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The Gallery of Beauties (German: Schönheitengalerie) is a collection of 38 portraits of the most beautiful women from the nobility and bourgeoisie of Munich, Germany, gathered by Ludwig I of Bavaria in the south pavilion of his Nymphenburg Palace.^[1] All but two were painted between 1827 and 1850 by Joseph Karl Stieler (appointed court painter in 1820), the others by Friedrich Dürck, a student of his.

The collection's best-known works are the portraits of the shoemaker's daughter Helene Sedlmayr, the actress Charlotte von Hagn, Marianna Marquesa Florenzi, and Eliza Gilbert (the king's Irish mistresses better known as Lola Montez). They also include a Briton, a Greek, a Scot and an Israelite, along with relations of Ludwig's – the wife and daughter of Ludwig of Oettingen-Wallerstein were both painted, as was Ludwig I's daughter Princess Alexandra of Bavaria.

All 38 models were rewarded by Ludwig I. He took over their dowry, paid them an allowance or found them a job at court. He remained in active correspondence with some of them for years, while others only briefly crossed his life.^[2]

Previous collection

The idea of collecting paintings of beautiful women in a gallery was not an invention of Ludwig I of Bavaria, but seems to have originated in Italy. According to the earliest records, one of the Margraviate of Mantua is said to have owned such a collection in the 17th century. Something similar is reported from the courts of Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria, in Ruhelust Castle [de] (Hofgarten, Innsbruck), and Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna, 8th Prince of Paliano in Carnesino Castle (near Como).^[3]

In England there are the Windsor Beauties, eleven of the ladies of King Charles II of England's court painted by Sir Peter Lely in the 1660s, and the Hampton Court Beauties, a later set by Sir Godfrey Kneller.

The gallery of originally 40 works that the Bavarian Electress Princess Henriette Adelaide of Savoy had created between 1650 and 1675 by her Munich court painter who had a much greater influence on Ludwig I. The gallery probably first hung in the old Schleissheim Castle and can now be found at least in part in the vestibule of the Cuvilliés Theater in Munich. The motifs are allegories of alleged ladies-in-waiting of Princess Henriette.

Not only Ludwig I, but also Princess Henriette's son, Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, was inspired by these works. In his gallery of beauties there were the most beautiful ladies of the French court from the times of King Louis XIV. The latter could also come from Princess Henriette Adelaide's gallery.

Elector August II of Saxony had several galleries with beauties in Pillnitz Castle: one with ladies-in-waiting of Mary II of England, created by students of Anthony van Dyck, one by Pietro Rotari (1707–1762), whom he invited to Dresden in 1750, and possibly another one with beautiful Polish women.

In all of the beauty galleries mentioned so far, there is no discernible relationship between the ruler and the subject. William VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, had Johann Heinrich Tischbein paint 28 beauties: 14 bourgeois ones for the first anteroom of Wilhelmsthal Palace, 14 noble ones for the second. These models were known to Wilhelm VIII; they were not portraits (or even copies of existing works) of ladies from other courts unknown to him, as had been common in previous beauty galleries.

Probably the largest gallery of beauties comes from Pietro Rotari. Tsarina Elizabeth of Russia commissioned the painter from Verona, who had been her court painter since 1756, to create a cabinet of fashions and graces. He was supposed to paint young women who represented the diversity of Russian people. As part of this commission, Rotari not only created 360 pictures of middle-class Russian women for the Tsarina, but also an additional 50, which she gave away to the Russian Academy of Art. The Tsarina's pictures were intended for Peterhof Palace. Today around 40 of the works can be found in Arkhangelskoye Palace near Moscow.

Origin

Before the Gallery of Beauties was created, there was a small scandal around 1817 because of two works by Joseph Karl Stieler. He had painted a portrait of Countess Rambaldi, one of the king's mistresses, for Ludwig I. This souvenir image, which allegorically depicts the Countess as a Madonna in order to anonymize her, it was hung next to a portrait of Ludwig I when he was a crown prince. The public recognized the motif and was outraged. The portrait of the crown prince, which Nathanael von Schlichtegroll described as a "masterpiece" in a letter to Georg Issel, was then removed.

The excitement over this picture was probably one of the reasons why Ludwig I decided to create a more anonymous gallery, which was first mentioned in 1821. At this point, Stieler, still a court painter without a fixed salary, offered pictures of Madame Lang and an Italian opera singer, Adelaide Schiasetti for Ludwig's collection of beautiful heads. Both works were kept out of the gallery.^[4] Ludwig I acquired it in 1823 for the Munich art exhibition. According to the king's will, the gallery was to be primarily a collection of patriotic beauties, although foreign women were also represented; and from their posterity should be able to recognize how the character of female beauty was expressed at that time.^[5]

When Ludwig I began his expansion of the Munich Residence in 1826, he planned the rooms in which the collection would be hang. The plan for the rooms called for red and green stucco marble in wide, horizontal layering for the walls, which were to be finished with a base zone of around 80 centimeters. The coffered ceiling and door panels were decorated with tendril ornaments. In 1828, in a letter to Johann Georg von Dillis, he named the first ten works that were to be exhibited in the two conversation rooms under construction:

These ten pictures were also presented to the public in 1829 as part of an art exhibition together with Stieler's portrait of Goethe. Nanette Kaulla's picture was unfinished at this point. Others were added, so that when they moved in in 1835, 17 portraits created over the last eight years or so could be exhibited:

Over the next 15 years until 1850, Stieler completed the missing 19 portraits and completed his work with the portraits of Lola Montez and Maria Dietsch. Cosmetic corrections were made to the latter because in Stieler's opinion, Dietsch was "not an excellent beauty".

The painter also had difficulties with his penultimate work for the gallery, the portrait of Lola Montez: he feared the reaction of the public, which did not have much use for Montez. Ludwig I had to ask him to paint her several times in 1846. He ended up painting her in the costume of a Spanish dancer, with a relatively bare upper body and a mask in her hand. Ludwig I was outraged by the motif and had it painted again in black velvet. The king was also not enthusiastic about the result of Stieler's work, whose motivation was rather low: "Your brush is getting old", criticized Ludwig I. Stieler replied to the king: "But nice enough for an old brush."^[6]^[7]

When Marianna Marquesa Florenzi from Florence, from whom Ludwig I repeatedly sought advice, including on state matters, was told that the picture of this Lola Montez was now hanging next to her portrait, she categorically demanded that her picture be taken down, and threatened to withdraw her favor from him otherwise.^[8]

In 1861, Ludwig I commissioned Stieler's nephew and student Friedrich Dürck (1809–1884) to create two more portraits for the collection. This is how the only two pictures in the collection that did not come directly from Stieler were created: Anna von Greiner and Carlotta von Breidbach-Bürresheim.

Since the ballroom building was destroyed during the Second World War, the collection moved^[when?] to the small dining room at Nymphenburg Palace. The original plan was to have them resume their place in the residence soon.^{[citation needed]}

List

A list of the portraits follows:

Name	Life	Husband(s)	Dimensions	Year
Auguste Strobl	(1807–1871)	Anton Hilber, forester (⚭ 1831)	72.5 × 59.2 cm	1827
Maximiliane Borzaga	(1806–1837)	Joseph Krämer, doctor in Kreuth (⚭ 1830)	72 × 58 cm	1827
Isabella Countess of Tauffkirchen-Engelberg	(1808–1855)	Count Hektor von Kwilecky auf Kwilcz (⚭ 1830)	72 × 59.8 cm	1828
Amalie von Lerchenfeld	(1808–1888)	Freiherr Alexander von Krüdener (⚭ 1836–1852) Count Nikolai Wladimirowitsch Adlerberg (⚭ 1855)	72.2 × 59 cm	1828
Antonietta Cornelia Vetterlein ^{[citation needed]}	(1811–1862)	Reichsfreiherr Franz Ludwig Friedrich von Künsberg auf Hain-Schmeilsdorf (⚭ 1843)	72.5 × 59.2 cm	1828
Charlotte von Hagn	(1809–1891)	Alexander von Oven, Gutsbesitzer (⚭ 1848)	73.2 × 59.5 cm	1828
Nanette Kaulla	(1812–1876)	Salomon Heine, banker (⚭ 1834)	72.2 × 59 cm	1829
Anna Hillmayer	(1812–1847)		71.7 × 58.4 cm	1829
Regina Daxenberger	(1811–1872)	Heinrich Fahrenbacher (⚭ 1832)	70 × 58.9 cm	1829
Jane Elizabeth Digby	(1807–1881)	Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough (⚭ 1824–1830) Freiherr Karl von Veningen-Ulner (⚭ 1834) Count Spyridon Theotoky (⚭ 1841) Scheich Medjuel el Mezrab (⚭ 1854)	72 × 58 cm	1831
Marianna Marquesa Florenzi	(1802–1870)	Ettore Marchese Florenzi Charles Waddington	71.6 × 58.4 cm	1831
Amalia von Schintling	(1812–1831)	Fritz von Schintling (betrothed, died before the wedding)	72 × 58.5 cm	1831
Helene Sedlmayr	(1813–1898)	Kammerlakei Miller (from 1832)	71.4 × 58.2 cm	1831
Marquise Irene of Pallavicini	(1811–1877)	Count Alois Nikolaus von Arco auf Steppberg (son of Maria Leopoldine von Österreich-Este), later divorced	72 × 58.2 cm	1834
Caroline von Holnstein	(1815–1859)	Count Theodor von Holnstein aus Bayern (⚭ 1831) Freiherr Wilhelm von Künsberg von Fronberg (⚭ 1857)	71.5 × 58 cm	1834
Princess Crescentia of Öttingen-Öttingen and Wallerstein	(1806–1853)	Louis of Oettingen-Wallerstein (⚭ 1823)	72 × 58 cm	1836
Jane Erskine	(1818–1846)	James Henry Callander, Esquire of Craigforth (⚭ 1837)	72 × 57.9 cm	1837
Lady Theresa Spence (née Renard)^[9]	(1815–?)		72 × 57.8 cm	1837
Mathilde von Jordan	(1817–1856)	Freiherr Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust (⚭ 1843)	72 × 59 cm	1837
Wilhelmine Sulzer	(1819–?)	Karl Schneider, registrar (⚭ 1838)	72 × 59 cm	1838
Luise von Neubeck	(1816–1872)	Abbess of the Heilig-Geist-Spitals (1870–1872)	* Missing since 1936	1839
Antonia Wallinger	(1823–1893)	Friedrich von Ott (⚭ 1860), regierungsrat	72.3 × 58.8 cm	1840
Rosalie Julie von Bonar	(1814–?)	Freiherr Ernst von Bonar etc.	72 × 58.2 cm	1840
Princess Sophie of Bavaria	(1805–1872)	Archduke Franz Karl of Austria (⚭ 1824)	72 × 59 cm	1841
Katharina Botsaris	(1820–1872)	Prince Georg Karadja (⚭ 1845)	72.4 × 59 cm	1841
Caroline Lizius	(1825–1908)	Karl Albert Joseph von Stobäus (⚭ 1849)	71 × 59.4 cm	1842
Elise List	(1822–1893)	Gustav Pacher, from Vienna (⚭ 1845)	70.3 × 59.2 cm	1842
Marie Friederike of Prussia	(1825–1889)	Crown Prince Maximilian II of Bavaria (⚭ 1842)	71.7 × 58 cm	1843
Friederike von Gumppenberg	(1823–1916)	Ludwig Freiherr von Gumppenberg, her cousin (⚭ 1857)	70 × 59.4 cm	1843
Caroline von Oettingen-Wallerstein	(1824–1889)	Count Hugo Philipp von Waldbott-Bassenheim (⚭ 1843)	71 × 59.5 cm	1843
Emily Milbanke^[10]	(1822–1910)	Sir John Milbanke, British envoy in Munich (⚭ 1843)^[11]	71 × 59 cm	1844
Josepha Conti	(1823–1881)	Anton Conti (⚭ 1840, soon abandoned her)	71.5 × 58.5 cm	1844
Alexandra Amalie of Bavaria	(1826–1875)		70.5 × 59.2 cm	1845
Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria	(1825–1864)	Prince Luitpold von Bayern (⚭ 1844)	70.2 × 59 cm	1845
Lola Montez	(1821–1861)	Thomas James, army officer 3 others	72 × 58.6 cm	1847
Maria Dietsch	(1835–1869)	Georg Sprecher, Chefredakteur der Augsburger Abendzeitung (⚭ 1865)	73 × 59 cm	1850
Anna von Greiner	(1836–?)	Emil von Greiner (von 1861–1865)		1861
Carlotta von Breidbach-Bürresheim	(1838–1920)	Count Philipp Boos zu Waldeck (⚭ 1863)		vor 1863

Reception

In the 1840s, Heinrich Heine wrote the following lines in his praises of King Ludwig about Ludwig I and his gallery of beauties:

He loves art

and the most beautiful women,
he has them portrayed;
He walks in this painted seraglio

as an art eunuch.^[12]

Moritz Gottlieb Saphir published the poem "The Two Roses" in February 1828, which deals with the portrait of Amalie Adlerberg.

References

^ S. K. Ludovic, "A King's Gallery of Beauty" Strand Magazine (January 1902): 16–23.
^ Die 37 Schönheiten von Nymphenburg, https://museen-in-bayern.de/schoenheitengalerie-schloss-nymphenburg
^ "Castel Carnasino, Como". Lombardia Beni Culturali [Cultural Heritage of Lombardy]. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
^ Küsse für den Fuß der Venus. Monumente online, December 2007; retrieved 4 February 2008.
^ Hans Reidelbach: König Ludwig I. von Bayern und seine Kunstschöpfungen, 1887/1888, S. 231
^ Gebhardt, Heinz (November 8, 2012). Als die Oper mit Bier gelöscht wurde: Münchner Bilder und Geschichten von 1158 bis heute. Stiebner Verlag GmbH. ISBN 978-3-8307-1054-7 – via Google Books.
^ "golfsengct.de". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
^ Egon Cesar Conte Corti: Ludwig I von Bayern, 1937 zitiert In: Gerhard Hojer: Die Schönheitsgalerie König Ludwigs I. 2. neugestaltete Auflage 1973, Schnell & Steiner, München. S. 19/20 und S. 70.
^ "Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte – Königreich – Lady Theresa Spence geb. Renard (1837)". Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte. Retrieved 2023-10-30. Von der Porträtierten ist nicht viel bekannt. Auf der Rückseite des Gemäldes, das 1836/37 hergestellt wurde, steht zu lesen: 'Theresa Spence geb. Renard erblickte das Licht der Welt zu Florenz den 18ten Oktober 1815.' [Not much is known about the person portrayed. On the back of the painting, which was made in 1836/37, it reads: 'Theresa Spence née Renard saw the light of day in Florence on the 18th of October 1815.']
^ Third daughter of the Earl of Mansfield.
^ Their son John was also an envoy [1].
^ Heinrich Heine, Gedichte/Nachlese/Zeitgedichte – Lobgesänge auf König Ludwig: 1. Das ist Herr Ludwig von Bayerland. zeno.org, retrieved 30 May 2008.