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Galloway cattle
	Cow with calf
Conservation status	FAO (2007): not at risk; DAD-IS (2022), local: endangered; DAD-IS (2022), international: not at risk ; RBST (2021–2022): UK native breeds;
Other names	Southern Scots Polled;
Country of origin	Scotland
Use	beef
Traits
Weight	Male: average: 800 kg (1800 lb); may exceed 1000 kg (2200 lb); ; Female: 450–600 kg (1000–1300 lb);
Coat	solid black; dun; red; riggit; white;
Horn status	polled
	Cattle; Bos (primigenius) taurus;

The Galloway is a Scottish breed of beef cattle, named after the Galloway region of Scotland, where it originated during the seventeenth century.

It is usually black, is of average size, is naturally polled and has a thick coat suitable for the harsh climate of Scotland. It is reared mainly for beef.

In 2022 the Galloway was reported by twenty-three countries. The worldwide population stood at about 26800 head, of which the majority were in Northern Europe, with the largest populations in Denmark and Germany.

Etymology

The word 'Galloway' derives from the name of a people, the Gall Gaidheil, meaning 'Scandinavian Gaels'.^[5]

History

Polled black cattle were known in Scotland by the sixteenth century at the latest; one is mentioned in an instrument of sasine dated 1523.^[6]^: 224^[a]

The Galloway breed comes from the cattle native to the south-west region of Scotland, first fully developed in the seventeenth century.^[7] Originally, there was much variation within this breed, including many different colours and patterns.^[6]^: 112 The original Galloway herd book only registered black cattle, but the recessive gene for red colour persisted in the population, and eventually dun Galloways were also allowed into the herd book. As a result, although black is still the most common colour for Galloways, they can also be red and several shades of dun. In 1877, the Galloway Cattle Society was formed.^[8]

The Galloway was introduced in Canada in 1853, first registered in 1872, and the first Galloway registry was introduced in the United States in 1882. In 1911, 35000 cattle were registered in the American Galloway Herd Book which was first created in 1882. The British Galloway Society was founded in 1908. They did not recognise dun coloured Galloway cattle, which was met with outrage and this ban was later lifted.^[9] In 1951, Galloway cattle were introduced to Australia.^[10]

In the 1950s, the breed enjoyed much success because the beef market demanded low input (feed) cattle with high quality meat. However, the BSE crisis (or mad cow disease) caused an export ban in 1990, although there were no cases of BSE found in Galloway cattle. This created a fear associated with cattle, so breed numbers declined.^[9]

Since then, there has been a change in demand as bigger leaner carcasses are now favoured. Some of the adjustments made were the adoption of AI and Embryo Transfer.^[9] The breed's original characteristics are now back in demand. This is due to the demand of high quality meat that requires economical production.^[11]

From the early nineteenth century, in south-western Scotland and north-western England, Galloway cows were commonly put to Shorthorn bulls to produce a vigorous hybrid. If the bull was white, the calf was blue roan in colour – the Blue Grey. These were easily recognisable and were much in demand. In the later nineteenth century, selection of the Whitebred Shorthorn was begun specifically for production of white sires for these calves.^[4]^: 133^[12]^: 34

In 2022 the Galloway was reported to DAD-IS by twenty-three countries, of which seventeen reported population data.^[13] The reported worldwide population stood at about 26800 head, of which the majority were in Northern Europe; the largest populations were in Denmark and Germany.^[13] The breed is 'rare' in the United States and the Livestock Conservancy classifies it as a breed to 'watch'.^[14]

Characteristics

Galloway cows are of small to medium size, with weights in the range 450–600 kg; bulls normally weigh approximately 800 kg, but may reach weights of over 1000 kg. Heifer calves are born at a weight of some 35 kg, and reach a weight of about 250 kg at an age of thirteen or fourteen months.^[4]^: 181

Galloways have a thick double-layered coat that is wavy or curly.^[11] The coat of hair insulates their bodies so well that they have a minimal outer layer of fat on their bodies, which would otherwise create waste at slaughter. This coat sheds out in the summer months and in warmer climates.^[15]

It is naturally polled, without horns.^[7] This breed's shaggy coat has both a thick, woolly undercoat for warmth and stiffer guard hairs that help shed water, making them well adapted to harsher climates.^[15]

Use

There is evidence of Galloway herds being milked in Cumberland for cheese production.^[16]

Notes

^ It is described as 'unum bouem nigrum hommyll'.^[6]^: 224^[17]^: 344

References

^ Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources, annex to The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 9789251057629. Archived 23 June 2020.
^ Breed data sheet: Galloway / United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Cattle). Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed June 2022.
^ Watchlist 2021–22. Kenilworth, Warwickshire: Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Archived 12 April 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016). Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding (sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 9781780647944.
^ Andrew Jennings (2001). Galloway, origins of. The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Print: ISBN 9780199234820, ebook: ISBN 9780191727481.
^ ^a ^b ^c Trow-Smith, Robert (1959). A History of British Livestock Husbandry. Routledge and Kegan Paul.
^ ^a ^b "Britannic Rare Breeds — Galloway Cattle". Archived from the original on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
^ "New Zealand Galloway Cattle Society History". Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c Small, Peter (28 June 2015). "Galloway cattle history". The Press and Journal. Aberdeen, Scotland: Aberdeen Journals. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
^ "Galloway cattle in Australia". Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
^ ^a ^b Flanders, Frank; Gillespie, James (2014). Modern Livestock & Poultry Production (9th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-48315-6.
^ Marleen Felius (1995). Cattle Breeds: An Encyclopedia. Doetinchem, Netherlands: Misset. ISBN 9789054390176.
^ ^a ^b Transboundary breed: Galloway. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed June 2022.
^ "Galloway cattle - Livestock Conservancy". Retrieved 26 September 2015.
^ ^a ^b Considine, Douglas M. (1995). Foods and Food Production Encyclopedia. Boston, MA: Springer. p. 193. ISBN 1-4684-8513-X.
^ Lana (21 December 1901). "Grazier". The Sydney Mail (1614). Sydney: John Fairfax and Sons: 5. OCLC 47670318.
^ Joseph Robertson (1857). Illustrations of the Topography and Antiquities of the Shires of Aberdeen and Banff, volume III. Aberdeen: The Spalding Club.