English pewter

While the term pewter covers a range of tin-based alloys, the term English pewter has come to represent a strictly-controlled alloy, specified by BSEN611-1 and British Standard 5140, consisting mainly of tin (ideally 92%), with the balance made up of antimony and copper. Significantly, it is free of lead and nickel. Although the exact percentages vary between manufacturers, a typical standard for present-day pewter is approximately 91% tin, 7.5% antimony and 1.5% copper.

By the 15th century, the Worshipful Company of Pewterers controlled pewter constituents in England. This company originally had two grades of pewter, but in the 16th century a third grade was added. The first type, known as "fine metal", was used for tableware. It consisted of tin with as much copper as it could absorb, which is about 1%. The second type, known as "trifling metal" or "trifle", was used for holloware. It is made up of fine metal with approximately 4% lead. The last type of pewter, known as "lay" or "ley" metal, was used for items that were not in contact with food or drink. It consisted of tin with 15% lead. These three alloys were used, with little variation, until the 20th century.[1]

Lead was removed from the composition in 1974, by BS5140, reinforced by the European directive BSEN611 in 1994.

Until the end of the 18th century, the only method of manufacture was by casting and the soldering of components. From the last quarter of the 18th century, improvement in alloys (e.g. britannia metal) and techniques allowed objects to be made from pewter by stamping and spinning.

Notes

  1. ^ Hull 1992, p. 4.

References

  • Hull, Charles (1992), Pewter, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7478-0152-8[permanent dead link‍].

Read other articles:

Mohd Farizal Marlias

Ini adalah nama Melayu; nama Marlias merupakan patronimik, bukan nama keluarga, dan tokoh ini dipanggil menggunakan nama depannya, Farizal. Mohd Farizal Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Mohd Farizal MarliasTanggal lahir 29 Juni 1986 (umur 37)Tempat lahir Makassar, IndonesiaTinggi 1,78 m (5 ft 10 in)Posisi bermain Penjaga gawangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Johor Darul Takzim FCNomor 21Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2006-2008 Shahzan Muda 37 (0)2009-2010 Perlis 32 (0)2011-2...

 

Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara Indonesia Tahun Anggaran 2023

Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara Republik IndonesiaTahun Anggaran 2023‹ 20222024 ›Diajukan olehPresiden Joko WidodoDiajukan kepadaDewan Perwakilan Rakyat Republik Indonesia periode 2019-2024Disetujui DPR29 September 2022[1]Disahkan Presiden27 Oktober 2022Undang-UndangUU Nomor 28 Tahun 2022Total pendapatanRp2.463,0 triliunTotal belanjaRp3.061,2 triliunDefisitRp598,2 triliun% terhadap PDB-2,84% Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara Tahun Anggaran 2023 (disingkat AP...

 

Первородный грех

Об экономическом термине см. Первородный грех (экономика). ХристианствоБиблия Ветхий Завет Новый Завет Евангелие Десять заповедей Нагорная проповедь Апокрифы Бог, Троица Бог Отец Иисус Христос Святой Дух История христианства Апостолы Хронология христианства Ран�...

Beriev Be-1

Pada tahun 1956, Robert Ludvigovich Bartini mendekati biro desain Beriev dengan proposal untuk kendaraan efek Wing-In-Ground. Be-1 menjadi prototipe eksperimental pertama, yang digunakan untuk menjelajahi stabilitas dan kontrol dari sayap pesawat efek tanah. Pesawat Be-1 menampilkan dua mengapung dengan bagian sayap aspek rasio yang sangat rendah antara mereka dan panel sayap kecil yang normal memperluas luar mengapung. Permukaan hydrofoils piercing yang dipasang di bagian bawah mengapung. Pe...

 

Météorologie

Ne doit pas être confondu avec le climat et la climatologie Cet article possède des paronymes, voir Méréologie et Métrologie. MétéorologiePartie de Sciences de la Terre, sciences de l'atmosphèrePratiqué par MétéorologueObjets Tempscirculation atmosphériqueHistoire Histoire de la météorologiemodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata La météorologie est une science qui a pour objet l'étude des phénomènes atmosphériques tels que les nuages, les précipitations ou le ve...

 

Mangalyaan 2

'Mangalyaan 2 (Mars-craft, dari bahasa Sansekerta: मंगल Mangala, Mars dan यान Yana, craft, kendaraan) adalah misi antarplanet kedua India yang direncanakan untuk diluncurkan ke Mars oleh Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) pada tahun 2020. Sistem ini akan terdiri dari pengorbit, dan mungkin termasuk pendarat dan rover. Referensi Portal Penerbangan antariksa lbsMisi wahana antariksa ke MarsAktifPengorbit 2001 Mars Odyssey Mars Express Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Mangalyaan ...

Masters of the Universe: Revelation

Masters of the Universe: Revelationserie TV d'animazione Logo della serie animata Titolo orig.Masters of the Universe: Revelation Lingua orig.inglese PaeseStati Uniti AutoreRoger Sweet (ideatore di He-Man), Kevin Smith (ideatore della serie) RegiaAdam Conarroe, Patrick Stannard SceneggiaturaKevin Smith episodio 1, Diya Mishra episodio 2, Marc Bernardin episodio 3, Tim Sheridan episodio 4, Marc Bernardin episodio 5 MusicheBear ...

 

Lori Grimes

Fictional character Lori GrimesThe Walking Dead characterLori Grimes, as she appears in the comic book series (left) and as portrayed by Sarah Wayne Callies in the television series (right).First appearance Comic: Issue #2 (2003) Rick Grimes 2000: Issue #75 (2010) Television: Days Gone Bye (2010) Literature: The Fall of the Governor - Part Two (2014) Last appearance Comic: Issue #55 (2008) Rick Grimes 2000: Skybound X (2021) Television: Say the Word (2012) Literature: The Fall of the Governor...

 

La Boqueria

Entrance to La Boqueria Fruits and vegetables for sale at La Boqueria The Mercat de Sant Josep de la Boqueria (Catalan: [məɾˈkad də ˈsaɲ ʒuˈzɛb də lə βukəˈɾi.ə]; Spanish: Mercado de San José de la Boquería), usually simply referred to as La Boqueria, is a large public market in the Ciutat Vella district of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, and one of the city's foremost tourist landmarks, with an entrance from La Rambla, not far from the Liceu, Barcelona's opera house. Th...

كأس العرب 1992

كأس العرب لكرة القدم 1992 تفاصيل البطولة الدولة المستضيفة سوريا المنظم الاتحاد العربي لكرة القدم  التاريخ 8 سبتمبر - 17 سبتمبر الفرق 6 (من الاتحاد العربي لكرة القدم اتحادات ) المراكز النهائية البطل  مصر الوصيف  السعودية المركز الثالث  الكويت  المركز الرابع  س�...

 

Public works

Broad category of infrastructure projects, financed and constructed by the government For the 2015 Dutch film, see Public Works (film). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Public works – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A US gover...

 

Victory Party (Armenia)

Not to be confused with Victory Party (Argentina). Political party in Armenia Victory Party Հաղթանակի կուսակցությունLeaderViktor Mnatsakanyan[1]Founded2023HeadquartersYerevan, ArmeniaPolitics of ArmeniaPolitical partiesElections The Victory Party (Armenian: Հաղթանակի կուսակցություն, romanized: Haght’anaki kusakts’ut’yun) is an Armenian political party. History The Victory Party was established in April 2023 and Viktor Mnatsa...

Donald J. Albosta

American politician (1925–2014) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Donald J. Albosta – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Donald J. AlbostaMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Michigan's 10th districtIn o...

 

Egerton Ryerson

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Egerton RyersonPotret Ryerson karya Théophile HamelLahirAdolphus Egerton Ryerson(1803-03-24)24 Maret 1803Kotapraja Charlotteville, Norfolk County, Kanada HuluMeninggal19 Februari 1882(1882-02-19) (umur 78)Toronto, OntarioPekerjaanPengajarpendeta...

 

Greg Hancock

American speedway rider Greg HancockBorn (1970-06-03) June 3, 1970 (age 54)Whittier, California, United StatesNicknameHerbieWebsiteofficial websiteCareer historyGreat Britain1989–1996Cradley1997-2001Coventry2003–2005Oxford2006–2007Reading2013PooleSweden1992-1994Getingarna1995-2009Rospiggarna2010-2017Piraterna2018–2019DackarnaPoland1992–1994Leszno1996–1997Gniezno1998–2004Wrocław2005Gdańsk2006–2009Częstochowa2010–2011Zielona Góra2012, 2014Tarnów2013Bydgoszcz2015Rybni...

Dauntless Dotty

Dauntless Dotty 869th Bomb Squadron B-29, 42-24592, Dauntless Dotty. Shown is Major Robert Morgan, pilot of the aircraft. Type Boeing B-29-40-BW Superfortress Manufacturer Boeing Airplane Company Construction number 4253 Serial 42-24592 First flight ca. Jan 1944 Owners and operators United States Army Air Force In service 1944 – 6 June 1945 Flights 53 missions [1] Total hours 880 combat hours [2] Total distance 176,000 combat miles [3] Fate Crashed on takeoff, 6 Jun...

 

Fool for Your Loving

1980 single by Whitesnake Fool for Your LovingSingle by Whitesnakefrom the album Ready an' Willing Released11 April 1980 (UK)[1]July 1980 (US)[2]Recorded1980Genre Hard rock[3] heavy metal[4] Length4:18LabelUnited ArtistsMirageSongwriter(s)David CoverdaleMicky MoodyBernie MarsdenProducer(s)Martin BirchWhitesnake singles chronology Long Way from Home (1979) Fool for Your Loving (1980) Ready an' Willing (1980) Music videoFool for Your Loving on YouTube Fool for Yo...

 

Apocrypha

Works of unknown authorship or of doubtful origin This article is about the general concept of apocryphal literature. For the section found in some Bibles called Apocrypha, see Biblical apocrypha. For other uses, see Apocrypha (disambiguation). The apocryphal letter of Sultan Mehmed II to the Pope (Notes et extraits pour servir à l'histoire des croisades au XVe siècle), published by Nicolae Iorga. Series 4: 1453–1476, Paris; Bucarest, 1915, pages 126–127 Apocrypha are biblical or relate...

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

Cet article concerne Mohammad Reza Chah Pahlavi (1919-1980). Pour son père et son fils, voir Reza Pahlavi. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Muhammad Shah. Mohammad Reza Chah(fa) محمدرضا شاه Portrait officiel. Titre Chah d'Iran 16 septembre 1941 – 11 février 1979[N 1](37 ans, 4 mois et 26 jours) Couronnement 26 octobre 1967 Premier ministre Mohammad Ali ForoughiAli SoheiliAhmad GhavamAli SoheiliMohammad Saed MaragheiMorteza Gholi BayatEbrahim HakimiMohsen Sad...

 

Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)

321 BC – 428 AD monarchy in Ancient Near East This article is about the Kingdom of Armenia during classical antiquity. For a list of other Armenian Kingdoms, see Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Kingdom of Armenia antiquity – news · newspapers · books · sc...