildings are in Wells and Glastonbury. In Wells these are clustered around the 10th-century Cathedral Church of St Andrew, better known as Wells Cathedral, and the 13th-century Bishop's Palace.[31] Glastonbury is the site of the Abbey, where construction started in the 7th century,[32] and its associated buildings. The ruined St Michael's church, itself replacing the one destroyed in an earthquake of 1275,[33] stands on Glastonbury Tor, where the site shows evidence of occupation from Neolithic times and the Dark Ages.[34] The Chalice Well has been in use since Pre-Christian times.[35] Glastonbury Abbey had a wider influence outside the town: tithe barns were built at Pilton[36] and West Bradley[37] to hold tithes, and a Fish House[38] was built at Meare along with a summer residence for the Abbot (now Manor Farmhouse[39]).
There are 37 Grade I listed buildings in North Somerset, including the Clifton Suspension Bridge, which joins North Somerset to Bristol and Clevedon Pier which was built between the 1860s and 1890s.[51][52] It was removed following damage in 1970 and restored, before being rebuilt and reopened to the public in 1998.[53] Of the listed buildings, manor houses are well represented. They include Clevedon Court, built in the 14th century, and from the 15th century, Ashton Court and Nailsea Court. North Somerset has many religious structures; the largest number are from the Norman or medieval eras. The oldest is the Church of St. Quiricus and St. Julietta in Tickenham which dates from the 11th century,[54] and there are 8 others from the 12th century.
The most recent Grade I building in North Somerset is Tyntesfield, a Victorian Gothic Revival estate near Wraxall. It was acquired by the National Trust in June 2002 after a fund raising campaign to prevent its being sold to private interests and ensure it be opened to the public. The appeal by the National Trust collected £8.2 million from the public in just 100 days and the Trust also received the largest single grant ever by the National Heritage Memorial Fund (at £17.4 million), which caused some controversy.[55] The house is built of Bath stone, and is highly picturesque, bristling with turrets and possessing an elaborate roof.[56]
Sedgemoordistrict is a low-lying area of land close to sea level between the Quantock and Mendip hills, historically largely marsh (or moor). It contains the bulk of the area also known as the Somerset Levels, including Europe's oldest known engineered roadway, the Sweet Track.[61]
Many of the more recent structures in the list are manor houses such as Halswell House, where the south range was built in the 16th century for Sir Nicholas Halswell and the main north range in 1689 for Sir Halswell Tynte.[84] The most recently constructed building in the list is the Corn Exchange in Bridgwater, built in 1834.[57]
The South Somerset district occupies an area of 370 square miles (958 km2),[85] stretching from its borders with Devon and Dorset to the edge of the Somerset Levels. The district has a population of about 158,000,[86] and has Yeovil as its administrative centre.
There are 94 Grade I listed buildings in South Somerset. Most are Norman- or medieval-era churches, but there are other religious buildings as well. Muchelney Abbey consists of the remains and foundations of a medievalBenedictineAbbey and an early Tudor house dating from the 16th century, formerly the lodgings of the resident abbot.[88]Stavordale Priory was built as a priory church in the 13th century and was converted into a private residence in 1533.[89] The HamstoneStoke sub Hamdon Priory is a 14th-century former priest's house of the chantry chapel of St Nicholas,[90] which after 1518 become a farm known as Parsonage Farmhouse. It remained a farm until about 1960, and has been owned by the National Trust since 1946.[91]
The other Grade I listed buildings in South Somerset are manor houses, built over long periods by local Lords of the Manor. The Tudor Barrington Court was the first country house acquired by the National Trust, in 1907, on the recommendation of the antiquarian Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley.[105]Newton Surmaville was built between 1608 and 1612 for Robert Harbin, a Yeovil merchant, on the site of an earlier building, but was extensively altered and enhanced in the 1870s.[106]Lytes Cary and its associated chapel and gardens have parts dating to as early as the 14th century.[107] The architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner praised it, saying "Yet all parts blend to perfection with one another and with the gentle sunny landscape that surrounds them."[108] The 17th-century house[109] at Tintinhull is surrounded by a small 20th-century Arts and Crafts garden.[110]Ven House, which stands on an artificially raised terrace, has a rectangular plan of seven bays by five bays, and is built of red brick in Flemish bond, with local Hamstone dressings; its north and south fronts are divided by two giant Corinthianpilasters.[111] The small William and Mary style[112] house was completed sometime between 1698 and 1700. It was enlarged between 1725 and 1730 by Decimus Burton, who provided a new drawing-room for Sir W. Medleycott and also an orangery attached to the house.[113]Brympton d'Evercy, built in stages between about 1220 and the 18th century,[114] has been described, by Auberon Waugh, as "the most beautiful house in England".[115]
Taunton Deane has borough status. The district of Taunton Deane covers a population of approximately 100,000[116] in an area of 462 square kilometres (178 sq mi).[117] It is centred on the town of Taunton, where around 60,000 of the population live[116] and the council are based, and includes surrounding suburbs and villages.
There are 38 Grade I listed buildings in Taunton Deane. The oldest buildings are churches built before the end of the 12th century, and the Castle Bow, which has been incorporated into the Castle Hotel in Taunton but was originally a gateway into Taunton Castle. The castle was created between 1107 and 1129, when William Giffard, the Chancellor of King Henry I, fortified the bishop's hall. Taunton is also the site of Gray's Almshouses, which dates from 1635,[120] and two buildings in Fore Street from the 16th century.[121][122] Many of the more recent structures in the list are manor houses such as Cothay Manor[118] and Greenham Barton[123] which were built in Stawley in the 15th century and 13th century respectively. Poundisford Park[124] and Cothelstone Manor[125] were both built in the 16th century and Hatch Court in 1755.[126]
The West Somersetlocal government district covers a largely rural area, including parts of Exmoor, with a population, according to the 2011 census, of 35,300[133] in an area of 740 square kilometres (290 sq mi).[134] The largest centres of population are the coastal towns of Minehead and Watchet. The council's administrative headquarters are in the village of Williton.
There are 33 Grade I listed buildings in West Somerset. The oldest is either Culbone Church, one of the smallest churches in England,[135] and pre-Norman in origin,[136] or Tarr Steps, which may originate in the Bronze Age, although other sources date them from around 1400.[137]Dunster has the greatest concentration of Grade I listed buildings, including Dunster Castle, which was built in 1617 on a site which had supported a castle for the previous 600 years;[138] the Yarn Market, which was built in 1609;[139]Gallox Bridge, which dates from the 15th century[140] and the Priory Church of St George which is predominately from the 15th century but includes part of the earlier church on the same site.[141] Other sites include manor houses such as the medieval buildings at Nettlecombe Court[142] and Orchard Wyndham.[143]
^Poyntz Wright, Peter (1981). The Parish Church Towers of Somerset, Their construction, craftsmanship and chronology 1350 – 1550. Avebury Publishing Company. ISBN978-0-86127-502-1.
^Harvey, John H. (1984). Somerset Perpendicular -- The Church Towers and the Dating Evidence. London: The Ancient Monuments Society. pp. 158–173.
^"Bath Abbey". Images of England. Archived from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2007.
^Luxford, Julian M (2000). "In Dreams: The sculptural iconography of the west front of Bath Abbey reassessed". Religion and the Arts. 4 (3): 314–336. doi:10.1163/156852901750359103.
^Scott, Shane (1995). The hidden places of Somerset. Aldermaston: Travel Publishing Ltd. pp. 16–17. ISBN978-1-902007-01-4.
^"Newton Park, Bath, England". Parks & Gardens UK. Parks and Gardens Data Services Limited (PGDS). Archived from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2013.
^ ab"Langport". Victoria County History: A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 3. British History Online. 1974. pp. 16–38. Retrieved 7 July 2009.
^"Milborne Port". A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 7: Bruton, Horethorne and Norton Ferris Hundreds. British History Online. 1999. pp. 138–156. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
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