Energy system

For other uses, see energy system (disambiguation).

Physical components of a generic energy system supplying fuels and electricity (but not district heat) to end-users

An energy system is a system primarily designed to supply energy-services to end-users.[1]: 941  The intent behind energy systems is to minimise energy losses to a negligible level, as well as to ensure the efficient use of energy.[2] The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report defines an energy system as "all the components related to the production, conversion, delivery, and use of energy".[3]: 1261 

The first two definitions allows for demand-side measures, including daylighting, retrofitted building insulation, and passive solar building design, as well as socio-economic factors, such as aspects of energy demand management and remote work, while the third does not. Neither does the third account for the informal economy in traditional biomass that is significant in many developing countries.[4]

The analysis of energy systems thus spans the disciplines of engineering and economics.[5]: 1  Merging ideas from both areas to form a coherent description, particularly where macroeconomic dynamics are involved, is challenging.[6][7]

The concept of an energy system is evolving as new regulations, technologies, and practices enter into service – for example, emissions trading, the development of smart grids, and the greater use of energy demand management, respectively.

Treatment

See also: Energy industry and Energy modeling

From a structural perspective, an energy system is like any system and is made up of a set of interacting component parts, located within an environment.[8] These components derive from ideas found in engineering and economics. Taking a process view, an energy system "consists of an integrated set of technical and economic activities operating within a complex societal framework".[5]: 423  The identification of the components and behaviors of an energy system depends on the circumstances, the purpose of the analysis, and the questions under investigation. The concept of an energy system is therefore an abstraction which usually precedes some form of computer-based investigation, such as the construction and use of a suitable energy model.[9]

Viewed in engineering terms, an energy system lends itself to representation as a flow network: the vertices map to engineering components like power stations and pipelines and the edges map to the interfaces between these components. This approach allows collections of similar or adjacent components to be aggregated and treated as one to simplify the model. Once described thus, flow network algorithms, such as minimum cost flow, may be applied.[10] The components themselves can be treated as simple dynamical systems in their own right.[1]

Economic modeling

Conversely, relatively pure economic modeling may adopt a sectoral approach with only limited engineering detail present. The sector and sub-sector categories published by the International Energy Agency are often used as a basis for this analysis. A 2009 study of the UK residential energy sector contrasts the use of the technology-rich Markal model with several UK sectoral housing stock models.[11]

Data

International energy statistics are typically broken down by carrier, sector and sub-sector, and country.[12] Energy carriers (aka energy products) are further classified as primary energy and secondary (or intermediate) energy and sometimes final (or end-use) energy. Published energy datasets are normally adjusted so that they are internally consistent, meaning that all energy stocks and flows must balance. The IEA regularly publishes energy statistics and energy balances with varying levels of detail and cost and also offers mid-term projections based on this data.[13][14] The notion of an energy carrier, as used in energy economics, is distinct and different from the definition of energy used in physics.

Scopes

Energy systems can range in scope, from local, municipal, national, and regional, to global, depending on issues under investigation. Researchers may or may not include demand side measures within their definition of an energy system. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) does so, for instance, but covers these measures in separate chapters on transport, buildings, industry, and agriculture.[a][3]: 1261 [15]: 516 

Household consumption and investment decisions may also be included within the ambit of an energy system. Such considerations are not common because consumer behavior is difficult to characterize, but the trend is to include human factors in models. Household decision-taking may be represented using techniques from bounded rationality and agent-based behavior.[16] The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) specifically advocates that "more attention should be paid to incorporating behavioral considerations other than price- and income-driven behavior into economic models [of the energy system]".[17]: 6 

Energy-services

See also: Energy conservation and Efficient energy use

The concept of an energy-service is central, particularly when defining the purpose of an energy system:

It is important to realize that the use of energy is no end in itself but is always directed to satisfy human needs and desires. Energy services are the ends for which the energy system provides the means.[1]: 941 

Energy-services can be defined as amenities that are either furnished through energy consumption or could have been thus supplied.[18]: 2  More explicitly:

Demand should, where possible, be defined in terms of energy-service provision, as characterized by an appropriate intensity[b] – for example, air temperature in the case of space-heating or lux levels for illuminance. This approach facilitates a much greater set of potential responses to the question of supply, including the use of energetically-passive techniques – for instance, retrofitted insulation and daylighting.[19]: 156 

A consideration of energy-services per capita and how such services contribute to human welfare and individual quality of life is paramount to the debate on sustainable energy. People living in poor regions with low levels of energy-services consumption would clearly benefit from greater consumption, but the same is not generally true for those with high levels of consumption.[20]

The notion of energy-services has given rise to energy-service companies (ESCo) who contract to provide energy-services to a client for an extended period. The ESCo is then free to choose the best means to do so, including investments in the thermal performance and HVAC equipment of the buildings in question.[21]

International standards

ISO 13600, ISO 13601, and ISO 13602 form a set of international standards covering technical energy systems (TES).[22][23][24][25] Although withdrawn prior to 2016, these documents provide useful definitions and a framework for formalizing such systems. The standards depict an energy system broken down into supply and demand sectors, linked by the flow of tradable energy commodities (or energywares). Each sector has a set of inputs and outputs, some intentional and some harmful byproducts. Sectors may be further divided into subsectors, each fulfilling a dedicated purpose. The demand sector is ultimately present to supply energyware-based services to consumers (see energy-services).

Energy system redesign and transformation

Energy system design includes the redesigning of energy systems to ensure sustainability of the system and its dependents and for meeting requirements of the Paris Agreement for climate change mitigation. Researchers are designing energy systems models and transformational pathways for renewable energy transitions towards 100% renewable energy, often in the form of peer-reviewed text documents created once by small teams of scientists and published in a journal.

Considerations include the system's intermittency management, air pollution, various risks (such as for human safety, environmental risks, cost risks and feasibility risks), stability for prevention of power outages (including grid dependence or grid-design), resource requirements (including water and rare minerals and recyclability of components), technology/development requirements, costs, feasibility, other affected systems (such as land-use that affects food systems), carbon emissions, available energy quantity and transition-concerning factors (including costs, labor-related issues and speed of deployment).[26][27][28][29][30]

Energy system design can also consider energy consumption, such as in terms of absolute energy demand,[31] waste and consumption reduction (e.g. via reduced energy-use, increased efficiency and flexible timing), process efficiency enhancement and waste heat recovery.[32] A study noted significant potential for a type of energy systems modelling to "move beyond single disciplinary approaches towards a sophisticated integrated perspective".[33]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The IPCC chapter on agriculture is titled: Agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU).
  2. ^ The term intensity refers to quantities which do not scale with component size. See intensive and extensive properties.

References

  1. ^ a b c Groscurth, Helmuth-M; Bruckner, Thomas; Kümmel, Reiner (September 1995). "Modeling of energy-services supply systems" (PDF). Energy. 20 (9): 941–958. Bibcode:1995Ene....20..941G. doi:10.1016/0360-5442(95)00067-Q. ISSN 0360-5442. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  2. ^ O’Malley, Eoin; Sorrell, Steve (2004). The Economics of Energy Efficiency. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84064-889-8. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  3. ^ a b Allwood, Julian M; Bosetti, Valentina; Dubash, Navroz K; Gómez-Echeverri, Luis; von Stechow, Christoph (2014). "Annex I: Glossary, acronyms and chemical symbols" (PDF). In IPCC (ed.). Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1249–1279. ISBN 978-1-107-65481-5. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  4. ^ van Ruijven, Bas; Urban, Frauke; Benders, René MJ; Moll, Henri C; van der Sluijs, Jeroen P; de Vries, Bert; van Vuuren, Detlef P (December 2008). "Modeling energy and development: an evaluation of models and concepts" (PDF). World Development. 36 (12): 2801–2821. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.01.011. hdl:1874/32954. ISSN 0305-750X. S2CID 154709268. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  5. ^ a b Hoffman, Kenneth C; Wood, David O (1 November 1976). "Energy system modeling and forecasting" (PDF). Annual Review of Energy. 1 (1): 423–453. doi:10.1146/annurev.eg.01.110176.002231. hdl:1721.1/27512. ISSN 0362-1626. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  6. ^ Böhringer, Christoph; Rutherford, Thomas F (March 2008). "Combining bottom-up and top-down" (PDF). Energy Economics. 30 (2): 574–596. Bibcode:2008EneEc..30..574B. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.184.8384. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2007.03.004. ISSN 0140-9883. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  7. ^ Herbst, Andrea; Toro, Felipe; Reitze, Felix; Jochem, Eberhard (2012). "Introduction to energy systems modelling" (PDF). Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics. 148 (2): 111–135. doi:10.1007/BF03399363. S2CID 13683816. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
  8. ^ "Definition of system". Merriam-Webster. Springfield, MA, USA. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  9. ^ Anandarajah, Gabrial; Strachan, Neil; Ekins, Paul; Kannan, Ramachandran; Hughes, Nick (March 2009). Pathways to a low carbon economy: Energy systems modelling — UKERC Energy 2050 Research Report 1 — UKERC/RR/ESM/2009/001. United Kingdom: UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC). Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  10. ^ Quelhas, Ana; Gil, Esteban; McCalley, James D; Ryan, Sarah M (May 2007). "A multiperiod generalized network flow model of the US integrated energy system: Part I — Model description". IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 22 (2): 829–836. Bibcode:2007ITPSy..22..829Q. doi:10.1109/TPWRS.2007.894844. ISSN 0885-8950. S2CID 719700. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  11. ^ Kannan, Ramachandran; Strachan, Neil (April 2009). "Modelling the UK residential energy sector under long-term decarbonisation scenarios: Comparison between energy systems and sectoral modelling approaches". Applied Energy. 86 (4): 416–428. Bibcode:2009ApEn...86..416K. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.08.005. ISSN 0306-2619.
  12. ^ International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES) — ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/93 (PDF). New York, NY, USA: Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations. 2016. ISBN 978-92-1-056520-2. Annotated as final edited version prior to typesetting. Also covers energy-related greenhouse gas emissions accounting.
  13. ^ Key world energy statistics (PDF). Paris, France: International Energy Agency (IEA). 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  14. ^ World Energy Outlook 2016 — Executive summary (PDF). Paris, France: OECD/IEA. 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
  15. ^ Bruckner, Thomas; Bashmakov, Igor Alexeyevic; Mulugetta, Yacob; et al. (2014). "Chapter 7: Energy systems" (PDF). In IPCC (ed.). Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 511–597. ISBN 978-1-107-65481-5. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  16. ^ Wittmann, Tobias; Bruckner, Thomas (28–30 June 2009). Agent-based modeling of urban energy supply systems facing climate protection constraints (PDF). Fifth Urban Research Symposium 2009: Cities and Climate Change: Responding to an Urgent Agenda. Marseille, France: The World Bank. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  17. ^ Beyond technology: strengthening energy policy through social science (PDF). Cambridge, MA, USA: American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS). 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
  18. ^ Morrison, Robbie; Wittmann, Tobias; Heise, Jan; Bruckner, Thomas (20–22 June 2005). "Policy-oriented energy system modeling with xeona" (PDF). In Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) (ed.). Proceedings of ECOS 2005: shaping our future energy systems: 18th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems. ECOS 2005. Vol. 2. Trondheim, Norway: Tapir Academic Press. pp. 659–668. ISBN 82-519-2041-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  19. ^ Bruckner, Thomas; Morrison, Robbie; Handley, Chris; Patterson, Murray (July 2003). "High-resolution modeling of energy-services supply systems using deeco: overview and application to policy development" (PDF). Annals of Operations Research. 121 (1–4): 151–180. doi:10.1023/A:1023359303704. S2CID 14877200. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  20. ^ Haas, Reinhard; Nakicenovic, Nebojsa; Ajanovic, Amela; Faber, Thomas; Kranzl, Lukas; Müller, Andreas; Resch, Gustav (November 2008). "Towards sustainability of energy systems: a primer on how to apply the concept of energy services to identify necessary trends and policies" (PDF). Transition Towards Sustainable Energy Systems. 36 (11): 4012–4021. Bibcode:2008EnPol..36.4012H. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.06.028. ISSN 0301-4215. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
  21. ^ Duplessis, Bruno; Adnot, Jérôme; Dupont, Maxime; Racapé, François (June 2012). "An empirical typology of energy services based on a well-developed market: France". Energy Policy. 45: 268–276. Bibcode:2012EnPol..45..268D. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.031. ISSN 0301-4215.
  22. ^ Technical energy systems: basic concepts — ISO 13600:1997 — First edition. Geneva, Switzerland: International Standards Organization. 15 November 1997. Status withdrawn.
  23. ^ Technical energy systems: basic concepts — ISO 13600:1997 — Technical corrigendum 1. Geneva, Switzerland: International Standards Organization. 1 May 1998. Status withdrawn.
  24. ^ Technical energy systems: : structure for analysis : energyware supply and demand sectors — ISO 13601:1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Standards Organization. 11 June 1998. Status withdrawn.
  25. ^ Technical energy systems: methods for analysis: part 1: general — ISO 13602-1:2002. Geneva, Switzerland: International Standards Organization. 1 November 2002. Status withdrawn.
  26. ^ Bogdanov, Dmitrii; Gulagi, Ashish; Fasihi, Mahdi; Breyer, Christian (1 February 2021). "Full energy sector transition towards 100% renewable energy supply: Integrating power, heat, transport and industry sectors including desalination". Applied Energy. 283: 116273. Bibcode:2021ApEn..28316273B. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.116273. ISSN 0306-2619.
  27. ^ Clifford, Catherine (21 December 2021). "U.S. can get to 100% clean energy with wind, water, solar and zero nuclear, Stanford professor says". CNBC. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  28. ^ Fonseca, Juan D.; Commenge, Jean-Marc; Camargo, Mauricio; Falk, Laurent; Gil, Iván D. (15 May 2021). "Sustainability analysis for the design of distributed energy systems: A multi-objective optimization approach". Applied Energy. 290: 116746. Bibcode:2021ApEn..29016746F. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116746. ISSN 0306-2619. S2CID 233552874.
  29. ^ Jacobson, Mark Z.; von Krauland, Anna-Katharina; Coughlin, Stephen J.; Palmer, Frances C.; Smith, Miles M. (1 January 2022). "Zero air pollution and zero carbon from all energy at low cost and without blackouts in variable weather throughout the U.S. with 100% wind-water-solar and storage". Renewable Energy. 184: 430–442. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.11.067. ISSN 0960-1481. S2CID 244820608.
  30. ^ "Collection of 47 peer-reviewed research papers about 100% renewable energy systems" (PDF). Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  31. ^ Klemm, Christian; Wiese, Frauke (6 January 2022). "Indicators for the optimization of sustainable urban energy systems based on energy system modeling". Energy, Sustainability and Society. 12 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/s13705-021-00323-3. ISSN 2192-0567. S2CID 256233632.
  32. ^ Fan, Yee Van; Pintarič, Zorka Novak; Klemeš, Jiří Jaromír (January 2020). "Emerging Tools for Energy System Design Increasing Economic and Environmental Sustainability". Energies. 13 (16): 4062. doi:10.3390/en13164062.
  33. ^ Keirstead, James; Jennings, Mark; Sivakumar, Aruna (1 August 2012). "A review of urban energy system models: Approaches, challenges and opportunities". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 16 (6): 3847–3866. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.047. hdl:10044/1/10206. ISSN 1364-0321.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Energy system.

Read other articles:

Heidmoor

Heidmoor Lambang kebesaranLetak Heidmoor di Segeberg NegaraJermanNegara bagianSchleswig-HolsteinKreisSegeberg Municipal assoc.Bad Bramstedt-LandPemerintahan • MayorKarl MenkenLuas • Total18,25 km2 (705 sq mi)Ketinggian23 m (75 ft)Populasi (2013-12-31)[1] • Total325 • Kepadatan0,18/km2 (0,46/sq mi)Zona waktuWET/WMPET (UTC+1/+2)Kode pos24632Kode area telepon04192Pelat kendaraanSESitus webwww.amt-bad-brams...

 

 

Shwe Htoo

Shwe HtooရွှေထူးShwe Htoo pada 2019Informasi latar belakangNama lahirHtoo KhantLahir19 September 1992 (umur 31)Yangon, MyanmarGenrePop • R&B • Hip HopPekerjaanPenyanyi • Penulis lagu • Pemeran • ProduserInstrumenVokal • gitarTahun aktif2011–kini Shwe Htoo (Burma: ရွှေထူးcode: my is deprecated ; nama lahir Htoo Khant; lahir 19 September 1992), adalah seorang penyanyi, penulis lagu dan pemeran asal Myanmar. Album solo perdananya The Imagination...

 

 

Jack Carter (politician)

American politician and businessman Jack CarterPersonal detailsBornJohn William Carter (1947-07-03) July 3, 1947 (age 76)Portsmouth, Virginia, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouses Juliet Langford ​(divorced)​ Elizabeth Brasfield ​(m. 1992)​Children2, including JasonParentsJimmy Carter (father)Rosalynn Carter (mother)RelativesJames Earl Carter Sr. (grandfather)James Earl Carter III (brother)Amy Carter (sister)Education Georgia Institute...

Inherent Vice (film)

Inherent VicePoster film Inherent ViceSutradaraPaul Thomas AndersonProduserJoAnne SellarDaniel LupiPaul Thomas AndersonDitulis olehPaul Thomas AndersonBerdasarkanInherent Viceoleh Thomas PynchonPemeranJoaquin PhoenixJosh BrolinOwen WilsonKatherine WaterstonReese WitherspoonBenicio del ToroJena MaloneMaya RudolphMartin ShortPenata musikJonny GreenwoodSinematograferRobert ElswitPenyuntingLeslie JonesPerusahaanproduksiIAC FilmsGhoulardi Film CompanyDistributorWarner Bros. PicturesTanggal r...

 

 

Be Someone

2019 song by CamelPhat and Jake Bugg For the graffiti in Houston, Texas, USA, see Be Someone (graffiti). Be SomeoneSingle by CamelPhat and Jake Buggfrom the album Dark Matter[1] Released4 June 2019GenreProgressive house[2]Length3:25LabelRCASongwriter(s)Jake BuggMichael Di ScalaDavid WhelanProducer(s)CamelPhatCamelPhat singles chronology Kona / Liberation (2019) Be Someone (2019) Rabbit Hole (2019) Jake Bugg singles chronology In the Event of My Demise(2018) Be Someone(...

 

 

George Hepbron

George T. Hepbron George T. Hepbron (Still Pond, 27 agosto 1864[1] – Newark, 30 aprile 1946) è stato un arbitro di pallacanestro e dirigente sportivo statunitense, membro del Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame dal 1960. Hepbron è stato uno dei pionieri del basket ball, prendendo attivamente parte alla stesura ed al perfezionamento delle regole del nuovo sport ideato da James Naismith. Tra il 1896 ed il 1915 scrisse annualmente l'Official Basketball Guide per il basket masch...

Liberty Hyde Bailey

Liberty Hyde BaileyLahir(1858-03-15)15 Maret 1858South Haven, MichiganMeninggal25 Desember 1954(1954-12-25) (umur 96)Ithaca, New YorkWarga negaraAmerika SerikatAlmamaterAkademi Pertanian MichiganKarier ilmiahBidangAhli botaniInstitusiUniversitas CornellTerinspirasiCharles Darwin, Asa Gray Liberty Hyde Bailey (15 Maret 1858 – 25 Desember 1954) adalah seorang ahli hortikultura, ahli botani, dan salah satu pendiri Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Hortikultura Amerika.[1]:10–15 Bailey d...

 

 

RTI-336

Chemical compound RTI-336Identifiers IUPAC name 5-[(1S,3S,4S,5R)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-4-yl]-3-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2-oxazole CAS Number236754-02-2PubChem CID9800708ChemSpider7976471UNII8QGL4KK64HCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID90178343 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC24H25ClN2OMolar mass392.93 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES CC1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=NOC(=C2)[C@@H]3[C@H]4CC[C@H](N4C)C[C@@H]3C5=CC=C(C=C5) InChI InChI=1S/C24H25ClN2O/c1-15-3-5-17(6-4-1...

 

 

Министерство природных ресурсов и экологии Российской Федерации

Министерство природных ресурсов и экологии Российской Федерациисокращённо: Минприроды России Общая информация Страна  Россия Юрисдикция Россия Дата создания 12 мая 2008 Предшественники Министерство природных ресурсов Российской Федерации (1996—1998)Министерство охраны...

2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會奧地利代表團

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会奥地利代表團奥地利国旗IOC編碼AUTNOC奧地利奧林匹克委員會網站www.olympia.at（德文）2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会（東京）2021年7月23日至8月8日（受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟，但仍保留原定名称）運動員75參賽項目21个大项旗手开幕式：托马斯·扎亚克（英语：Thomas Zajac）和塔尼娅·弗兰克（帆船）[1]闭幕式：安德烈亚斯·米勒（自行车）[2]...

 

 

Державний комітет телебачення і радіомовлення України

Державний комітет телебачення і радіомовлення України (Держкомтелерадіо) Приміщення комітетуЗагальна інформаціяКраїна  УкраїнаДата створення 2003Керівне відомство Кабінет Міністрів УкраїниРічний бюджет 1 964 898 500 ₴[1]Голова Олег НаливайкоПідвідомчі ор...

 

 

2012 Indian vice presidential election

Vice-presidential election in India 2012 Indian vice presidential election ← 2007 7 August 2012 2017 →   Nominee Mohammad Hamid Ansari Jaswant Singh Party INC BJP Alliance UPA NDA Home state West Bengal Rajasthan Electoral vote 490 238 Percentage 67.31% 32.69% Vice President before election Mohammad Hamid Ansari INC Elected Vice President Mohammad Hamid Ansari INC This article is part of a series on the Politics of India Constitution and law Constitution o...

International P.E.A.C.E. Benefit Compilation

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: International P.E.A.C.E. Benefit Compilation – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1984 compilation album by various artistsP.E.A.C.E.Compilation album by various artistsReleased1984Record...

 

 

Indo people

Eurasian people living in or connected with Indonesia This article is about the Eurasian people in Indonesia. For the Eurasian language family, see Indo-European. For other uses, see Indo. Ethnic group Indo peopleIndische EuraziatischenOrang IndoIndo brother and sister, Dutch East Indies, 1931Total population581,000 (2001)[1]Regions with significant populations Netherlands458,000 (2001)[1]LanguagesDutch and IndonesianHistorically Malay,[2] Petjo and JavindoReligio...

 

 

Dualism in cosmology

Two fundamental and often opposing concepts For other uses, see Dualism (disambiguation). Dualism in cosmology or dualistic cosmology is the moral or spiritual belief that two fundamental concepts exist, which often oppose each other. It is an umbrella term that covers a diversity of views from various religions, including both traditional religions and scriptural religions. Moral dualism is the belief of the great complement of, or conflict between, the benevolent and the malevolent. It simp...

بغداد مول

الموقع الحارثية، بغداد،  العراق الافتتاح أفتتح بتاريخ 28 آب 2017 عدد الطوابق 4 عدد المحال 100+ مساحة 36,000 م2 (المول) التكلفة 127 مليون دولار أمريكي الموقع الرسمي الموقع الرسمي فندق ريحان روتانا بغداد مول (يُعرف أيضاً بـ: مول الحارثية) مُجمع تسوق تجاري يقع في العاصمة العراقية بغدا...

 

 

كرة القدم في ألعاب البحر الأبيض المتوسط 2001

كرة القدم في ألعاب البحر الأبيض المتوسط 2001تفاصيل المسابقةالبلد المضيف تونسالتواريخ5–15 سبتمبر 2001الفرق9الأماكن5 (في 4 مدن مضيفة)المراكز النهائيةالبطل تونسالوصيف إيطالياالمركز الثالث فرنساالمركز الرابع تركياإحصائيات المسابقةالمباريات الملعوبة13الأهدا...

 

 

Puke Ariki

Museum, Public library in New PlymouthPuke ArikiNorth building of Puke ArikiFormer nameTaranaki Museum, New Plymouth Public LibraryEstablished1848 (library), 1919 (museum)LocationNew PlymouthCoordinates39°03′25″S 174°04′19″E / 39.05694°S 174.07194°E / -39.05694; 174.07194TypeMuseum, Public libraryManagerColleen MullinWebsitepukeariki.com Puke Ariki is a combined museum and library at New Plymouth, New Zealand which opened in June 2003. It is an amalgamatio...

Gboguhé

Place in Sassandra-Marahoué, Ivory CoastGboguhéTown, sub-prefecture, and communeGboguhéLocation in Ivory CoastCoordinates: 6°45′N 6°35′W / 6.750°N 6.583°W / 6.750; -6.583Country Ivory CoastDistrictSassandra-MarahouéRegionHaut-SassandraDepartmentDaloaPopulation (2014)[1] • Total58,103Time zoneUTC+0 (GMT) Gboguhé is a town in western Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture and commune of Daloa Department in Haut-Sassandra Region, Sa...

 

 

Basket-ball aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1936

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une compétition de basket-ball et les Jeux olympiques. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Pour des articles plus généraux, voir Basket-ball aux Jeux olympiques et Jeux olympiques d'été de 1936. Berlin 1936 Généralités Sport Basket-ball Organisateur(s) FIBA Éditions 1re Lieu(x) Berlin Date 7 au 14 août Nations 21 Participants 21 équipes masculines É...