Gnathostoma spinigerum is a parasiticnematode that causes gnathostomiasis in humans, also known as its clinical manifestations are creeping eruption, larva migrans, Yangtze edema, Choko-Fuschu Tua chid and wandering swelling.[citation needed] Gnathostomiasis in animals can be serious, and even fatal. The first described case of gnathostomiasis was in a young tiger that died in the London Zoo in 1835.[citation needed] The larval nematode is acquired by eating raw or undercooked fish and meat.
Gnathostoma spinigerum has a multi-host life history. The eggs hatch in fresh water and the larvae are eaten by copepods of the order Cyclopoida.[2] The copepods are in turn eaten by small fish. Eventually, the larvae end up in the stomachs of carnivores, usually cats and dogs. The larva bores through the stomach wall and migrates around in the host's body for about three months before returning to the stomach and attaching itself in the gastric mucosa. It then takes another six months to mature. The eggs are carried in the host's feces, and if they reach fresh water the cycle begins again. As humans are not a normal host for the larvae, they do not mature in humans, but can cause various degrees of damage, depending on where the larvae wander in the body.
Description
Video showing movement of G. spinigerum larvae in a copepod.
This species grows to a length of up to 54 millimetres (2.1 in), with females longer and wider on average than males.[3]
Geographic range
Although Gnathostoma spinigerum are considered endemic to Thailand, they are also found in many other countries of Southeast Asia. These nematode parasites have also been reported to be found in Japan, Australia, United States, and Mexico. However, the incidence of infection is rarer outside the Asian continent.[4]
Habitat
Gnathostoma spinigerum normally could be found in wet tropical environments. Larvae can infect many classes of animals. Canine and feline species, and possibly pigs, are determined as the definitive hosts. In Japan, freshwater fishes, Ophicephalus argus and O. tadianus, are the most important vectors of human gnathostomiasis. In addition to freshwater fishes, domestic duck, Anas platyrhynchus and the domestic chicken Gallus gallus domesticus carry the parasite in Thailand.[5]
Prevention of gnathostomiasis
In a study done in Thailand, researchers have proposed a method of prevention of gnathostomiasis. It states that humans can become infected via eating fresh water fish. For example, a popular dish serving fermented fresh water fish is popular among the women of Thailand, which may explain their higher incidence of the infection. In order to avoid or kill the infective larva living in fish muscle, one must boil the fish first for a minimum of five minutes, placed in a solution of vinegar and 4% acetic acid for a period of 5.5 hours, or just to avoid raw or undercooked fish, always being sure to cook fresh water fish thoroughly.[6]
Treatment of gnathostomiasis
Laboratory testing on mice treated once or twice daily with albendazole were shown to have a significant reduction in worm count when compared to the untreated mice group. The effective dosage at which albendazole has been shown effective is 90 mg/kg twice a day for 21 straight days. On the other hand, there are other antihelminthic drugs available such as bithionol, thiabendazole, metronidazole, and others, that did not reveal any significant therapeutic effects in experimental G. spinigerum infections.[7]
^Tseng, James (2003). Mulcrone, Renee Sherman; Friedrich, Teresa (eds.). "Gnathostoma spinigerum". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 30 December 2024.
^Daengsvang, S., U. Chulalerk, T. Papasarathorn, B. Tongkoom. 1964. Epidemiological Observations On Gnathostoma spinigerum In Thailand. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 67: 144-147
^Daengsvang S, Thienprasitthi P, Chomcherngpat P (1966). "Further Investigations On Natural And Experimental Hosts Of Larvae Of Gnathostoma Spinigerum In Thailand". American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 15 (5): 727–729. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1966.15.727. S2CID87622518.
^Daengsvang, S. 1949. Human Gnathostomaisis in Siam with reference to the method of prevention. The Journal of Parasitology 35: 116-121.
^Maleewong W, Loahabhan P, Wongkham C, Intapan P, Morakote N, Khamboonruang C (1992). "Effects of albendazole on Gnathostoma spinigerum in mice". J. Parasitol. 78 (1): 125–6. doi:10.2307/3283698. JSTOR3283698. PMID1738054.
