Gnesio-Lutherans

Doctrine and theology

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Gnesio-Lutherans (from Greek γνήσιος [gnesios]: genuine, authentic)^[1] is a modern name for a theological party in the Lutheran churches,^[2] in opposition to the Philippists^[3] after the death of Martin Luther and before the Formula of Concord. In their own day they were called Flacians by their opponents and simply Lutherans by themselves. Later Flacian became to mean an adherent of Matthias Flacius' view of original sin, rejected by the Formula of Concord. In a broader meaning, the term Gnesio-Lutheran is associated mostly with the defence of the doctrine of Real Presence, along with the practice Eucharistic adoration.^[4]

Locations

The centres of Gnesio-Lutherans were Magdeburg and the University of Jena.

Notable proponents

Other notable Gnesio-Lutherans include Caspar Aquila, Joachim Westphal, Johann Wigand, Matthäus Judex, Joachim Mörlin, Erasmus Sarcerius, and Aegidius Hunnius.

Controversies

After the death of Martin Luther, several theological controversies arose among Lutherans due mostly to the teachings of Philip Melanchthon. Gnesio-Lutherans were profiled by defending Martin Luther's doctrine, led initially by Matthias Flacius. The Gnesio-Lutherans exercised strict doctrinal discipline, but they also opposed with equal determination what they considered to be the errors of their fellow combatants like von Amsdorf (Amsdorfians), Flacius (Flacians), Andreas Poach, and others.

Gnesio-Lutherans were involved in:

the Adiaphoristic controversy
the Majoristic controversy (Nicolaus von Amsdorf, Nicolaus Gallus)
the second Antinomian controversy (Andreas Poach, Anton Otto)
the Synergistic controversy (Matthias Flacius, Nicolaus Gallus)
the Osiandrian controversy
the Crypto-Calvinistic controversy.

The Crypto-Calvinistic controversy was the largest of the controversies of the second generation of the Lutheran Reformation. Since it was far more fundamental to the Lutheran Church, Lutherans outside of the Flacian party took the Gnesio-Lutheran position against Philippism and Crypto-Calvinism. In the middle between the Philippists and the Gnesio-Lutherans, the Centrist Party included Johannes Brenz, Jakob Andreae, Martin Chemnitz, Nikolaus Selnecker, David Chytraeus, Andreas Musculus, and others.

Unlike the Gnesio-Lutherans, members of the centre party were opposed to any unnecessary controversies involving no doctrinal differences, and careful not to fall into any extreme position themselves. The Gnesio-Lutheran Joachim Westphal was first to write to defend the Real Presence against the Calvinists, and Melanchthon stigmatized his and other Gnesio-Lutherans' doctrine as "bread worship".^[5] The Gnesio-Lutherans practice Eucharistic adoration, following Martin Luther's treatise titled The Adoration of the Sacrament, in which he defended the practice of Eucharistic adoration.^[4]

Notes

^ Sproul & Nichols 2016, p. 236.
^ Livingstone 2013.
^ Lueker, Poellot & Jackson 2000.
^ ^a ^b Lamport, Mark A. (31 August 2017). Encyclopedia of Martin Luther and the Reformation. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-4422-7159-3.
^ Bente 1965, p. 179.

References

Bente, F. (1965) [1921]. Historical Introductions to the Book of Concord. St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House.
Livingstone, E. A., ed. (2013). "Gnesio-Lutherans". The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press (published 2015). doi:10.1093/acref/9780199659623.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-174430-3.
Lueker, Erwin L.; Poellot, Luther; Jackson, Paul, eds. (2000). "Gnesio-Lutherans". Christian Cyclopedia. St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House. Retrieved 6 November 2017 – via Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod.
Schaff, Philip (1910). History of the Christian Church. Vol. 8 (3rd ed.). Grand Rapids, Michigan: Christian Classics Ethereal Library (published 2005). Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Sproul, R.C.; Nichols, Stephen J., eds. (2016). The Legacy of Luther. Orlando, Florida: Reformation Trust.

Early Lutheran controversies

Date	Controversy	Resolution ^a)	Issues / people / publications involved
1527–56	Antinomian	V VI	Johannes Agricola Andreas Poach Anton Otto Matthias Flacius Philippists
1533–53	Descent into Hell	IX	Descent into Hell Johannes Aepinus
1548–55	Adiaphoristic	X	Philip Melanchthon Matthias Flacius Philippists Gnesio-Lutherans
1549–66	Osiandrian	III	Andreas Osiander Johann Funck Francesco Stancaro Philip Melanchthon Matthias Flacius Andreas Musculus Victorinus Strigel
1551–62	Majoristic	VI	Georg Major Justus Menius Nicolaus von Amsdorf Nicolaus Gallus Philippists Gnesio-Lutherans
1555–60	Synergistic	II	Philip Melanchthon Johann Pfeffinger Victorinus Strigel Matthias Flacius Philippists Gnesio-Lutherans On the Bondage of the Will
1560–75	Flacian	I	Matthias Flacius Simon Musaeus Victorinus Strigel
1560–75	Crypto-Calvinist and Saligerian	VII	Philip Melanchthon Augsburg Confession Variata Albert Hardenberg Joachim Westphal Martin Chemnitz Maximilian Mörlin Johannes Saliger Philippists Sacramentarians Ubiquitarians Gnesio-Lutherans The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ
1561–63	Predestination	XI	Predestination Johann Marbach Girolamo Zanchi
1640-86	Syncretistic		Georg Calixtus

^a) Articles identified (I–XII) according to the Formula of Concord.

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