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His Excellency

Friedrich von Scholl
His Excellency; Friedrich von Scholl
Born	25 October 1846; Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse
Died	2 October 1928 (aged 81); Potsdam, Free State of Prussia, Weimar Republic
Allegiance	Grand Duchy of Hesse; Kingdom of Prussia; German Empire;
Service / branch	Grand Ducal Hessian Army [de]; Prussian Army; Imperial German Army
Years of service	1863–1918
Rank	Generaloberst
Commands	1st Guards Uhlans; Imperial Grand Headquarters;
Battles / wars	Austro-Prussian War; Franco-Prussian War Battle of Gravelotte; Siege of Metz; World War I

Friedrich von^[a] Scholl (25 October 1846 – 2 October 1928), born Friedrich Ludwig Karl Ernst Wilhelm Georg^[1] Scholl, was a Colonel General (German: Generaloberst) in the Prussian and Imperial German armies, and adjutant in the court of Kaiser Wilhelm II. He was a relative of physicist Wilhelm Hallwachs.^[2]

Biography

Born on 25 October 1846 in Darmstadt, part of the Grand Duchy of Hesse at the time,^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] he was the son of Friedrich Scholl (1815–1875), a colonel in the Hessian army and Head of the Department of War. Following in his father's footsteps, Scholl joined the Hessian Army on 11 February 1863 as part of the 2nd Reiter (cavalry) Regiment and rose to the rank of Sekonde-Lieutenant (second lieutenant) on 7 September 1865.^[3]^[4]

During the 1866 Austro–Prussian War, Scholl fought for Hesse against Prussia.^[3] Following the war, Scholl joined the Prussian Army.^[3] Scholl spent over two years at a cavalry training center between September 1867 and November 1869, becoming an officer of the Prussian Army afterwards.^[3] During the 1870–71 Franco–Prussian War, Sekonde-Lieutenant Scholl fought for Prussia in the Battle of Gravelotte and Siege of Metz.^[3] During the war, Scholl was promoted to Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant).^[3] Scholl also was awarded the Iron Cross following the war.^[3] In 1877, Scholl became Rittmaster of a cavalry regiment.^[3] On 25 February 1880, Scholl was raised to the hereditary nobility of Hesse (now a part of the German Empire), and shortly later on 15 July 1880, Scholl was further made a member of the Imperial German nobility.^[3]

Starting on 11 December 1886, Scholl commanded his regiment from Potsdam.^[3] On 1 September 1887, Scholl was promoted to Major.^[3] The following June 19, Scholl became an aide to other generals in Kaiser Wilhelm II’s court.^[3]^[4] On 18 August 1891 Scholl was promoted to Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel).^[3] On 14 May 1894 Scholl was promoted to Oberst (Colonel).^[3] On 20 July 1897, Scholl was promoted to Generalmajor.^[3] On 18 May 1901, Scholl was promoted to Generalleutnant.^[3] On Christmas Day, 1905, Scholl was made General of the Cavalry.^[3] On 16 June 1913, Scholl was promoted to Generaloberst, the rank that he would hold during World War I, during which he was an adjutant general to Kaiser Wilhelm II, advising him throughout the war, at the end of which Scholl retired from active service.^[3]

Personal life

Scholl married Adelheid Freiin^[b] Löw von und zu Steinfurth on 29 September 1877;^[7] they had a son, August (1879-1914),^[8] who was killed in the opening days of World War I.^[8]

Dates of rank

Leutnant – 7 September 1865^[3]
Oberleutnant – 1 August 1871^[3]
Major – 1 September 1887 ^[3]
Oberstleutnant – 18 August 1891^[3]
Oberst – 14 May 1894^[3]
Generalmajor – 20 July 1897^[3]
Generalleutnant – 18 May 1901^[3]
Generaloberst – 16 June 1913^[3]

Honours and awards

German^[9]

Prussia:
- Iron Cross (1870), 2nd Class on Black Band, 1871^[1]
- Knight's Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, 27 January 1892;^[10] Commander's Cross and Star
- Knight of the Red Eagle, 3rd Class with Bow and Crown, 27 January 1893;^[10] with Swords, 1895; 2nd Class with Oak Leaves and Swords on Ring, 15 June 1898; with Star, 19 September 1901;^[11] Grand Cross, 1905^[12]
- Service Award Cross
- Knight of the Royal Crown Order, 1st Class
- Knight of the Black Eagle, with Collar, 1905^[12]
Hohenzollern: Commander's Cross of Honour of the Princely House Order of Hohenzollern
Baden:^[13]
- Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1905
- Grand Cross of the Order of Berthold the First, 1907
Bavaria:
- Knight of the Merit Order of St. Michael, 2nd Class, 1890^[14]
- Commander of Merit of the Bavarian Crown, 1897^[14]
- Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order
Brunswick: Grand Cross of the Order of Henry the Lion, 1902^[15]
Ernestine duchies: Commander of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1st Class
Grand Duchy of Hesse:
- Knight of the Ludwig Order, 2nd Class, 18 August 1876;^[16] Grand Cross, 21 April 1910^[17]
- Commander of the Merit Order of Philip the Magnanimous, 2nd Class, 17 December 1889;^[18] with Crown and Swords, 25 May 1892;^[17] 1st Class, 15 October 1894;^[19] Grand Cross with Crown, 25 August 1906^[17]
Mecklenburg-Schwerin: Grand Cross of the Griffon
Oldenburg: Commander of Honour of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon
Saxony: Grand Cross of the Albert Order
Schaumburg-Lippe: Cross of Honour of the House Order of Schaumburg-Lippe, 1st Class
Schwarzburg: Princely Schwarzburg Cross of Honour, 1st Class
Waldeck and Pyrmont: Order of Merit, 1st Class
Württemberg:
- Commander of the Württemberg Crown, 1897;^[20] Grand Cross
- Commander of the Friedrich Order, 1st Class, 1899^[20]

Foreign^[21]

Austria-Hungary:^[22]
- Knight of the Iron Crown, 2nd Class, 1889
- Commander of the Imperial Order of Leopold, 1891
- Grand Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph, 1900
Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold
Bulgaria:
- Grand Cross of St. Alexander
- Grand Cross of Military Merit, in Brilliants
Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer
Italy:
- Commander of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 25 November 1892; Grand Cross, 16 July 1904^[23]
- Grand Officer of the Crown of Italy, 25 September 1893;^[23] Grand Cross
Luxembourg: Commander of the Oak Crown
Netherlands:
- Knight of the Netherlands Lion
- Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Ottoman Empire:
- Order of the Medjidie, 1st Class
- Gold and Silver Imtiaz Medals
Persia: Order of the Lion and the Sun, 1st Class
Portugal:
- Grand Cross of the Royal Military Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ
- Commander of the Royal Military Order of St. Benedict of Aviz
Romania: Grand Officer of the Star of Romania
Russia:
- Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky, in Brilliants
- Knight of the White Eagle
- Knight of St. Anna, 2nd Class in Brilliants; 1st Class
- Knight of St. Stanislaus, 2nd Class with Star
Siam: Grand Officer of the Crown of Siam
Sweden-Norway: Commander of the Sword, 1st Class, 12 July 1895^[24]
United Kingdom: Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 29 August 1906^[25]

Notes

^ In German personal names, von is a preposition which approximately means 'of' or 'from' and usually denotes some sort of nobility. While von (always lower case) is part of the family name or territorial designation, not a first or middle name, if the noble is referred to by their last name, use Schiller, Clausewitz or Goethe, not von Schiller, etc.
^ Regarding personal names: Freiherr is a former title (translated as 'Baron'). In Germany since 1919, it forms part of family names. The feminine forms are Freifrau and Freiin.

References

^ ^a ^b "Eisernes Kreuz von 1870", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Gedruckt in der Reichsdruckerei, 1877, p. 883 – via hathitrust.org
^ "Hallwachs, Wilhelm Ludwig Franz" – via Hessian Biography.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa "Friedrich von Scholl". The Prussian Machine. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Die Woche Volume 15, Issues 41–52". Google Books (in German). August Scherl. 1913. p. 1808. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
^ Ernst Ludwig (Grand Duke of Hesse); Golo Mann; Eckhart G. Franz (1983). Errinnertes, Aufzeichungen des letzten Grossherzogs Ernst Ludwig von Hessen und bei Rhein. Roether. p. 199. ISBN 9783792901311. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
^ Nostitz–Rieneck, Georg (1966). Briefe Kaiser Franz Josephs an Kaiserin Elisabeth 1859–1898. Band 2 (in German). Verlag Herold. p. 466.
^ "Gothaisches genealogisches taschenbuch der freiherrlichen Häuser". Google Books (in German). 1900. p. 433. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
^ ^a ^b Ehren-Rangliste des ehemaligen Deutschen Heeres (in German). Mittler & Sohn. 1926. p. 396.
^ "Militärisches Gefolge Seiner Majestät des Kaisers und Königs", Handbuch über den Königlich Preußischen Hof und Staat für das Jahr 1918 (in German), Berlin: In Kommission bei R. v. Decker's Verlag, 1918, p. 37 – via dlibra.bibliotekaelblaska.pl
^ ^a ^b Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (supp.) (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Gedruckt in der Reichsdruckerei, 1886, pp. 109, 27 – via hathitrust.org
^ Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (supp.) (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Gedruckt in der Reichsdruckerei, 1895, pp. 15, 10 – via hathitrust.org
^ ^a ^b Militär-Wochenblatt No. 15 (in German). 29 January 1907. p. 337.
^ "Großherzogliche Orden", Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (in German), Karlsruhe, 1910, pp. 61, 188{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b "Königliche Orden", Hof- und – Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern (in German), Munich: Druck and Verlag, 1902, pp. 28, 88 – via hathitrust.org
^ S. Braunschweig, ed. (1908), Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Herzogtums Braunschweig für das Jahr 1908, vol. 1908, Braunschweig: Meyer, p. 10
^ "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen", Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1879, p. 20 – via archive.org
^ ^a ^b ^c Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1914, pp. 11, 129, 133 – via hathitrust.org
^ "Verdienst-Orden Philipps des Großmütigen", Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1890, p. 37 – via hathitrust.org
^ "Verdienst-Orden Philipps des Großmütigen", Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1898, p. 107 – via hathitrust.org
^ ^a ^b "Königliche Orden", Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg, Stuttgart: Landesamt, 1907, pp. 54, 127
^ Rangliste de Königlich Preußischen Armee (in German), Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn, 1914, p. 44 – via hathitrust.org
^ "Ritter-orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, Vienna, 1918, pp. 77, 138, 262, retrieved 15 November 2021{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG. "Sammlung Italien". In Numismatischer Verlag Fritz Rudolf Künker (ed.). Künker Auktion 253 - Orden und Ehrenzeichen 10. Ordensauktion des Hauses Künker: u. a. die Sammlung Friedhelm Beyreiß: Oldenburg sowie bedeutende Sammlungen Italien, Rußland und Skandinavien (in German). Numismatischer Verlag Künker. pp. 248, 250, 254.
^ "Kongl. Svenska Riddare-Ordnarne", Sveriges statskalender för Skottåret 1897 (PDF) (in Swedish), Stockholm, 1896, p. 420, retrieved 16 November 2020 – via gupea.ub.gu.se{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ The London Gazette, issue 27957, p. 6859