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Girl with a Red Hat
Girl with a Red Hat
Artist	Johannes Vermeer
Year	c. 1669
Medium	Oil on panel
Movement	Dutch Golden Age painting
Dimensions	23.2 cm × 18.1 cm (9.1 in × 7.1 in)
Location	National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.

Girl with a Red Hat is a rather small painting, signed by the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer. It is seen as one of a number of Vermeer's tronies – depictions of models fancifully dressed that were not (as far as is known) intended to be portraits of specific, identifiable subjects. Whether Vermeer chose family members as models or found them elsewhere in Delft is irrelevant to the appreciation of his paintings.^[1] Its attribution to Vermeer – as it is on a (recycled) wood panel and not on canvas – has been a matter of controversy with scholars on both sides of the argument.^[2] However, in recent study carried out by the curators of National Gallery of Art certainty has been established on the authorship of the painting by Vermeer, a conclusion also supported by Dutch experts.^[3]^[4]

Subject of the portrait

The portrait depicts a very young woman dressed in blue, wearing a collar that appears to be lace and a red hat. Her hair is up and she wears a pair of dangling earrings. She looks at the spectator as if she has just turned her head in the direction of a sound, a voice, that has captured her attention. Her mouth is ajar and her face, slightly pink, receives light from the right, which is unusual in the works of Johannes Vermeer.^[3]

However, after a study using the latest technology in preparation for a 2022 exhibition, titled Vermeer's Secrets^[5] it was ascertained that Vermeer began by painting the portrait of a man wearing a wide-brimmed hat.^[4]

Authorship

According to the specialized newspaper The Art Newspaper, a multidisciplinary team came to the conclusion that the painting was without a doubt a Vermeer, who probably painted no more than 40 or 50 works over a 22-year career, of which only 35 are known.^[3]^[4]

Provenance

The painting, supposedly executed ca. 1669,^[6] may have been among those owned by Vermeer's patron, Pieter Claesz van Ruijven and possibly, through inheritance it may have been passed on to his wife, Maria de Knuijt who died 1681; her daughter, Magdalena van Ruijven; and Magdalena's husband, Jacob Abrahamsz Dissius. It is thought to have been sold at an auction in Amsterdam on May 16, 1696 (probably no. 38, 39 or 40).

It was bought at a sale at the Hôtel de Bouillon, in Paris on December 10, 1822 (no. 28.) by Baron Louis Marie Baptiste Atthalin for 200 French francs. After his death it came to his nephew and adopted son, Laurent Atthalin; by inheritance to Baron Gaston Laurent-Atthelin and by inheritance to his wife, Baroness Laurent-Atthelin. The painting was sold by M. Knoedler & Co., New York and London, in November 1925 to Andrew W. Mellon for $290,000, who deeded it on March 30, 1932 to The A.W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust in Pittsburgh (a holding-place for Mellon's pictures while the National Gallery of Art was being established). The trust gave it to the NGA in 1937.^[7]

Painting materials

The older pigment analysis by H. Kuhn^[8] was supplemented by a more recent investigation.^[9] The red hat is painted in two layers: the lower layer consists of vermilion mixed with a black pigment, the upper layer is a madder lake glaze. Vermeer used a mixture of azurite and yellow ochre for the green areas and umber (umbra) for the browns in the wall.^[10]

Notes

^ W. Liedtke (2007) Dutch paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, p. 890.
^ "Girl with the Red Hat". www.nga.gov.
^ ^a ^b ^c Canelas, Lucinda. "Terá sido mesmo Vermeer a pintar esta jovem mulher que começou por ser um homem". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2022-08-18.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Tests reveal secrets of four Vermeer paintings—including their authenticity—in Washington, DC show". The Art Newspaper - International art news and events. 2022-08-15. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
^ "Vermeer's Secrets". www.nga.gov. Retrieved 2022-08-18.
^ "Experimentation and Innovation in Vermeer's Girl with the Red Hat: New Findings from the National Gallery of Art". Journal of Historians of Netherlandish Art. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ "Girl With the Red Hat/Provenance". The National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. web site. Archived from the original on 25 October 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
^ Kuhn, H., A Study of the Pigments and the Grounds used by Jan Vermeer, Reports and Studies in the History of Art, National Gallery of Art (Washington, 1968).
^ Costaras, N., A Study of the Materials and Techniques of Johannes Vermeer, in Gaskell, I. and Jonker, M. ed., Vermeer Studies, in Studies in the History of Art, 55, National Gallery of Art, Washington 1998, pp. 148 – 167.
^ Johannes Vermeer, The Girl in the Red Hat, ColourLex