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Count
Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhöwden
Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhöwden
	Portrait by Vladimir Borovikovsky, c. 1809
Governor General of Livonia
	In office; 1808–1809
Preceded by	Count Alexander Tormasov
Succeeded by	Prince Dmitry Lobanov-Rostovsky
	In office; 1803–1806
Preceded by	Prince Sergei Golitsyn
Succeeded by	Count Alexander Tormasov
Governor General of Saint Petersburg
	In office; 1797–1798
Preceded by	Nikolai Arkharov
Succeeded by	Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen
Personal details
Born	13 September [O.S. 2 September] 1750; Muhu, Governate of Riga, Russian Empire
Died	4 September [O.S. 23 August] 1811 (aged 60); Lode Castle, Wiek, Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire
Education	Second Cadet Corps
Military service
Allegiance	Russian Empire
Branch/service	Imperial Russian Army; Imperial Austrian Army
Years of service	1770–1798, 1802–1810
Rank	General of Infantry
Unit	Kexholm Life Guards Regiment
Commands	Army of Volyn; Army of Finland;
Battles/wars	Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774); Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790); Polish–Russian War of 1792 Battle of Mir (1792); ; Kościuszko Uprising Battle of Krupczyce; Battle of Praga; ; Napoleonic Wars War of the Third Coalition Battle of Austerlitz; ; War of the Fourth Coalition; Finnish War Siege of Sveaborg; ; ;

Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von Buxhoevden (Russian: Фёдор Фёдорович Буксгевден, romanized: Fyodor Fyodorovich Buksgevden; other spellings: Feodor Buxhoeveden, Buxhœwden, Buxhöwden; September 14, 1750 – August 23, 1811) was a Russian general of the infantry and government official. Buxhoeveden commanded the Russian armies during the Finnish War.^[2]

Family

The Buxhoevedens, a Baltic German family from Estonia, traced their roots to Bexhövede in Lower Saxony.

Buxhoevden's wife, countess Natalia Alexeyeva, was the illegitimate daughter of Grigory Orlov (1734–1783) by a lady of the court, but her mother – contrary to some claims – was not the Empress Catherine, but a member of the Apraksin family. Buxhoeveden's granddaughter Varvara Nelidova was a mistress of Nicholas I of Russia (1796–1855) for 17 years (1832–1855).

Career

In 1805 Buxhoevden took part in the Battle of Austerlitz as a commander, contributing to the Third Coalition's failure to defeat Napoleon by being drunk during the battle.^[3] In 1808 he served as Commander-in-Chief in the Russian conquest of Finland, and led Russian troops during the initial battles of the Finnish War (1808-1809).

Estates

Buxhoevden received the castle and lands of Koluvere in western Estonia after Duchess Augusta of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel had died there in 1788 in suspicious circumstances. He also owned the villa and manor of Ligovo near Saint Petersburg.