GNB2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNB2 gene .[ 4] [ 5]
Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins ), which integrate signals between receptors and effector proteins , are composed of an alpha, a beta, and a gamma subunit. These subunits are encoded by families of related genes.
This gene encodes a beta subunit . Beta subunits are important regulators of alpha subunits, as well as of certain signal transduction receptors and effectors. This gene contains a trinucleotide (CCG) repeat length polymorphism in its 5' UTR.[ 5]
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000172354 – Ensembl , May 2017^ "Human PubMed Reference:" . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:" . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .^ Glockner G, Scherer S, Schattevoy R, Boright A, Weber J, Tsui LC, Rosenthal A (Dec 1998). "Large-scale sequencing of two regions in human chromosome 7q22: analysis of 650 kb of genomic sequence around the EPO and CUTL1 loci reveals 17 genes" . Genome Res . 8 (10): 1060–73. doi :10.1101/gr.8.10.1060 . PMC 310788 PMID 9799793 . ^ a b "Entrez Gene: GNB2 guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), beta polypeptide 2" .
Further reading
Downes GB, Gautam N (2000). "The G protein subunit gene families". Genomics . 62 (3): 544–52. doi :10.1006/geno.1999.5992 . PMID 10644457 . Dawson SJ, White LA (1992). "Treatment of Haemophilus aphrophilus endocarditis with ciprofloxacin". J. Infect . 24 (3): 317–20. doi :10.1016/S0163-4453(05)80037-4 . PMID 1602151 . Lovett M, Kere J, Hinton LM (1991). "Direct selection: a method for the isolation of cDNAs encoded by large genomic regions" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 88 (21): 9628–32. Bibcode :1991PNAS...88.9628L . doi :10.1073/pnas.88.21.9628 PMC 52771 PMID 1946378 . Blatt C, Eversole-Cire P, Cohn VH, et al. (1988). "Chromosomal localization of genes encoding guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunits in mouse and human" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 85 (20): 7642–6. Bibcode :1988PNAS...85.7642B . doi :10.1073/pnas.85.20.7642 PMC 282248 PMID 2902634 . Fong HK, Amatruda TT, Birren BW, Simon MI (1987). "Distinct forms of the beta subunit of GTP-binding regulatory proteins identified by molecular cloning" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 84 (11): 3792–6. Bibcode :1987PNAS...84.3792F . doi :10.1073/pnas.84.11.3792 PMC 304962 PMID 3108879 . Gao B, Gilman AG, Robishaw JD (1987). "A second form of the beta subunit of signal-transducing G proteins" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 84 (17): 6122–5. Bibcode :1987PNAS...84.6122G . doi :10.1073/pnas.84.17.6122 PMC 299020 PMID 3114742 . Buhl AM, Osawa S, Johnson GL (1995). "Mitogen-activated protein kinase activation requires two signal inputs from the human anaphylatoxin C5a receptor" . J. Biol. Chem . 270 (34): 19828–32. doi :10.1074/jbc.270.34.19828 PMID 7649993 . Ray K, Kunsch C, Bonner LM, Robishaw JD (1995). "Isolation of cDNA clones encoding eight different human G protein gamma subunits, including three novel forms designated the gamma 4, gamma 10, and gamma 11 subunits" . J. Biol. Chem . 270 (37): 21765–71. doi :10.1074/jbc.270.37.21765 PMID 7665596 . Pumiglia KM, LeVine H, Haske T, et al. (1995). "A direct interaction between G-protein beta gamma subunits and the Raf-1 protein kinase" . J. Biol. Chem . 270 (24): 14251–4. doi :10.1074/jbc.270.24.14251 PMID 7782277 . Ueda N, Iñiguez-Lluhi JA, Lee E, et al. (1994). "G protein beta gamma subunits. Simplified purification and properties of novel isoforms" . J. Biol. Chem . 269 (6): 4388–95. doi :10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41792-3 PMID 8308009 . Liang JJ, Cockett M, Khawaja XZ (1998). "Immunohistochemical localization of G protein beta1, beta2, beta3, beta4, beta5, and gamma3 subunits in the adult rat brain" . J. Neurochem . 71 (1): 345–55. doi :10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71010345.x PMID 9648884 . S2CID 83954980 . Kleiderlein JJ, Nisson PE, Jessee J, et al. (1999). "CCG repeats in cDNAs from human brain". Hum. Genet . 103 (6): 666–73. doi :10.1007/s004390050889 . PMID 9921901 . S2CID 23696667 . Asano T, Morishita R, Ueda H, Kato K (1999). "Selective association of G protein beta(4) with gamma(5) and gamma(12) subunits in bovine tissues" . J. Biol. Chem . 274 (30): 21425–9. doi :10.1074/jbc.274.30.21425 PMID 10409705 . Suzuki H, Fukunishi Y, Kagawa I, et al. (2001). "Protein-protein interaction panel using mouse full-length cDNAs" . Genome Res . 11 (10): 1758–65. doi :10.1101/gr.180101 . PMC 311163 PMID 11591653 . Blake BL, Wing MR, Zhou JY, et al. (2002). "G beta association and effector interaction selectivities of the divergent G gamma subunit G gamma(13)" . J. Biol. Chem . 276 (52): 49267–74. doi :10.1074/jbc.M106565200 PMID 11675383 . Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode :2002PNAS...9916899M . doi :10.1073/pnas.242603899 PMC 139241 PMID 12477932 . Cuello F, Schulze RA, Heemeyer F, et al. (2003). "Activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by a high energy phosphate transfer via nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) B and Gbeta subunits. Complex formation of NDPK B with Gbeta gamma dimers and phosphorylation of His-266 IN Gbeta" . J. Biol. Chem . 278 (9): 7220–6. doi :10.1074/jbc.M210304200 PMID 12486123 . Sprague RS, Bowles EA, Olearczyk JJ, et al. (2003). "The role of G protein beta subunits in the release of ATP from human erythrocytes". J. Physiol. Pharmacol . 53 (4 Pt 1): 667–74. PMID 12512701 .
PDB gallery
1b9x : STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF PHOSDUCIN AND ITS PHOSPHORYLATION-REGULATED INTERACTION WITH TRANSDUCIN
1b9y : STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF PHOSDUCIN AND ITS PHOSPHORYLATION-REGULATED INTERACTION WITH TRANSDUCIN BETA-GAMMA
1gg2 : G PROTEIN HETEROTRIMER MUTANT GI_ALPHA_1(G203A) BETA_1 GAMMA_2 WITH GDP BOUND
1got : HETEROTRIMERIC COMPLEX OF A GT-ALPHA/GI-ALPHA CHIMERA AND THE GT-BETA-GAMMA SUBUNITS
1gp2 : G PROTEIN HETEROTRIMER GI_ALPHA_1 BETA_1 GAMMA_2 WITH GDP BOUND
1omw : Crystal Structure of the complex between G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 and Heterotrimeric G Protein beta 1 and gamma 2 subunits
1tbg : BETA-GAMMA DIMER OF THE HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEIN TRANSDUCIN
1xhm : The Crystal Structure of a Biologically Active Peptide (SIGK) Bound to a G Protein Beta:Gamma Heterodimer
2bcj : Crystal Structure of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 in Complex with Galpha-q and Gbetagamma Subunits
2trc : PHOSDUCIN/TRANSDUCIN BETA-GAMMA COMPLEX
