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Futsukaichi Rest Home (二日市保養所, Futsukaichi Hoyōjo) was a specialized medical facility located in the town of Futsukaichi (present day-Chikushino, Fukuoka), Japan, set up in 1946 by the Ministry of Welfare after World War II. It operated for 1.5 years and performed abortions before they were legalized in 1947, and treated sexually transmitted diseases (STDs, such as syphilis or gonorrhea) in rape survivors who were repatriated from China or Korea.

Futsukaichi clinic, or Futsuka’ichi Sanatorium are some of its other designations in English.

Background

After the end of World War II, Japanese citizens who had migrated to occupied areas had to return to mainland Japan. During the repatriation from China or Korea, they were vulnerable to violence, exposure, and malnutrition.

One of the pioneers at organizing medical help for these refugees was anthropologist Seiichi Izumi [ja], who is sometimes credited with being the actual figure who later created the Repatriate Aid Society's "medical corp" (救療部, kyūryō bu), the people who operated the Futsukaichi clinic.^[1]

In the immediate postwar Korea, he organized a network of mobile medical teams to help Japanese refugee in transit from Seoul to Busan. The teams were also posted at major entry ports for repatriates in Japan. Izumi called this network the "mobile medical bureau" (移動医療局, Idō Iryōkyoku), although it carried the English name of MRU (Medical Relief Union). It was sanctioned by the Allied troops.^[2]^[3] This MRU is considered the precursor to the kyūryō bu medical corp that later staffed the Futsukaichi clinic.^[2]^[3]

The Pusan Nihonjin sewakai [ja] ("Busan Relief Society", "Busan Homeland Japanese Support Organization", etc.,) and the MRU have been conducting surveys on the medically examined women refugees since December 1945. The figures for March 1946 showed that out of the 885 women surveyed, roughly 10 percent had been sexually assaulted (70 rape survivors and 19 STD-infected individuals). Izumi was aware of the scale of problem he would be faced with.^[4]

Establishment

The Futsukaichi clinic was started by a group of doctors at Japanese imperial university in Seoul and activists^[5] who after returning to Japan wanted to assist the refugees, with the help of a semi-governmental Repatriate Aid Society aligned with the Japanese foreign ministry.

The staff of the former Keijō Imperial University School of Medicine in Seoul had been treating Japanese refugees stranded in Korea, but most were back in Japan by December 1945, and wished to continue their services by treating the displaced repatriates.^[a] Also referred to as the "Seoul Group",^[6] these doctors negotiated how to achieve this purpose with the Repatriate Aid Society (在外同胞援護会, Zaigai dōhō engokai, "The aid society for overseas Japanese"), an extra-departmental body of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As end-result, the Seoul Group became integrated as the Society's medical corp.^[b]^[7]

The Seoul Group, now known as the Repatriate Aid Society's "medical corp",^[c] dispatched physicians to the repatriation ships. The ship doctors observed that most of the evacuees were those who fled Northern Korea, and particularly the girls and women were in miserable states; many had been violated during their flight, and as a result had contracted sexually transmitted diseases or had become pregnant, with no measures in place for providing relief. This report was made to the Hakata Regional Repatriation Center (博多引揚援護局, Hakata hikiage engo kyoku), a bureau under the Ministry of Welfare, with recommendation to build a specialize medical facility for treating sexually-assaulted women, who required disceet abortions. With cooperation from both the Relief Aid Society and the center, the Futsukaichi Rest Home was opened March 25, 1946.^[8]

The facility was located in Futsukaichi, a quiet and secluded hot-spring area near Hakata port in Fukuoka,^[9]^[10] where the largest number of repatriates arrived.^[11] The building was converted from the Musashi Hot Springs Rest House once owned by the prefectural chapter of the "Patriotic Women's Association [ja].^[8] It was a wooden, two-storey building with 14 or 15 units available as patient's rooms on the second floor.^[10]

Two doctors and ten nurses (including three midwives) from the Repatriate Aid Society staffed it.^[12] Similar facilities were placed at the Kyushu Imperial University School of Medicine, National Fukuoka Sanatorium, Kurume Medical School, National Saga Sanatorium, and Nakahara Army Sanatorium in Saga Prefecture.^[13]

Facility operation

One of the major issues faced by the society was how to make the facility known to the victims. The society handed out flyers in repatriation ships, but carefully selected their wording. The flyer said: "Attention all unfortunate women! If you have been bodily injured by unlawful violence or threat.. and your body is feeling abnormalities.. then we will admit you to a clinic and return you to your home country with a sound body, so please contact the ship's physician".^[d]^[7] For women who had already returned to Japan, the group placed advertisement with similar circumloquacious text in influential newspapers.^[14]^[16]

At Hakata port, the Hakata Regional Repatriation Center set up the Hakata Quarantine Station and Feminine Health Advice Center (博多検疫所女子健康相談所, Hakata ken'ekijo joshi kenkosōdansho) on April 25, 1946, which referred pregnancies (illegal pregnancies) and STD cases to the Futsukaichi or Fukuoka Rest Home.^[17] The Ministry of Health and Welfare issued verbal orders to its workers that all women disembarking at Hakata port were to be screened for pregnancy.^[18]^[e]

During the facility's one-and-a-half year working period, the medical team carried out an estimated 400–500 abortions.^[20]^[21]^[f]

Because of the shortage of medication, patients sometimes had to accept operations without anesthesia^[24] that was potentially lethal. The rest house operated until fall 1947, just before the Japanese government passed an amendment to the Eugenic Protection Act 1948 which allowed abortions in cases of rape or on eugenics grounds.^[25]

Explanatory notes

^ The repatriates were called hikiagesha [ja] by the Japanese
^ They then opened the Shōfuku Hospital clinic at the Zen temple Shōfuku-ji, in March 1946.
^ Zaigai dōhō engokai kyūryō bu (在外同胞援護会救療部).
^ Japanese text:「不幸なるご婦人方へ至急ご注意！」..「不法な暴力と脅迫により身を傷つけられたり……そのため体に異常を感じつつある方は……」「診療所へ収容し、健全なる体として故郷へご送還するので、船医にお申し出下さい」
^ In the case of Sasebo port, the associate professor of the university hospital would be summoned by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and be ordered to do the abortions.^[19]
^ The "Center's history" (Kyokushi) states that from March 1946 to the end of 1946 (9 month period), it treated 380 patients, broken down into unlawful pregnancies 218, ordinary pregnancies 87, STD 35, and miscellaneous 45.^[22]^[23] Conclusion that over 500 patients for STDs may derive from one of the sources which states "the number of gynecology patients suffering from STD, etc. are estimated to be of equal number [as the abortions] (性病その他の婦人科疾患の患者数も同じ位あったと推定され)".^[12]

References

Citations

^ Kamitsubo (1993), p. 21: "The center of activity was cultural anthropologist Seiichi Izumi. He would later create the organization called Zaigai dōhō engokai kyūryō bu (活動の中心は文化人類学者の泉靖一氏であった。彼はやがて「在外同胞援護会救療部」という組織を作りあげていく)".
^ ^a ^b Kamitsubo (1993), p. 24.
^ ^a ^b Nakamura 1998, p. 59.
^ Kamitsubo (1993), p. 169. 10% is Kamitsubo's approximation.
^ This would include Seiichi Izumi
^ The term is defined in Watt (2010), p. 114 and includes activists and the photographer IIyama Tatsuo.
^ ^a ^b "Sengo... Hakatakō hikiagesha ra no taiken: (2) Ishi ra hisoka ni chūzetsu shujutsu" 戦後…博多港引き揚げ者らの体験: ＜２＞医師らひそかに中絶手術 [Postwar.. Hakata port repartiates' experiences: Doctors secretly do abortion procedures]. Yomiuri Online, Kyūshū Edition. 2006-07-27.^{[dead link‍]} Alt URL
^ ^a ^b Hakata Regional Repatriation Center (1947), Center's history, excerpt of relevant paragraph
^ "This sparse and quiet rest home where a hot spring spouts, was an optimal place for assuaging the spiritual and bodily injuries these violate women suffered (温泉の湧くこの閑静な保養所は凌辱された婦人達の心身の傷を癞すには最適の地であった)"
^ ^a ^b Nakamura (1998), p. 62.
^ Watt (2010), p. 181: "repatriating the largest number of people, estimated at 1,392,429".
^ ^a ^b Nakamura (1998), pp. 63–64.
^ Kamitsubo (1993), p. 203: "Surgical operations and treatments were also conducted at.. (国立福岡療養所、九大、久留米医専の各病院などでも手術や治療が行なわれた。)"
^ Watt (2010), p. 116.
^ Watt (2010), p. 116, note 51
^ In the Nishi Nihon Shimbun, July 17, 1946. Reproduced in Kamitsubo (1979) Mizuko no uta.^[15]
^ Yamamoto (2015), p. 79.
^ Roebuck (2015), p. 72, citing Amemiya's thesis, "Road to Pro-Choice Ideology", pp. 160–64; and Watt (2010), pp. 109–21
^ "Sengo... Hakatakō hikiagesha ra no taiken: (4) Nisshi ni tsuzurareta higeki" 戦後…博多港引き揚げ者らの体験: <４> 日誌につづられた悲劇 [Postwar.. Hakata port repartiates' experiences: (4) Tragedies written in journals]. Yomiuri Online, Kyūshū Edition. 2006-08-10.^{[dead link‍]} Alt URL
^ Yamamoto (2015), p. 82: "the Futsukaichi clinic, during the 1 1/2 years until its closure in Autumn 1947, is said to have performed "462" (Kakou Senda, Kōgō no kokō 1977;81) or "4 to 500" abortions (Asahi Shimbun, August 9, 1995) (二日市保養所は、1947年秋に閉所になるまでの１年半ほどの間に「四六二名」（千田 1977:81）、「四、五〇〇件」（『朝日新聞』 1995.8.9）の中絶が行われたとされる)".
^ Shimokawa, Masaharu [下川正晴] (2016-07-15). "Fuin sareta hikiage josei no dōkoku: Futsukaichi hoyōin 70 nen me no kiroku" 封印された引揚女性の慟哭「二日市保養所」７０年目の記録 [Under the seal wailings of repatriated women: records of Futsukaichi Clinic after 70 years]. Seiron. (in Japanese)
^ Hioki, Eigō (日置英剛) (2005). Nenpyō taiheyōsensō zenshi 年表太平洋戦争全史. Kokushokankokai. p. 780. ISBN 9784336047199.
^ Kimura (1980), p. 95.
^ "Sengo... Hakatakō hikiagesha ra no taiken: (3) Masui nashi no chūzetsu shujutsu" 戦後…博多港引き揚げ者らの体験: <３> 麻酔なしの中絶手術 [Postwar.. Hakata port repartiates' experiences: (3) No anesthesia abortion operations]. Yomiuri Online, Kyūshū Edition. 2006-08-03.^{[dead link‍]} Alt URL
^ Watt (2010), p. 81: "Eugenic Protection Bill did not pass in 1947.. The following year"

Bibliography

Roebuck, Kristin (2015). Japan Reborn: Mixed-Race Children, Eugenic Nationalism, and the Politics of Sex after World War II (Ph. D.). Columbia University.
Watt, Lori (2010). When Empire Comes Home: Repatriation and Reintegration in Postwar Japan. Harvard University Press. pp. 116–117, 120. ISBN 9-780-6740-5598-8.
Hakata Regional Repatriation Center, ed. (1947). Kyokushi 局史 [Center's history].{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Kamitsubo, Takashi (1979). Mizuko no uta - hikiage koji to okasare onna tachi no kiroku 水子の譜 ― 引揚孤児と犯された女たちの記録 [Song of foetus: records of repatriation orphans and violated women]. Gendaishi shuppan.
- (Reprint) Kamitsubo, Takashi (1993) [1979]. Mizuko no uta - hikiage koji to okasare onna tachi no kiroku. Shakai Shisosha. ISBN 9784390114691.
Kimura, Hideaki 木村秀明 (1980), Aru sengoshi no joshō: MRU hikiage iryō no kiroku ある戦後史の序章: MRU 引揚医療の記録, NIshinihon toshokan consultant kyokai, ISBN 9784930723116
Nakamura, Akira [中村粲] (May 1998), "Sensō to sei: aru shūsen shori no koto" 戦争と性－ある終戦処理のこと－ [War and sex: about a certain end-of-war operation], Seiron (in Japanese)
Yamamoto, Meyu (February 2015). "Savaivā no kikan: hikiage engo jigyō to jendā-ka sareta "kyōkai"-roku" 生存者(サヴァイヴァー)の帰還―引揚援護事業とジェンダー化された〈境界〉―録 [Return of the survivors: records of repatriation aid industry and genderized boundaries]. Gender Studies. 17: 68–91. (Published by: Tokai Foundation of Gender Studies)

33°29′17″N 130°30′56″E / 33.488155°N 130.515649°E / 33.488155; 130.515649

[6] The repatriates were called hikiagesha [ja] by the Japanese

[8] They then opened the Shōfuku Hospital clinic at the Zen temple Shōfuku-ji, in March 1946.

[10] Zaigai dōhō engokai kyūryō bu (在外同胞援護会救療部).

[17] Japanese text:「不幸なるご婦人方へ至急ご注意！」..「不法な暴力と脅迫により身を傷つけられたり……そのため体に異常を感じつつある方は……」「診療所へ収容し、健全なる体として故郷へご送還するので、船医にお申し出下さい」

[24] In the case of Sasebo port, the associate professor of the university hospital would be summoned by the Ministry of Health and Welfare and be ordered to do the abortions.^[19]

[29] The "Center's history" (Kyokushi) states that from March 1946 to the end of 1946 (9 month period), it treated 380 patients, broken down into unlawful pregnancies 218, ordinary pregnancies 87, STD 35, and miscellaneous 45.^[22]^[23] Conclusion that over 500 patients for STDs may derive from one of the sources which states "the number of gynecology patients suffering from STD, etc. are estimated to be of equal number [as the abortions] (性病その他の婦人科疾患の患者数も同じ位あったと推定され)".^[12]

[1] Kamitsubo (1993), p. 21: "The center of activity was cultural anthropologist Seiichi Izumi. He would later create the organization called Zaigai dōhō engokai kyūryō bu (活動の中心は文化人類学者の泉靖一氏であった。彼はやがて「在外同胞援護会救療部」という組織を作りあげていく)".

[FOOTNOTEKamitsubo199324-2] Kamitsubo (1993), p. 24.

[FOOTNOTENakamura199859-3] Nakamura 1998, p. 59.

[4] Kamitsubo (1993), p. 169. 10% is Kamitsubo's approximation.

[5] This would include Seiichi Izumi

[7] The term is defined in Watt (2010), p. 114 and includes activists and the photographer IIyama Tatsuo.

[kyushu-yomiuri-No2-9] "Sengo... Hakatakō hikiagesha ra no taiken: (2) Ishi ra hisoka ni chūzetsu shujutsu" 戦後…博多港引き揚げ者らの体験: ＜２＞医師らひそかに中絶手術 [Postwar.. Hakata port repartiates' experiences: Doctors secretly do abortion procedures]. Yomiuri Online, Kyūshū Edition. 2006-07-27.^{[dead link‍]} Alt URL

[center-history-founding-11] Hakata Regional Repatriation Center (1947), Center's history, excerpt of relevant paragraph

[12] "This sparse and quiet rest home where a hot spring spouts, was an optimal place for assuaging the spiritual and bodily injuries these violate women suffered (温泉の湧くこの閑静な保養所は凌辱された婦人達の心身の傷を癞すには最適の地であった)"

[FOOTNOTENakamura199862-13] Nakamura (1998), p. 62.

[14] Watt (2010), p. 181: "repatriating the largest number of people, estimated at 1,392,429".

[FOOTNOTENakamura199863–64-15] Nakamura (1998), pp. 63–64.

[16] Kamitsubo (1993), p. 203: "Surgical operations and treatments were also conducted at.. (国立福岡療養所、九大、久留米医専の各病院などでも手術や治療が行なわれた。)"

[FOOTNOTEWatt2010116-18] Watt (2010), p. 116.

[19] Watt (2010), p. 116, note 51

[20] In the Nishi Nihon Shimbun, July 17, 1946. Reproduced in Kamitsubo (1979) Mizuko no uta.^[15]

[FOOTNOTEYamamoto201579-21] Yamamoto (2015), p. 79.

[22] Roebuck (2015), p. 72, citing Amemiya's thesis, "Road to Pro-Choice Ideology", pp. 160–64; and Watt (2010), pp. 109–21

[kyushu-yomiuri-No4-23] "Sengo... Hakatakō hikiagesha ra no taiken: (4) Nisshi ni tsuzurareta higeki" 戦後…博多港引き揚げ者らの体験: <４> 日誌につづられた悲劇 [Postwar.. Hakata port repartiates' experiences: (4) Tragedies written in journals]. Yomiuri Online, Kyūshū Edition. 2006-08-10.^{[dead link‍]} Alt URL

[25] Yamamoto (2015), p. 82: "the Futsukaichi clinic, during the 1 1/2 years until its closure in Autumn 1947, is said to have performed "462" (Kakou Senda, Kōgō no kokō 1977;81) or "4 to 500" abortions (Asahi Shimbun, August 9, 1995) (二日市保養所は、1947年秋に閉所になるまでの１年半ほどの間に「四六二名」（千田 1977:81）、「四、五〇〇件」（『朝日新聞』 1995.8.9）の中絶が行われたとされる)".

[seiron-2016-07-15-26] Shimokawa, Masaharu [下川正晴] (2016-07-15). "Fuin sareta hikiage josei no dōkoku: Futsukaichi hoyōin 70 nen me no kiroku" 封印された引揚女性の慟哭「二日市保養所」７０年目の記録 [Under the seal wailings of repatriated women: records of Futsukaichi Clinic after 70 years]. Seiron. (in Japanese)

[hioki-27] Hioki, Eigō (日置英剛) (2005). Nenpyō taiheyōsensō zenshi 年表太平洋戦争全史. Kokushokankokai. p. 780. ISBN 9784336047199.

[FOOTNOTEKimura198095-28] Kimura (1980), p. 95.

[kyushu-yomiuri-No3-30] "Sengo... Hakatakō hikiagesha ra no taiken: (3) Masui nashi no chūzetsu shujutsu" 戦後…博多港引き揚げ者らの体験: <３> 麻酔なしの中絶手術 [Postwar.. Hakata port repartiates' experiences: (3) No anesthesia abortion operations]. Yomiuri Online, Kyūshū Edition. 2006-08-03.^{[dead link‍]} Alt URL

[31] Watt (2010), p. 81: "Eugenic Protection Bill did not pass in 1947.. The following year"

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Futsukaichi Rest Home

Background

Establishment

Facility operation

See also

Explanatory notes

References

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