Elections by country

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For each de jure and de facto sovereign state and dependent territory an article on elections in that entity has been included and information on the way the head of state, head of government, and the legislature is selected. Merged cells for "head of state" and "head of government" indicate the office is the same for that country; merged cells for "lower house" and "upper house" indicate a unicameral legislature. The linked articles include the results of the elections. For a chronological order, see the electoral calendar.

A

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Abkhazia Abkhazia Direct election[1] Direct election[1]
Afghanistan Afghanistan Autocrat elected by legislature[2][3][4] Appointment by autocrat[2] Appointment by autocrat[5]
Åland Åland President of Finland Election by legislature Direct election
Albania Albania Election by legislature[6] Election by legislature[6] Direct election[6]
Algeria Algeria Direct election[7] Election by legislature[7] Direct election[7] Partially elected by electoral college, rest appointed by President[7]
American Samoa American Samoa President of the United States[8] Direct election[8] Direct election[8] Election by regional governing councils[8]
Andorra Andorra The President of France and the Bishop of Urgell are co-heads of state[9] Election by legislature[9] Direct election[9]
Angola Angola Election by legislature[10] Direct election[10]
Anguilla Anguilla Monarchy[11] Election by legislature[11] Direct election and appointments[11]
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda Monarchy[12] Election by legislature[12] Direct election[12] Appointments[12]
Argentina Argentina Direct election[13] Direct election[13]
Armenia Armenia Election by Legislature Election by Legislature Direct election [14]
Aruba Aruba Monarch of the Netherlands[15] Election by legislature[15] Direct election[15]
Australia Australia Monarchy[16] Election by legislature[16] Direct election[16]
Austria Austria Direct election[17] Election by legislature[17] Direct election[17] Indirect election[17]
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Direct election[18] Appointment by president[18] Direct election[18]

B

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
The Bahamas Bahamas Monarchy[19] Election by legislature[19] Direct election[19] Appointments[19]
Bahrain Bahrain Monarchy[20] Appointment by monarch[20] Direct election[20] Appointments[20]
Bangladesh Bangladesh Election by legislature[21] Election by legislature[21] Direct and indirect election[21]
Barbados Barbados Election by legislature[22] Election by legislature[21] Direct election[22] Appointments[22]
Belarus Belarus Direct election[23] Appointment by president[23] Direct election[23] Indirect election and appointments[23]
Belgium Belgium Monarchy[24] Election by legislature[24] Direct election[24] Indirect election[24]
Belize Belize Monarchy[25] Election by legislature[25] Direct election[25] Appointments[25]
Benin Benin Direct election[26] Direct election[26]
Bermuda Bermuda Monarchy[27] Election by legislature[27] Direct election[27] Appointments[27]
Bhutan Bhutan Monarchy[28] Elected by legislature[28] Direct election[28] Direct election and appointments[28]
Bolivia Bolivia Direct election[29] Direct election[29]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Rotating presidency of directly elected candidates[30] Appointment by head of state[30] Direct election[30] Indirect election[30]
Botswana Botswana Election by legislature[31] Direct election[31] Hereditary and appointments[31]
Brazil Brazil Direct election[32] Direct election[32] Direct election[32]
British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands Monarchy[33] Election by legislature[33] Direct election[33]
Brunei Brunei Monarchy[34] Appointments by head of state[34]
Bulgaria Bulgaria Direct election[35] Election by legislature[35] Direct election[35]
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Direct election[36] Appointment by president[36] Direct election[36]
Burma see Myanmar
Burundi Burundi Direct election[37] Direct election and co-option[37] Indirect election[37]

C

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Cabo Verde see Cape Verde
Cambodia Cambodia Monarch elected by Royal Council[38] Election by lower house of legislature[38] Direct election[38] Indirect election and appointments[38]
Cameroon Cameroon Direct election[39] Appointment by president[39] Direct election[39] Indirect election and appointments[39]
Canada Canada Monarchy[40] Election by lower house of legislature[40] Direct election[40] Appointments[40]
Cape Verde Cape Verde Direct election[41] Appointment by president[41] Direct election[41]
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands Monarchy[42] Election by legislature[42] Direct election and appointments[42]
Central African Republic Central African Republic Direct election[43] Appointment by president[44] Direct election[43]
Chad Chad Direct election[45] Appointment by president[45] Direct election[45]
Chile Chile Direct election[46] Direct election[46]
China China Election by legislature[47] Appointment by head of state[47] Indirect election[47]
Colombia Colombia Direct election[48] Direct election[48] Direct election[48]
Comoros Comoros Direct election[49] Direct and indirect election[49]
Congo (Brazzaville) see Republic of the Congo
Congo (Kinshasa) see Democratic Republic of the Congo
Cook Islands Cook Islands Monarchy[50] Election by legislature[50] Direct election[50]
Costa Rica Costa Rica Direct election[51] Direct election[51]
Ivory Coast Côte d'Ivoire Direct election[52] Appointment by president[52] Direct election[52]
Croatia Croatia Direct election[53] Election by legislature[53] Direct election[53]
Cuba Cuba Election by legislature[54] Direct election[54]
Curaçao Curaçao Monarch of the Netherlands[55] Election by legislature[55] Direct election[55]
Cyprus Cyprus Direct election[56] Direct election[56]
Czech Republic Czech Republic Direct election[57] Appointment by president[57] Direct election[57]

D

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Direct election[58] Appointment by president[58] Direct election[58] Indirect election[58]
Denmark Denmark Monarchy[59] Election by legislature[59] Direct election[59]
Djibouti Djibouti Direct election[60] Appointment by president[60] Direct election[60]
Dominica Dominica Election by legislature[61] Appointment by president[61] Direct election and appointments[61]
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Direct election[62] Direct election[62]

E

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
East Timor East Timor Direct election[63] Election by legislature[63] Direct election[63]
Ecuador Ecuador Direct election[64] Direct election[64]
Egypt Egypt Direct election[65] Appointment by president[65] Direct election and appointments[65]
El Salvador El Salvador Direct election[66] Direct election[66]
Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea Direct election[67] Appointment by president[67] Direct election[67] Direct election and appointments[67]
Eritrea Eritrea Election by legislature[68] Direct and indirect election[68]
Estonia Estonia Election by legislature and/or electoral college[69] Appointment by president[69] Direct election[69]
Eswatini Eswatini Monarchy[70] Appointment by monarch[70] Election by traditional local councils and appointments[70] Election by lower house and appointments[70]
Ethiopia Ethiopia Election by legislature[71] Election by legislature[71] Direct election[71] Indirect election[71]

F

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Falkland Islands Falkland Islands Monarchy[72] Election by legislature[72] Direct election and appointments[72]
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Monarch of Denmark[73] Election by legislature[73] Direct election[73]
Federated States of Micronesia see Micronesia
Fiji Fiji Election by legislature[74] Appointment by president[74] Direct election[74]
Finland Finland Direct election[75] Election by legislature[75] Direct election[75]
France France Direct election[76] Appointment by president[76] Direct election[76] Indirect election[76]
French Polynesia French Polynesia President of France[77] Election by legislature[77] Direct election[77]

G

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Gabon Gabon Direct election[78] Appointment by president[78] Direct election[78] Indirect election[78]
The Gambia Gambia Direct election[79] Direct election and appointments[79]
Georgia (country) Georgia Direct election[80] Election by legislature[80] Direct election[80]
Germany Germany Election by electoral college[81] Election by legislature[81] Direct election[81] Representation of state governments[81]
Ghana Ghana Direct election[82] Direct election[82]
Gibraltar Gibraltar Monarchy[83] Election by legislature[83] Direct and indirect election[83]
Greece Greece Election by legislature[84] Election by legislature[84] Direct election[84]
Greenland Greenland Monarch of Denmark[85] Election by legislature[85] Direct election[85]
Grenada Grenada Monarchy[86] Election by legislature[86] Direct election[86] Appointment[86]
Guam Guam President of the United States[87] Direct election[87] Direct election[87]
Guatemala Guatemala Direct election[88] Direct election[88]
Guernsey Guernsey Monarchy[89] Election by legislature[89] Direct election[89]
Guinea Guinea Direct election[90] Appointment by president[90] Direct election[90]
Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau Direct election[91] Appointment by president[91] Direct election[91]
Guyana Guyana Election by legislature[92] Direct election[92]

H

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Haiti Haiti Direct election[93] Appointment by president[94] Direct election[93]
Honduras Honduras Direct election[95] Direct election[95]
Hong Kong Hong Kong Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council[96] Election by election committee followed by appointment by state council[96] Direct election and indirect election[96]
Holy See see Vatican City
Hungary Hungary Election by legislature[97] Election by legislature[97] Direct election[97]

I

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Iceland Iceland Direct election[98] Election by legislature[98] Direct election[98][99]
India India Election by electoral college[100] Election by legislature[100] Direct election[100] Indirect election[100]
Indonesia Indonesia Direct election[101] Direct election[101]
Iran Iran Election by Assembly of Experts[102] Direct election[102] Direct election and appointment[102]
Iraq Iraq Election by legislature[103] Election by legislature[103] Direct election[103]
Republic of Ireland Ireland Direct election[104] Election by lower house of legislature[104] Direct election[104] Election by functional constituencies and appointment[104]
Isle of Man Isle of Man Monarchy[105] Election by legislature[105] Direct election[105] Indirect election/ex officio[105]
Israel Israel Election by legislature[106] Appointment by president[107] Direct election[106]
Italy Italy Election by legislature[108] Appointment by president[108] Direct election[108]

J

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Jamaica Jamaica Monarchy[109] Election by lower house of legislature[109] Direct election[109] Appointment[109]
Japan Japan Monarchy[110] Election by lower house of legislature[110] Direct election[110]
Jersey Jersey Monarchy[111] Election by legislature[111] Direct election[111]
Jordan Jordan Monarchy[112] Appointment by monarch[112] Direct election[112] Appointment by monarch[112]

K

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Direct election[113] Appointment by president[113] Direct and indirect election[113] Indirect election and appointments[113]
Kenya Kenya Direct election[114] Direct election and appointments[114] Direct election[114]
Kiribati Kiribati Direct election[115] Direct election and appointments[115]
Korea, North see North Korea
Korea, South see South Korea
Kosovo Kosovo Election by legislature[116] Election by legislature[116] Direct election[116]
Kuwait Kuwait Monarchy[117] Appointment by monarch[117] Direct election and appointments[117]
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Direct election[118] Election by legislature[118] Direct election[118]

L

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Laos Laos Election by legislature[119] Election by legislature[119] Direct election[119]
Latvia Latvia Election by legislature[120] Appointment by president[120] Direct election[120]
Lebanon Lebanon Election by legislature[121] Appointment by president[121] Direct election[121]
Lesotho Lesotho Monarchy[122] Election by lower house of legislature[122] Direct election[122] Appointments[122]
Liberia Liberia Direct election[123] Direct election[123] Direct election[123]
Libya Libya Head of Presidential Council[124] Direct election[125]
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein Monarchy[126] Election by legislature[126] Direct election[126]
Lithuania Lithuania Direct election[127] Appointment by president[127] Direct election[127]
Luxembourg Luxembourg Monarchy[128] Election by legislature[128] Direct election[128]

M

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Macau Macau Election by election committee[129] Election by election committee[129] Direct election, indirect election, and appointments[129]
Madagascar Madagascar Direct election[130] Election by lower house of legislature[130] Direct election[130] Indirect election and appointments[130]
Malawi Malawi Direct election[131] Direct election[131]
Malaysia Malaysia Election by the rulers of the Malay states[132] Election by lower house of legislature[132] Direct election[132] Indirect election and appointments[132]
Maldives Maldives Direct election[133] Direct election[133]
Mali Mali Direct election[134] Appointment by president[134] Direct election[134]
Malta Malta Election by legislature Appointment by president Direct election
Marshall Islands Marshall Islands Election by legislature Direct election
Mauritania Mauritania Direct election Direct election Indirect election
Mauritius Mauritius Election by legislature Direct election
Mexico Mexico Direct election Direct election Direct election
Federated States of Micronesia Micronesia Election by legislature Direct election
Moldova Moldova Direct election Direct election
Monaco Monaco Monarchy Direct election
Mongolia Mongolia Direct election Direct election
Montenegro Montenegro Direct election Direct election
Montserrat Montserrat Monarchy[135] Election by legislature[135] Direct election[135]
Morocco Morocco Monarchy Appointment by monarch Direct election Indirect election and election by functional groups
Mozambique Mozambique Direct election Direct election
Myanmar Myanmar Election by legislature Direct election and appointments

N

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Republic of Artsakh Nagorno Karabakh Direct election Direct election
Namibia Namibia Direct election[136] Direct election[136] Indirect election[136]
Nauru Nauru Election by legislature[137] Direct election[137]
Nepal Nepal Indirect election[138] Election by legislature[138] Direct election[138] Indirect election and appointments[138]
Netherlands Netherlands Monarchy[139] Election by legislature[139] Direct election[139] Indirect election[139]
New Caledonia New Caledonia President of France[140] Election by legislature[140] Indirect election[140]
New Zealand New Zealand Monarchy[141] Election by legislature[141] Direct election[141]
Nicaragua Nicaragua Direct election[142] Direct election and ex officio[142]
Niger Niger Direct election[143] Appointment by president[143] Direct election[143]
Nigeria Nigeria Direct election Direct election
Niue Niue Monarchy[144] Election by legislature[144] Direct election[144]
Norfolk Island Norfolk Island Monarchy[145] Appointment by monarch[145] Direct election[145]
North Korea North Korea Elected by legislature[146] Direct election
North Macedonia North Macedonia Direct election[147] Election by legislature[147] Direct election[147]
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus Direct election Direct election
Northern Mariana Islands Northern Mariana Islands President of the United States[148] Direct election[148] Direct election[148]
Norway Norway Monarchy Direct election

O

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Oman Oman Monarchy[149] Indirect election[149] Appointments[149]

P

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Pakistan Pakistan Election by legislature Direct election Indirect election
Palau Palau Direct election Direct election
State of Palestine Palestine Direct election Direct election
Panama Panama Direct election Direct election
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Monarchy[150] Election by legislature[150] Direct election[150]
Paraguay Paraguay Direct election Direct election
People's Republic of China see China
Peru Peru Direct election Direct election
Philippines Philippines Direct election Direct election
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands Monarchy[151] Direct election[151] Direct election and appointment[151]
Poland Poland Direct election Appointment by president Direct election
Portugal Portugal Direct election Appointment by president[152] Direct election
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico President of the United States[153] Direct election[153] Direct election[153]

Q

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Qatar Qatar Monarchy[154] Appointed by monarch[154] Appointed by monarch[154]

R

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Republic of China see Taiwan
Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Direct election Direct election Indirect election
Romania Romania Direct election[155] Appointed by president[155] Direct election[155]
Russia Russia Direct election Direct election Indirect election and appointments
Rwanda Rwanda Direct election[156] Appointment by president[156] Direct election and appointments[156] Indirect election and appointments[156]

S

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Election by legislature[157] Appointment by president[158] Direct election[159]
Saint Helena Saint Helena Monarchy[160] Appointment by monarch[160] Direct election and appointments[160]
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis Monarchy[161] Election by legislature[161] Direct election and appointments[161]
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia Monarchy Direct election Appointments
Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Pierre and Miquelon President of France[162] Election by legislature[162] Direct election[162]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Monarchy Direct election and appointments
Samoa Samoa Election by legislature Direct election
San Marino San Marino Election by legislature Direct election
São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe Direct election Direct election
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Monarchy[163] Appointment by monarch[163]
Senegal Senegal Direct election Direct election
Serbia Serbia Direct election Direct election
Seychelles Seychelles Direct election Direct election
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Direct election Direct election
Singapore Singapore Direct election Direct election
Sint Maarten Sint Maarten Monarch of the Netherlands[164] Election by legislature[164] Direct election[164]
Slovakia Slovakia Direct election Direct election
Slovenia Slovenia Direct election Direct election Representation of interest groups
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Monarchy[165] Election by legislature[165] Direct election[165]
Somalia Somalia Direct election Transition
Somaliland Somaliland Direct election Direct election Traditional leaders
South Africa South Africa Election by lower house of legislature[166] Direct election[166] Indirect election[166]
South Korea South Korea Direct election Direct election
South Ossetia South Ossetia Direct election Direct election
South Sudan South Sudan Direct election Direct election
Spain Spain Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election Direct and indirect election
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Direct election Direct election
Sudan Sudan Direct election Appointments due to transition Indirect election
Suriname Suriname Election by electoral college Direct election
Sweden Sweden Monarchy[167] Election by legislature[167] Direct election[167]
Switzerland Switzerland Election by legislature Direct election
Syria Syria Direct election Appointment by president Direct election

T

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Taiwan Taiwan Direct election Direct election
Tajikistan Tajikistan Direct election Direct election Indirect election and appointments
Tanzania Tanzania Direct election Direct election
Thailand Thailand Monarchy Election by legislature Direct election Direct election and appointments
Timor-Leste see East Timor
Togo Togo Direct election Direct election
Tokelau Tokelau Monarchy[168] Rotation of village leaders[168] Direct election[168]
Tonga Tonga Monarchy Partially direct election, partially by limited suffrage, partially ex officio
Transnistria Transnistria Direct election Direct election
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Election by legislature Direct election Appointments
Tunisia Tunisia Direct election Election by legislature Direct election
Turkey Turkey Direct election Direct election
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Direct election Direct election
Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Monarchy[169] Election by legislature[169] Direct election[169]
Tuvalu Tuvalu Monarchy[170] Election by legislature[170] Direct election[170]

U

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Uganda Uganda Direct election[171] Direct election and appointments[171]
Ukraine Ukraine Direct election[172] Election by legislature[172] Direct election[172]
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Indirect election by heads of constituent states[173] Indirect election by heads of constituent states[173] Appointments and indirect election[173]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Monarchy[174] Election by legislature[174] Direct election[174] Appointments, hereditary peers, and indirect election[174]
United States United States Indirect election, Election by the 50 States using their electoral college[175] Direct election[175]
Uruguay Uruguay Direct election Direct election
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Direct election Direct election Indirect election and appointments

V

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Vanuatu Vanuatu Election by electoral college[176] Election by legislature[176] Direct election[176]
Vatican City Vatican City Monarch elected by college of cardinals[177] Appointment by monarch[177] Appointment by monarch[177]
Venezuela Venezuela Direct election Direct election
Vietnam Vietnam Election by legislature Direct election
United States Virgin Islands Virgin Islands President of the United States[178] Direct election[178] Direct election

W

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna President of France[179] Appointment by president[179] Direct election[179]

Y

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Yemen Yemen Direct election[180] Appointment by president[180] Direct election[180] Appointment by head of state[180]

Z

Country Head of state Head of government Legislature
Lower house Upper house
Zambia Zambia Direct election[181] Mostly direct election, some appointments[181]
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Direct election[182] Direct election[182] Mix of direct and indirect election[182]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Useful Information". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Abkhazia. 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  2. ^ a b Ramachandran, Sudha (10 September 2021). "What Role Will the Taliban's 'Supreme Leader' Play in the New Government?". The Diplomat. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  3. ^ Jones, Seth G. (December 2020). "Afghanistan's Future Emirate? The Taliban and the Struggle for Afghanistan". CTC Sentinel. 13 (11). Combating Terrorism Center. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022. an autocratic political system that eschews democracy
  4. ^ "Taliban sources – Afghan Taliban appoint Mansour as leader". Reuters. Peshawar, Pakistan. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2022. The shura held outside Quetta unanimously elected Mullah Mansour as the new emir of the Taliban
  5. ^ Sayed, Abdul (8 September 2021). "Analysis: How Are the Taliban Organized?". Voice of America. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
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  7. ^ a b c d Algeria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  8. ^ a b c d American Samoa. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  9. ^ a b c Andorra. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  10. ^ a b Angola. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  11. ^ a b c Anguilla. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  12. ^ a b c d Antigua and Barbuda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  13. ^ a b Argentina. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  14. ^ Armenia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  15. ^ a b c Aruba. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  16. ^ a b c Australia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  17. ^ a b c d Austria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  18. ^ a b c Azerbaijan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  19. ^ a b c d Bahamas, The. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  20. ^ a b c d Bahrain. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  21. ^ a b c d Bangladesh. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  22. ^ a b c Barbados. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  23. ^ a b c d Belarus. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
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  25. ^ a b c d Belize. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  26. ^ a b Benin. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  27. ^ a b c d Bermuda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  28. ^ a b c d Bhutan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
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  30. ^ a b c d Bosnia and Herzegovina. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  31. ^ a b c Botswana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  32. ^ a b c Brazil. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  33. ^ a b c British Virgin Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  34. ^ a b Brunei. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  35. ^ a b c Bulgaria. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  36. ^ a b c Burkina Faso. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  37. ^ a b c Burundi. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  38. ^ a b c d Cambodia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  39. ^ a b c d Cameroon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  40. ^ a b c d Canada. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  41. ^ a b c Cabo Verde. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  42. ^ a b c Cayman Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  43. ^ a b Central African Republic. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
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  46. ^ a b Chile. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  47. ^ a b c China. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  48. ^ a b c Colombia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  49. ^ a b Comoros. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  50. ^ a b c Cook Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  51. ^ a b Costa Rica. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  52. ^ a b c Cote d'Ivoire. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  53. ^ a b c Croatia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  54. ^ a b Cuba. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  55. ^ a b c Curacao. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  56. ^ a b Cyprus. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  57. ^ a b c Czechia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  58. ^ a b c d Congo, Democratic Republic of the. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  59. ^ a b c Denmark. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  60. ^ a b c Djibouti. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  61. ^ a b c Dominica. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  62. ^ a b Dominican Republic. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  63. ^ a b c Timor-Leste. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  64. ^ a b Ecuador. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  65. ^ a b c Egypt. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  66. ^ a b El Salvador. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  67. ^ a b c d Equatorial Guinea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  68. ^ a b Eritrea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  69. ^ a b c Estonia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  70. ^ a b c d Swaziland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  71. ^ a b c d Ethiopia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  72. ^ a b c Falkland Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  73. ^ a b c Faroe Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  74. ^ a b c Fiji. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  75. ^ a b c Finland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  76. ^ a b c d France. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  77. ^ a b c French Polynesia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  78. ^ a b c d Gabon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  79. ^ a b Gambia, The. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  80. ^ a b c Georgia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  81. ^ a b c d Germany. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  82. ^ a b Ghana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  83. ^ a b c Gibraltar. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  84. ^ a b c Greece. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  85. ^ a b c Greenland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  86. ^ a b c d Grenada. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  87. ^ a b c Guam. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  88. ^ a b Guatemala. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  89. ^ a b c Guernsey. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  90. ^ a b c Guinea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  91. ^ a b c Guinea-Bissau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  92. ^ a b Guyana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  93. ^ a b Haiti. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  94. ^ Charles, Jacqueline (22 February 2017). "A doctor with no political experience has been tapped to become Haiti's next prime minister". The Miami Herald. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  95. ^ a b Honduras. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  96. ^ a b c Hong Kong. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  97. ^ a b c Hungary. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  98. ^ a b c Iceland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  99. ^ Icelands Athingi is unicameral.
  100. ^ a b c d India. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  101. ^ a b Indonesia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  102. ^ a b c Iran. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  103. ^ a b c Iraq. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  104. ^ a b c d Ireland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  105. ^ a b c d Isle of Man. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  106. ^ a b Israel. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  107. ^ "Basic Law: The Government (2001)". Basic Law: The Government (2001). Official Website of the Knesset. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  108. ^ a b c Italy. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  109. ^ a b c d Jamaica. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  110. ^ a b c Japan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  111. ^ a b c Jersey. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  112. ^ a b c d Jordan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  113. ^ a b c d Kazakhstan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  114. ^ a b c Kenya. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  115. ^ a b Kiribati. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  116. ^ a b c Kosovo. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  117. ^ a b c Kuwait. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  118. ^ a b c Kyrgyzstan. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  119. ^ a b c Laos. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  120. ^ a b c Latvia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  121. ^ a b c Lebanon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  122. ^ a b c d Lesotho. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  123. ^ a b c Liberia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  124. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (17 December 2015). "Libyan politicians sign UN peace deal to unify rival governments". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 December 2015.
  125. ^ Libya. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  126. ^ a b c Liechtenstein. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  127. ^ a b c Lithuania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  128. ^ a b c Luxembourg. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  129. ^ a b c Macau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  130. ^ a b c d Madagascar. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  131. ^ a b Malawi. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  132. ^ a b c d Malaysia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  133. ^ a b Maldives. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  134. ^ a b c Mali. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  135. ^ a b c Montserrat. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  136. ^ a b c Namibia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  137. ^ a b Nauru. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  138. ^ a b c d Nepal. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  139. ^ a b c d Netherlands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  140. ^ a b c New Caledonia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  141. ^ a b c New Zealand. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  142. ^ a b Nicaragua. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  143. ^ a b c Niger. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  144. ^ a b c Niue. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  145. ^ a b c Norfolk Island. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  146. ^ North Korea's parliament elects the Head of State
  147. ^ a b c Macedonia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  148. ^ a b c Northern Mariana Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  149. ^ a b c Oman. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  150. ^ a b c Papua New Guinea. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  151. ^ a b c Pitcairn Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  152. ^ "Artigo 133.º, Constitution of the Portuguese Republic". Assembly of the Republic. Retrieved 16 November 2022.
  153. ^ a b c Puerto Rico. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  154. ^ a b c Qatar. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  155. ^ a b c Romania. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  156. ^ a b c d Rwanda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  157. ^ "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021. Article 51: The Secretary-General of the Frente POLISARIO shall be ex officio the President of the Republic. He/she shall be elected by the General Congress of the Frente POLISARIO by secret and direct suffrage.
  158. ^ "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021. Article 53: The President of the Republic shall appoint the Prime Minister and shall terminate his/her functions.
  159. ^ "The Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 27, 2021. Article 79: Members of the National Council shall be elected by direct and secret suffrage once between two Congresses.
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  161. ^ a b c Saint Kitts and Nevis. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  162. ^ a b c Saint Pierre and Miquelon. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  163. ^ a b Saudi Arabia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  164. ^ a b c Sint Maarten. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  165. ^ a b c Solomon Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  166. ^ a b c South Africa. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  167. ^ a b c Sweden. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  168. ^ a b c Tokelau. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  169. ^ a b c Turks and Caicos Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  170. ^ a b c Tuvalu. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  171. ^ a b Uganda. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  172. ^ a b c Ukraine. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  173. ^ a b c United Arab Emirates. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  174. ^ a b c d United Kingdom. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  175. ^ a b United States. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  176. ^ a b c Vanuatu. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  177. ^ a b c Holy See. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  178. ^ a b Virgin Islands. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  179. ^ a b c Wallis and Futuna. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  180. ^ a b c d Yemen. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  181. ^ a b Zambia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  182. ^ a b c Zimbabwe. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
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