European Democratic and Social Rally group

European Democratic and Social Rally group
Groupe du Rassemblement démocratique et social européen
European Democratic and Social Rally group logo
ChamberSenate
Previous name(s)Democratic Left group (1959–89)
Groupe de la Gauche démocratique
Democratic and European Rally group (1989–95)
Groupe du Rassemblement démocratique et européen
Member partiesRad
PresidentJean-Claude Requier
ConstituencyLot
Representation
15 / 348
IdeologyLiberalism
Social liberalism
Pro-Europeanism

The European Democratic and Social Rally group (French: groupe du Rassemblement démocratique et social européen, abbreviated RDSE), formerly the Democratic and European Rally group (French: groupe du Rassemblement démocratique et européen), is a parliamentary group in the French Senate including representatives of the Radical Party of the Left (PRG) that historically consisted of radicals of both the left and right. Before 1989, the group was known as the Democratic Left group (French: groupe de la Gauche démocratique).

History

The Democratic Left group in the Senate of the Third Republic was founded on 26 October 1891 in a meeting of some forty senators organized by Émile Combes during which Arthur Ranc was elected its first president.[1] It is often considered "the first effort of unification of the radicals which will end in 1901 with the formation of the Radical Party",[2] which was officially founded as the Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party,[1] the group uniting the radicals of the upper chamber even before the establishment of a political party.[2] In 1907, the group adopted the denomination of the Democratic, Radical, and Radical-Socialist Left group (groupe de la Gauche démocratique radicale et radicale-socialiste),[2] and rapidly became the majority group in the Senate, with 166 members by 1912.[1] After the formal recognition of parliamentary groups in the Senate in 1921,[3] the group consisted of 158 members following the renewal, and was presided over by Gaston Doumergue.[4]

The group remained dominant through the end of the Third Republic, with 164 members under Jean-Baptiste Bienvenu-Martin following the 1924 renewal,[5] 146 members after the 1927 renewal,[6] 150 members after the 1929 renewal,[7] 167 members after the 1932 renewal,[8] 164 members after the 1935 renewal,[9] and 151 members after the 1938 renewal.[10] The group was highly influential in the politics of the Third Republic, defending the fundamental freedoms – freedom of expression, freedom of the press, and freedom of association – and produced a number of prominent political personalities, including Georges Clémenceau, Léon Bourgeois, Édouard Herriot, Gaston Doumergue, Joseph Caillaux, Albert Sarraut, and Henri Queuille, as well as four of the six senators who went on to become presidents of the Third Republic (Emile Loubet, Armand Fallières, Gaston Doumergue, and Paul Doumer).[11]

In the Council of the Republic of the Fourth Republic, the group was initially reincarnated as the Rally of the Republican Lefts group (groupe du Rassemblement des gauches républicaines),[12] with 42 seats following senatorial elections on 8 December 1946,[13] and 86 seats following senatorial elections on 7 November 1948.[14] The group, which envisaged a new rise of radical thought, was however a victim of the decline of radicalism, far from achieving its former heights,[12] was subsequently renamed to the Rally of Republican Lefts and the Democratic Left group (groupe du Rassemblement des gauches républicaines et de la gauche démocratique) in 1949 and later the Democratic Left and the Rally of Republican Lefts group (groupe de la Gauche démocratique et du rassemblement des gauches républicaines) in 1952,[2] and held 73 seats following senatorial elections on 18 May 1952,[15] increasing to 77 seats following senatorial elections on 19 June 1955.[16] The group returned to its original appellation of the Democratic Left group (groupe de la Gauche démocratique) in 1956,[2] controlling 62 seats following the final senatorial elections of the Fourth Republic on 8 June 1958.[17]

Though the group initially controlled 63 seats in the Senate of the Fifth Republic following the 1959 senatorial elections,[18] the strong bipolarization of politics during the Fifth Republic rendered it difficult for the group to maintain its membership, which was gradually eroded over the following decades. Despite its difficulties, however, the group preserved its tradition of openness, accommodating the Algerian Democratic Rally (Rassemblement démocratique algérien) in 1961 as an associate of the group.[12] In 1971, the Radical Party split into two factions, one centrist and the other favorable to a union with the left; from then on, the latter group sat with the socialists in the National Assembly, the lower chamber. In the Senate, however, the left-wing radicals continued to sit with their radical peers in the Democratic Left.[2] Similarly, the "administrative formation of radicals of the left" (formation administrative des radicaux de gauche) which existed in the Senate from 1977 to 1986 was attached not to the socialist group but to the Democratic Left, and initially consisted of 14 senators following the 1977 renewal. The administrative formation disappeared from 1986 to 1989, and the radicals of the left resumed sitting within the main Democratic Left group.[19]

In March 1989, the Democratic Left sacrificed its historical name for the sake of the political reality of the moment, taking upon the appellation of the Democratic and European Rally group (groupe du Rassemblement démocratique et européen).[20] The group later adopted its current name, the European Democratic and Social Rally group (groupe du Rassemblement démocratique et social européen), or RDSE, in 1995, in acknowledgment of the six member senators of Radical, the party of left radicals, and the more "social" dimension of the group,[21] marking the end of an era.[20]

The modern RDSE group is unique in the freedom of its parliamentarians in voting, as a group consisting of members both favorable and opposed to the senatorial majority, and the respect accorded to every senator in their absolute freedom to determine their own vote. The internal political diversity required the group to maintain a system to manage votes in open sessions, with the group recording the votes of every member with a table requesting their intention to vote in the event of a public ballot, allowing the votes of every member to be known with precision. Divergences within the group are frequent, most of the time corresponding to the left/right divide within the group,[22] with the group bound together not by common political parties but by common "political affinities".[23] The group currently consists of 16 senators,[24] with Gilbert Barbier,[25] a member of The Republicans (LR),[26] as its president since 23 May 2017.[25] Though a majority of the group supported Emmanuel Macron in the 2017 presidential election, Jacques Mézard, the previous president of the group (who left the Senate to take up a ministerial post in the government), refused to consider the possibility of merging with the La République En Marche group in the Senate, wishing to preserve oldest group in the Senate and its spirit of independence.[26] Jean-Claude Requier was elected the group's new president on 26 September, replacing Barbier, who chose not to seek to keep his seat in the preceding renewal,[27] which saw the ranks of the group grow, with the rapprochement between the PRG and the Radicals bringing several members of the latter into the group.[28]

List of presidents

Name Term start Term end Notes
Pierre de La Gontrie 26 April 1959 1 October 1968 [18][29]
Lucien Grand 8 October 1968 8 May 1978 [30]
Gaston Pams 15 June 1978 19 February 1981 [31][32]
René Touzet 14 October 1981 18 November 1982 [33][34]
Jacques Pelletier 8 December 1982 12 June 1988 [35][36]
Josy Moinet 30 June 1988 1 October 1989 [37][38]
Ernest Cartigny 5 October 1989 1 October 1995 [39][40]
Guy-Pierre Cabanel 3 October 1995 30 September 2001 [41][42]
Jacques Pelletier 2 October 2001 3 September 2007 [43][44]
Pierre Laffitte 19 September 2007 30 September 2008 [45][46]
Yvon Collin 2 October 2008 3 October 2011 [47][48]
Jacques Mézard 4 October 2011 22 May 2017 [49][50]
Gilbert Barbier 23 May 2017 26 September 2017 [25][27]
Jean-Claude Requier 26 September 2017 present [27]

Historical membership

Year Seats Change Series Notes
1959 Steady – [18]
1962 Decrease13 A [51]
1965 Steady B [52]
1968 Decrease7 C [53]
1971 Decrease5 A [54]
1974 Decrease3 B [55]
1977 Increase5 C [56]
1980 Decrease1 A [57]
1983 Steady B [58]
1986 Decrease4 C [59]
1989 Decrease12 A [60]
1992 Steady B [61]
1995 Increase1 C [62]
1998 Decrease3 A [63]
2001 Decrease1 B [64]
2004 Decrease4 C [65]
2008 Increase1 A [66]
2011 Decrease1 1 [67]
2014 Decrease3 2 [68]
2017 Increase8 1 [69]
2020 Decrease6 2

References

  1. ^ a b c "La fondation de la gauche démocratique au Sénat". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Boyer 2007, p. 25.
  3. ^ "La fondation de la gauche démocratique au Sénat". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  4. ^ "Feuilleton Nº 8". Sénat. 3 February 1921. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  5. ^ "Feuilleton Nº 5". Sénat. 22 January 1924. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  6. ^ "Feuilleton Nº 5". Sénat. 27 January 1927. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  7. ^ "Feuilleton Nº 6". Sénat. 30 January 1930. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  8. ^ "Feuilleton Nº 8". Sénat. 26 January 1933. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  9. ^ "Feuilleton Nº 7". Sénat. 30 January 1936. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  10. ^ "Feuilleton Nº 6". Sénat. 26 January 1939. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  11. ^ "La fondation de la gauche démocratique au Sénat". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  12. ^ a b c Fondraz 2000, p. 20.
  13. ^ "Composition du Conseil de la République – 8 décembre 1946" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  14. ^ "Composition du Conseil de la République – 7 novembre 1948" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  15. ^ "Composition du Conseil de la République – 18 mai 1952" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  16. ^ "Composition du Conseil de la République – 19 juin 1955" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  17. ^ "Composition du Conseil de la République – 8 juin 1958" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  18. ^ a b c "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 1959" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  19. ^ Boyer 2007, p. 26.
  20. ^ a b Fondraz 2000, p. 21.
  21. ^ Boyer 2007, p. 27.
  22. ^ Fondraz 2000, p. 155.
  23. ^ Vidal-Naquet 2009, p. 166.
  24. ^ "Liste des sénateurs par groupes politiques". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  25. ^ a b c "TABLE NOMINATIVE 2017 – DÉBATS DU SÉNAT". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  26. ^ a b François Vignal (23 May 2017). "Sénat : le sénateur LR Gilbert Barbier nouveau président par intérim du groupe RDSE". Public Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  27. ^ a b c "Sénat: Jean-Claude Requier élu président du groupe RDSE". Le Figaro. Agence France-Presse. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.
  28. ^ François Vignal; Guillaume Jacquot (3 October 2017). "Sénat : composition finale des groupes politiques après les sénatoriales". Public Sénat. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  29. ^ "Anciens sénateurs Vème République : de LA GONTRIE Pierre". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  30. ^ "Anciens sénateurs Vème République : GRAND Lucien". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  31. ^ "Compte rendu intégral – 31e seance" (PDF). Sénat. 15 June 1978. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  32. ^ "Anciens sénateurs Vème République : PAMS Gaston". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  33. ^ "Compte rendu intégral – 7e seance" (PDF). Sénat. 14 October 1981. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  34. ^ "Anciens sénateurs Vème République : TOUZET René". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  35. ^ "Compte rendu intégral – 43e seance" (PDF). Sénat. 8 December 1982. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  36. ^ "Extrait de la table nominative 1988". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  37. ^ "Extrait de la table nominative 1988". Sénat. 15 July 2017.
  38. ^ "Anciens sénateurs Vème République : MOINET Josy". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  39. ^ "Extrait de la table nominative 1989". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  40. ^ "Anciens sénateurs Vème République : CARTIGNY Ernest". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  41. ^ "Compte rendu intégral – Séance du mercredi 4 octobre 1995" (PDF). Sénat. 4 October 1995. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  42. ^ "Anciens sénateurs Vème République : CABANEL Guy-Pierre". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  43. ^ "SEANCE DU 3 OCTOBRE 2001". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  44. ^ "Anciens sénateurs Vème République : PELLETIER Jacques". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  45. ^ "TABLE NOMINATIVE 2007 – DÉBATS DU SÉNAT". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  46. ^ "Anciens sénateurs Vème République : LAFFITTE Pierre". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  47. ^ "TABLE NOMINATIVE 2008 – DÉBATS DU SÉNAT". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  48. ^ "TABLE NOMINATIVE 2011 – DÉBATS DU SÉNAT". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  49. ^ "TABLE NOMINATIVE 2011 – DÉBATS DU SÉNAT". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  50. ^ "TABLE NOMINATIVE 2017 – DÉBATS DU SÉNAT". Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  51. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 1962" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  52. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 1965" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  53. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 1968" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  54. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 1971" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  55. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 1974" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  56. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 1977" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  57. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 1980" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  58. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 1983" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  59. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 1986" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  60. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 1989" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  61. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 1992" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  62. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 1995" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  63. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 1998" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  64. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 2001" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  65. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 2004" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  66. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 2008" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  67. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 2011" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  68. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 2014" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  69. ^ "Nombre de sièges au Sénat en 2017" (PDF). Sénat. Retrieved 16 October 2017.

Bibliography

  • Fondraz, Ludovic (2000). Les groupes parlementaires au Sénat sous la Ve République. Paris: Economica.
  • Boyer, Vincent (2007). La gauche et la seconde chambre de 1945 à nos jours. Paris: Éditions L'Harmattan.
  • Vidal-Naquet, Ariane (2009). "L'institutionnalisation de l'opposition". Revue française de droit constitutionnel. 77 (1): 153–173.

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