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Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg, portrait by Charles Willson Peale, 1810

Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg (17 November 1753 – 23 May 1815) was an American clergyman and botanist.

Biography

The son of Heinrich Melchior Muhlenberg, he was born in Trappe, Pennsylvania. He was educated at Franckesche Stiftungen^[1]^[2] in Halle starting in 1763 and in 1769 at the University of Halle. He returned to Pennsylvania in September 1770 and was ordained as a Lutheran minister. He served first in Pennsylvania and then as a pastor in New Jersey. He received a Doctor of Divinity degree from Princeton University.

He married Mary Catherine Hall in 1774, with whom he would go on to have eight children. Despite his family beginning to take root in Philadelphia, Muhlenberg found he had no choice but to flee Philadelphia upon the outbreak of Revolutionary War hostilities in the region. Returning to his hometown of Trappe, he took up the study of botany.^[3]

He served as the pastor of Holy Trinity Church in Lancaster, Pennsylvania from 1780 through 1815.^[4] In 1785, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.^[5] In 1787, he was also made the first president of Franklin College. In 1779 he retired and devoted himself to the study of botany. He is best known as a botanist. Muhlenbergia, a well-known genus of grasses, was named in his honor. His chief works are Catalogus Plantarum Americae Septentrionalis (1813) and Descriptio Uberior Graminum et Plantarum Calamariarum Americae Septentrionalis Indiginarum et Cicurum (1817).^[6]

Muhlenberg discovered and identified the bog turtle while conducting a survey of plants in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.^[7] In 1801 the turtle was named Clemmys muhlenbergii in his honor,^[8] (with a common name of Muhlenberg's tortoise).^[7] However, the species' common name was changed to bog turtle in 1956,^[7] as the practice of naming an organism's common name after individuals became less popular.^[7]

In 1815, he suffered a paralytic stroke which hindered his activities. Helped by his daughter, however, Muhlenberg continued his correspondences until the sudden recess of his paralysis. Despite his condition seemingly reversing itself, a final series of strokes took his life not long after.^[3]

Muhlenberg is buried in Woodward Hill Cemetery in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.^[9]

The standard author abbreviation Muhl. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.^[10]

Family

Muhlenberg was the brother of Frederick and Peter Muhlenberg, father of Henry A. P. Muhlenberg and Frederick Augustus Hall Muhlenberg, a physician, who was the father of Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, the first president of Muhlenberg College.

Notes

^ Franckesche Stiftungen
^ Archiv der Franckeschen Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine Stiftungen, AFSt/S B I 94, 575-577
^ ^a ^b Boewe, Charles (2000). "Muhlenberg, Henry (1753-1815), Lutheran clergyman and botanist". American National Biography. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1301192. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
^ Chisholm 1911, p. 957.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
^ Gilman, Peck & Colby 1905, p. 90.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Crable, Ad (2009-09-08). "Big threat to a little turtle". Intelligencer Journal. Archived from the original on 2013-01-27. Retrieved 2009-09-15.
^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Muhlenberg", pp. 184-185).
^ Brubaker, Jack (2014-10-31). "Noted portrait painter Eichholtz deserves grave recognition". Lancaster Online. Retrieved 2014-11-08.
^ International Plant Names Index. Muhl.

References

Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 956–957. This work in turn cites:
- John M. Maisch, G. H. E. Muhlenberg als Botaniker (1886)
Solomon Erb Ochsenford. Muhlenberg College: A quarter-centennial memorial (1792) p. 172-173.

Attribution

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Muhlenberg, Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. p. 90.