Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.
Various peoples settled the boundaries of present day Togo between the 11th and 16th centuries. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the coastal region served primarily as a European slave trading outpost, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The Slave Coast". In 1884, Germany declared a region including a protectorate called Togoland. After World War I, rule over Togo was transferred to France. Togo gained independence from France in 1960.[2][14] In 1967, Gnassingbé Eyadéma led a successful military coup d'état and became president of an anti-communist, single-party state. In 1993, Eyadéma faced multiparty elections marred by irregularities, and won the presidency three times. At the time of his death, Eyadéma was the "longest-serving leader in modern African history", having been president for 38 years.[15] In 2005, his son Faure Gnassingbé was elected president.
Archaeological finds indicate that tribes were able to produce pottery and process iron. The name Togo is translated from the Ewe language as "behind the river". During the period from the 11th century to the 16th century, tribes entered the region: the Ewé from the west, and the Mina and Gun from the east. Most of them settled in coastal areas. The Atlantic slave trade began in the 16th century, and for the next two hundred years the coastal region was a trading centre for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The Slave Coast".
In 1884, a paper was signed at Togoville with King Mlapa III, whereby Germany claimed a protectorate over a stretch of territory along the coast and gradually extended its control inland. Its borders were defined after the capture of hinterland by German forces and signing agreements with France and Britain. In 1905, this became the German colony of Togoland. The local population was forced to work, cultivate cotton, coffee, and cocoa and pay taxes. A railway and the port of Lomé were built for export of agricultural products. The Germans introduced techniques of cultivation of cocoa, coffee and cotton and developed the infrastructure.
During the First World War, Togoland was invaded by Britain and France, proclaiming the Anglo-French condominium. The Togoland Campaign involved the successful French and British invasion of the German colony of Togoland during the West African Campaign of the First World War. Following the Allied invasion of the colony in August 1914, German forces were defeated, forcing the colony's surrender on 26 August 1914. On 7 December 1916, the condominium collapsed and Togoland was subsequently partitioned into British and French zones, creating the colonies of British Togoland and French Togoland. On 20 July 1922, Great Britain received the League of Nations mandate to govern the western part of Togo and France to govern the eastern part. In 1945, the country received the right to send three representatives to the French parliament.
After World War II, these mandates became UN Trust Territories. The residents of British Togoland voted to join the Gold Coast as part of the independent nation of Ghana in 1957. French Togoland became an autonomous republic within the French Union in 1959, while France retained the right to control defence, foreign relations, and finances.
Independence
The Togolese Republic was proclaimed on 27 April 1960. In the first presidential elections in 1961, Sylvanus Olympio became the first president, gaining 100% of the vote in elections boycotted by the opposition. On 9 April 1961, the Constitution of the Togolese Republic was adopted, according to which the supreme legislative body was the National Assembly of Togo.[17] In December 1961, leaders of opposition parties were arrested because they were accused of the preparation of an anti-government conspiracy. A decree was issued on the dissolution of the opposition parties. Olympio tried to reduce dependence on France by establishing cooperation with the United States, United Kingdom, and West Germany. He rejected the efforts of French soldiers who were demobilized after the Algerian War and tried to get a position in the Togolese army. These factors eventually led to a military coup on 13 January 1963 during which he was assassinated by a group of soldiers under the direction of Sergeant Gnassingbé Eyadéma.[18] A state of emergency was declared in Togo. The military handed over power to an interim government led by Nicolas Grunitzky. In May 1963, Grunitzky was elected President of the Republic. The new leadership pursued a policy of developing relations with France. His main aim was to dampen the divisions between north and south, promulgate a new constitution, and introduce a multiparty system.
On 13 January 1967, Eyadéma Gnassingbé overthrew Grunitzky in a bloodless coup and assumed the presidency.[19] He created the Rally of the Togolese People Party, banned activities of other political parties and introduced a 1-party system in November 1969. He was reelected in 1979 and 1986. In 1983, the privatization program launched and in 1991 other political parties were allowed. In 1993, EU froze the partnership, describing Eyadema's re-election in 1993, 1998 and 2003, as a seizure of power. In April 2004, in Brussels, talks were held between the European Union and Togo on the resumption of cooperation.
Eyadéma Gnassingbé died on Saturday, 5 February 2005. The military's installation of his son, Faure Gnassingbé,[19] as president provoked international condemnation, except from France. Some "democratically elected" African leaders such as Abdoulaye Wade of Senegal and Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria supported the move, thereby creating a rift within the African Union.[20] Gnassingbé left power and held elections, which he won two months later. The opposition declared that the election results were fraudulent. The events of 2005 led to questions regarding the government's commitment to democracy that had been made in an attempt to normalize relations with EU which cut off aid in 1993 due to questions about Togo's human rights situation. Up to 400 people were killed in the violence surrounding the presidential elections, according to the UN. Around 40,000 Togolese fled to neighbouring countries. Gnassingbé was reelected in 2010 and 2015.
In 2017, anti-government protests erupted. UN condemned the resulting crackdown by security forces, and Gambia's foreign minister, Ousainou Darboe, had to issue a correction after saying that Gnassingbé should resign.[21]
In the February 2020 presidential elections, Faure Gnassingbé won his fourth presidential term in office as the president of Togo.[22] According to the official result, he won with a margin of around 72% of the vote share. This enabled him to defeat his closest challenger, the former prime minister Agbeyome Kodjo who had 18%.[23] On 4 May 2020, Bitala Madjoulba, the commander of a Togolese military battalion, was found dead in his office. The day of Madjoulba's death came after the re-elected Faure Gnassingbé was sworn in for his fourth term. An investigation was opened for this case, resulting in Major General Kadangha Abalo Felix being prosecuted and tried for involvement in Madjoulba's assassination and 'conspiracy against the internal security of the state.' [24][25]
Joining the Commonwealth
Togo joined the Commonwealth in June 2022.[26] Prior to its admission at the 2022 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, Foreign Minister Robert Dussey said that he expected Commonwealth membership to provide new export markets, funding for development projects and opportunities for Togolese citizens to learn English and access new educational and cultural resources.[27]
Sylvanus Olympio, the first president of Togo from 1960 to 1963Faure Gnassingbé, the fourth and current president since 2005.Gnassingbé Eyadéma, the third and longest-serving president from 1967 until his death in 2005. He was also the father of the current president.
The president is elected by universal and direct suffrage for five years, and is the commander of the armed forces and has the right to initiate legislation and dissolve parliament. Executive power is exercised by the president and the government. The head of government is the Prime Minister who is appointed by the president.
President Gnassingbé Eyadéma, who ruled Togo under a one-party system, died of a heart attack on 5 February 2005. Under the Togolese Constitution, the President of the Parliament, Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba, should have become president of the country, pending a presidential election to be called within 60 days. Natchaba was out of the country, returning on an Air France plane from Paris.[28] The Togolese army, known as Forces Armées Togolaises (FAT), or Togolese Armed Forces, closed the nation's borders, forcing the plane to land in Benin. With an engineered power vacuum, the Parliament voted to remove the constitutional clause that would have required an election within 60 days and declared that Eyadema's son, Faure Gnassingbé, would inherit the presidency and hold office for the rest of his father's term.[28] Faure was sworn in on 7 February 2005, with international criticism of the succession.[29] The African Union described the takeover as a military coup d'état.[30] International pressure also came from the United Nations. Within Togo, opposition to the takeover culminated in riots in which between 400 and 500 people died.[31] There were uprisings in cities and towns mainly in the southern part of the country. In the town of Aného reports of a general civilian uprising followed by a massacre by government troops. In response, Faure Gnassingbé agreed to hold elections and on 25 February, Gnassingbé resigned as president, and afterward accepted the nomination to run for the office in April.[32]
On 24 April 2005, Gnassingbé was elected president of Togo, receiving over 60% of the vote according to official results. His main rival in the race had been Emmanuel Bob-Akitani from the Union des Forces du Changement (UFC). Electoral fraud was suspected due to a lack of European Union or other independent oversight.[33] Parliament designated Deputy President, Bonfoh Abbass, as interim president until the inauguration.[32] On 3 May 2005, Faure Gnassingbé was sworn in as the new president and the European Union suspended aid to Togo in support of the opposition claims, unlike the African Union and the United States which declared the vote "reasonably fair". The Nigerian president and Chair of AU, Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ, sought to negotiate between the incumbent government and the opposition to establish a coalition government, and rejected an AU Commission appointment of former Zambian president, Kenneth Kaunda, as special AU envoy to Togo.[34][35] In June, President Gnassingbé named opposition leader Edem Kodjo as the prime minister.
In October 2007, after postponements, elections were held under proportional representation. This allowed the less populated north to seat as many MPs as the more populated south.[36] The president-backed party Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) won a majority with UFC coming second and the other parties claiming inconsequential representation. Vote rigging accusations were levelled at RPT supported by the civil and military security apparatus. With the presence of an EU observer mission, cancelled ballots and illegal voting took place, the majority of which in RPT strongholds. On 3 December 2007 Komlan Mally of RPT was appointed to prime minister succeeding Agboyibor. On 5 September 2008, Mally resigned as prime minister of Togo.
Faure Gnassingbé won re-election in the March 2010 presidential election, taking 61% of the vote against Jean-Pierre Fabre from UFC, who had been backed by an opposition coalition called FRAC (Republican Front for Change).[37] Electoral observers noted "procedural errors" and technical problems, and the opposition did not recognize the results, claiming irregularities had affected the outcome.[38][39] Periodic protests against Faure Gnassingbé followed the election.[40] In May 2010, opposition leader Gilchrist Olympio announced that he would enter into a power-sharing deal with the government, a coalition arrangement which provides UFC with eight ministerial posts.[41][42] In June 2012, electoral reforms prompted protesters to take to the street in Lomé for days; protesters sought a return to the 1992 constitution that would re-establish presidential term limits.[43] July 2012 saw the resignation of the prime minister, Gilbert Houngbo.[44] Days later, the commerce minister, Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu, was named to lead the new government. In the same month, the home of opposition leader Jean-Pierre Fabre was raided by security forces, and thousands of protesters again rallied publicly against the government crackdown.[45]
In April 2015, President Faure Gnassingbé was re-elected for a third term.[46] In February 2020, Faure Gnassingbé was again re-elected for his fourth presidential term. The opposition had accusations of fraud and irregularities.[47] The Gnassingbé family has ruled Togo since 1967, meaning it is Africa's longest lasting dynasty.[48]
2024 Constitutional Reform
In March 2024, President Faure Gnassingbé presented a new constitution. One of the constitutional changes in the new constitution has Togo go from being under a presidential system to being under a parliamentary one, as well as weakening the power of the president, it becoming a mostly ceremonial role, strengthening the power of parliament, and strengthening the power of prime minister and renaming the office "President of the Council of Ministers" (French: Président du Conseil des Ministres). The term of the new office will be six years, renewable indefinitely, whereas the term of the president is lowered to four from the previous five, renewable once. In April 2024, the Togolese parliament voted in favour of the new constitution and the new constitution was officially adopted on 6 May 2024.[49]
While Togo's foreign policy is nonaligned, it has historical and cultural ties with western Europe, especially France and Germany. Togo recognizes the People's Republic of China, North Korea, and Cuba. It re-established relations with Israel in 1987. Togo pursues an active foreign policy and participates in international organizations. It is particularly active in West African regional affairs and in the African Union.
FAT (Forces armées togolaises, "Togolese armed forces"), consists of the army, navy, air force, and gendarmerie. Total military expenditures during the fiscal year of 2005 totalled 1.6% of the country's GDP.[2] Military bases exist in Lomé, Temedja, Kara, Niamtougou, and Dapaong.[51] The current Chief of the General Staff is Brigadier General Titikpina Atcha Mohamed, who took office on 19 May 2009.[52] The air force is equipped with Alpha jets.[53]
Togo was labelled "Not Free" by Freedom House from 1972 to 1998 and from 2002 to 2006, and has been categorized as "Partly Free" from 1999 to 2001 and from 2007. According to a U.S. State Department report based on conditions in 2010, human rights problems include "security force use of excessive force, including torture, which resulted in deaths and injuries; official impunity; harsh and life-threatening prison conditions; arbitrary arrests and detention; lengthy pretrial detention; executive influence over the judiciary; infringement of citizens' privacy rights; restrictions on freedoms of press, assembly, and movement; official corruption; discrimination and violence against women; child abuse, including female genital mutilation (FGM), and sexual exploitation of children; regional and ethnic discrimination; trafficking in persons, especially women and children; societal discrimination against persons with disabilities; official and societal discrimination against homosexual persons; societal discrimination against persons with HIV; and forced labour, including by children."[54] Same-sex sexual activity is illegal in Togo,[55] with a penalty of one to three years imprisonment.[56]
It has an area equal to 56,785 km2 (21,925 sq mi). It borders the Bight of Benin in the south; Ghana lies to the west; Benin to the east; and to the north, it is bound by Burkina Faso. North of the equator, it lies mostly between latitudes 6° and 11°N, and longitudes 0° and 2°E.
The coast of Togo in the Gulf of Guinea is 56 km (35 miles) long and consists of lagoons with sandy beaches. In the north, the land is characterized by a rolling savanna in contrast to the centre of the country, which is characterized by hills. The south of Togo is characterized by a savanna and woodland plateau which reaches a coastal plain with lagoons and marshes. The highest mountain of the country is the Mont Agou at 986 metres (3235') above sea level. The longest river is the Mono River with a length of 400 km (250 miles). It runs from north to south.
The climate is "generally tropical"[14] with average temperatures ranging from 23 °C (73 °F) on the coast to about 30 °C (86 °F) in the northernmost regions, with a drier climate and characteristics of a tropical savanna.
The country possesses phosphate deposits[14] and an export sector based on agricultural products such as coffee, cocoa bean, and peanuts (groundnuts), which together generate roughly 30% of export earnings.[14] Cotton is a cash crop.[60] The fertile land occupies 11.3% of the country, most of which is developed. Some crops are cassava, jasmine rice, maize and millet. Some other sectors are brewery and the textile industry. Low market prices for Togo's major export commodities coupled with the volatile political situation of the 1990s and 2000s had a negative effect on the economy.[61]
It is listed in the least developed country group. It serves as a regional commercial and trade centre. The government's decade-long efforts supported by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to carry out economic reforms, to encourage investments, and to create the balance between income and consumption has stalled. Political unrest, including private and public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, jeopardized the reform program, shrank the tax base, and disrupted economic activities in the country.[citation needed] Togo was ranked 117th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024.[62]
It imports machinery, equipment, petroleum products, and food. Its main import partners are France (21.1%), the Netherlands (12.1%), Côte d'Ivoire (5.9%), Germany (4.6%), Italy (4.4%), South Africa (4.3%) and China (4.1%). The main exports are cocoa, coffee, re-export of goods, phosphates and cotton. "Major export partners" are Burkina Faso (16.6%), China (15.4%), the Netherlands (13%), Benin (9.6%) and Mali (7.4%).
Fishermen
In terms of structural reforms, it has made progress in the liberalization of the economy, namely in the fields of trade and port activities. The privatization program of the cotton sector, telecommunications and water supply has stalled.
On 12 January 1994, the devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an impetus to renewed structural adjustment; these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress depends on increased openness in government financial operations (to accommodate increased social service outlays) and possible downsizing of the armed forces, on which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of aid and depressed cocoa prices generated a 1% fall in GDP in 1998, with growth resuming in 1999. Togo is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).[63]
Agriculture is the "backbone" of the economy.[14] A shortage of funds for the purchase of irrigation equipment and fertilizers has reduced agricultural output. Agriculture generated 28.2% of GDP in 2012 and employed 49% of the working population in 2010. The country is essentially self-sufficient in food production. Livestock production is dominated by cattle breeding.[64][65]
Mining generated about 33.9% of GDP in 2012 and employed 12% of the population in 2010. Togo's gold production in 2015 is 16 metric tons.[66] Togo has the fourth-largest phosphate deposits in the world. Their production is 2.1 million tons per year. There are reserves of limestone, marble and salt. Industry provides 20.4% of Togo's national income, as it consists of light industries and builders. Some reserves of limestone allows Togo to produce cement.[64][67]
Togo has a road network of 7,520 km (4,670 mi) as of 2000, with no updated data as of 2023. It has only two major highways, Highway N1 and N2, connecting the capital, Lomé with the city of Dapaong, where it gets diverged northwards to Burkina Faso and from there north-west to Mali, and north-east to Niger. N1 is the longest highway of Togo, at a length of 613 km (381 mi). N2 connects Lomé with Aneho. The extension of N2 is Highway RNIE1, or the Trans–West African Coastal Highway, from Aneho to Cotonou in Benin. Other roads and highways are local and regional roads in the rest of the country, also passing through borders with the neighbouring countries. The Trans–West African Coastal Highway crosses Togo, connecting it to Benin and Nigeria to the east, and Ghana and Ivory Coast to the west. Once the construction in Liberia and Sierra Leone part gets completed, the highway will continue west to seven other Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) nations.
Railways
Railway network of Togo
Togo has a railway network of 568 km (353 mi) as of 2008, with no further updates in the network as of 2023. It follows a track gauge of 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) (narrow gauge) Trains are operated by Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Togolais (SNCT), which was established as a result of the restructuring and renaming of Réseau des Chemins de Fer du Togo from 1997 to 1998.[68] Between Hahotoé and the port of Kpémé, the Compagnie Togolaise des Mines du Bénin (CTMB) operated phosphate trains.[68]
A train from Lomé to Kpalimé, at an intermediate station
The following are the railway networks present in the country:
Togo, in terms of water transport, is only 50 km (31 mi) navigable, mostly seasonally on the Mono River, depending on rainfall, as of 2011. Togo has only one large container port for carrying trade operations in and out of the country, the Port of Lomé, in the capital.
The November 2010 census gave Togo a population of 6,191,155, more than double the total counted in the last census; in 2022 the Togo population was 8,680,832.[69] That census, taken in 1981, showed the nation had a population of 2,719,567. The capital, Lomé, grew from 375,499 in 1981 to 837,437 in 2010. When the urban population of surrounding Golfe prefecture is added, the Lomé Agglomeration contained 1,477,660 residents in 2010.[70][71]
Other cities in Togo according to the new census were Sokodé (95,070), Kara (94,878), Kpalimé (75,084), Atakpamé (69,261), Dapaong (58,071) and Tsévié (54,474). With an estimated population of 8,644,829 (as of 2021[update]), Togo is the 107th largest country by population. Most of the population (65%) live in rural villages dedicated to agriculture or pastures. The population of Togo shows a stronger growth: from 1961 (the year after independence) to 2003 it quintupled.[70][71]
In Togo, there are about 40 different ethnic groups, the most numerous of which are the Ewe in the south who make up 32% of the population. Along the southern coastline, they account for 21% of the population. Also found are Kotokoli or Tem and Tchamba in the centre and the Kabye people in the north (22%). The Ouatchis [fr] are 14% of the population. Sometimes the Ewes and Ouatchis are considered the same, while the French who studied both groups considered them different people.[73]
Other ethnic groups include the Mina, Mossi, the Moba and Bassar, the Tchokossi of Mango (about 8%).
According to a 2012 US government religious freedoms report, in 2004 the University of Lomé estimated that 33% of the population were traditional animists, 28% were Roman Catholic, 20% Sunni Muslim, 9% Protestant and another 5% belonged to other Christian denominations. The remaining 5% were reported to include persons not affiliated with any religious group. The report noted that "many" Christians and Muslims continue to perform indigenous religious practices.[75]
In 2023, The World Factbook stated that 42.3% of the population was Christian and 14% Muslim, with 36.9% being followers of indigenous beliefs, less than one percent being Hindus, Jews, and followers of other religions, and 6.2% being unaffiliated.[64]
Christianity began to spread from the middle of the 15th century, after the arrival of Portuguese Catholic missionaries. Germans introduced Protestantism in the second half of the 19th century when a hundred missionaries of the Bremen Missionary Society were sent to the coastal areas of Togo and Ghana. Togo's Protestants were known as "Brema", a corruption of the word "Bremen". After World War I, German missionaries had to leave, which gave birth to the early autonomy of the Ewe Evangelical Church.[76]
In 2022, Freedom House rated Togo's religious freedom as 3 out of 4,[77] noting that religious freedom is constitutionally protected and generally respected in practice. Islam, Catholicism and Protestantism are recognised by the state; other groups must register as religious associations to receive similar benefits. The registration process has been subject to long delays with almost 900 applications pending at the beginning of 2021.
According to Ethnologue, 39 distinct languages are spoken in the country, some of them by communities that number fewer than 100,000 members.[78] Of the 39 languages, the sole official language is French.[79] Two spoken indigenous languages were designated politically as national languages in 1975: Ewé (Ewe: Èʋegbe; French: Evé) and Kabiyé.[79]
Though not native to most groups, French is used in formal education, legislature, all forms of media, administration and commerce. Ewe is a language of wider communication in the south. Tem functions to a limited extent as a trade language in some northern towns.[80] Officially, Ewe and Kabiye are "national languages", which in the Togolese context means languages that are promoted in formal education and used in the media. Others are Gen, Aja, Moba, Ntcham, and Ife. In joining the Commonwealth, the Togolese government has anticipated opportunities for Togolese citizens to learn English.[27]
Health
The Human Rights Measurement Initiative[81] finds that Togo is fulfilling 73.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income.[82] When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Togo achieves 93.8% of what is expected based on its current income.[82] In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves 88.2% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income.[82] It falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling 37.3% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.[82]
Health expenditure in Togo was 5.2% of GDP in 2014, which ranks the country in 45th place in the world.[64] The infant mortality rate is approximately 43.7 deaths per 1,000 children in 2016.[64] Male life expectancy at birth was at 62.3 in 2016, whereas it was at 67.7 years for females.[64] There were 5 physicians per 100,000 people in 2008[64] According to a 2013 UNICEF report,[83] 4% of women in Togo have undergone female genital mutilation.
As of 2015[update], the maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Togo is 368, compared with 350 in 2010 and 539.7 in 1990.[64] The under 5 mortality rate per 1,000 births is 100, and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 32. In Togo the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 2 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women is 1 in 67.[84]
In 2016, Togo had 4100 (2400-6100) new HIV infections and 5100 (3100-7700) AIDS-related deaths. There were 100,000 (73,000-130,000) people living with HIV in 2016, among whom 51% (37-67%) were accessing antiretroviral therapy. Among pregnant women living with HIV, 86% (59% - >95%) were accessing treatment or prophylaxis to prevent transmission of HIV to their children. An estimated <1000 (<500-1400) children were newly infected with HIV due to mother-to-child transmission. Among people living with HIV, approximately 42% (30-55%) had suppressed viral loads.[85]
AFD is working to enhance living conditions in Lomé, the coastal city with a population of 1.4 million, by modernizing solid waste management services. The project involves enhancing garbage collection through the construction of a new landfill that meets international standards.[86][87]
In 2024, a Universal Health Insurance program was launched, covering 800,000 people within six months and implemented through the National Social Security Fund and the National Health Insurance Institute.[88]
Education
Education in Togo is compulsory for six years.[89] In 1996, the gross primary enrollment rate was 119.6%, and the net primary enrollment rate was 81.3%.[89] In 2011, the net enrollment rate was 94%. The education system has "suffered from teacher shortages, lower educational quality in rural areas, and high repetition and dropout rates".[89]
The culture reflects the influences of ethnic groups, the largest of which are the Ewe, Mina, Tem, Tchamba and Kabre. Some people follow native animistic practices and beliefs.
Ewe statuary is characterized by its statuettes which illustrate the worship of the ibeji. Sculptures and hunting trophies were used rather than the "more ubiquitous" African masks. The wood-carvers of Kloto has their "chains of marriage": Two characters are connected by rings whittled from one piece of wood.
The dyed fabric batiks of the artisanal centre of Kloto represent stylized and coloured scenes of ancient everyday life. There are loincloths used in the ceremonies of the weavers of Assahoun. Works of the painter Sokey Edorh are inspired by the "immense arid extents, swept by the dry wind", and where the soil keeps the prints of the men and the animals. The plastics technician Paul Ahyi practiced the "zota", a kind of pyroengraving, and his monumental achievements decorate Lomé.
^"Togo", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 11 January 2023, archived from the original on 12 October 2023, retrieved 13 January 2023
^"Togo". Ujamaa Live. 26 April 2019. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
^Ellis, Stephen (1993). "Rumour and Power in Togo". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 63 (4). Cambridge University Press: 462–476. doi:10.2307/1161002. JSTOR1161002. S2CID145261033.
^"Togo". www.unaids.org. Archived from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
^Bank, European Investment (23 February 2023). "The Clean Oceans Initiative". Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
Terang BulanDesaGapura selamat datang di Desa Terang BulanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera UtaraKabupatenLabuhanbatu UtaraKecamatanAek NatasKode pos21455Kode Kemendagri12.23.07.2011 Luas... km²Jumlah penduduk... jiwaKepadatan... jiwa/km² Terang Bulan merupakan salah satu desa yang ada di kecamatan Aek Natas, Kabupaten Labuhanbatu Utara, provinsi Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. Pranala luar (Indonesia) Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran...
Kamal NasserLahirKamal Butros Nasser1925Bir ZeitMeninggal9 atau 10 April 1973KebangsaanPalestinaAlmamaterUniversitas Amerika BeirutPekerjaanIlmuwan politik Yassir Arafat dengan pemimpin Front Demokratik untuk Pembebasan Palestina, Nayef Hawatmeh dan Kamal Nasser di konferensi pers di Amman, 1970 Kamal Butros Nasser (1925 – 9 atau 10 April 1973) adalah seorang penyair, penulis dan pemimpin politik Palestina. Kehidupan awal Nasser lahir di Bir Zeit pada 1925 dari sebuah keluarga Kristen Pale...
سير ريتشارد برانسون معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة (بالإنجليزية: Richard Charles Nicholas Branson) الميلاد 18 يوليو 1950 (74 سنة)[1][2][3] بلاكهيث، لندن[4] الإقامة جزيرة نيكر مواطنة المملكة المتحدة[5] الديانة إلحاد[6] مشكلة صحية عسر القراءة الحيا...
Stefano Tacconi Tacconi alla Juventus nella stagione 1989-1990 Nazionalità Italia Altezza 188 cm Peso 80 kg Calcio Ruolo Portiere Termine carriera 1994 Carriera Giovanili 1970-1975 Spoleto1975-1976 Inter Squadre di club1 1976-1977→ Spoleto30 (-18)1977-1978→ Pro Patria7 (-3)1978-1979→ Livorno33 (-20)1979-1980 Sambenedettese38 (-31)1980-1983 Avellino90 (-93)1983-1992 Juventus254 (-231)[1]1992-1994 Genoa43 (-68) Nazionale 19??...
Motor vehicle Infiniti QX56/QX802019 Infiniti QX80 (US)OverviewManufacturerInfiniti (Nissan)Also calledInfiniti QX56 (2004–2013)Production2004–presentBody and chassisClassFull-size luxury SUVBody style5-door SUVLayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-driveFront-engine, four-wheel-driveChassisBody-on-frameChronologyPredecessorInfiniti QX4 The Infiniti QX80 (formerly called the Infiniti QX56 until 2013) is a full-size luxury SUV marketed by Nissan's luxury division Infiniti. The first-gen...
1. deild 1990 Competizione 1. deild Sport Calcio Edizione 79ª Organizzatore KSI Date dal 19 maggio 1990al 15 settembre 1990 Luogo Islanda Partecipanti 10 Risultati Vincitore Fram(18º titolo) Retrocessioni ÞórÍA Statistiche Miglior marcatore Hörður Magnússon (13 goal) Cronologia della competizione 1989 1991 Manuale La 1. deild 1990 fu la 79ª edizione della massima serie del campionato di calcio islandese disputata tra il 19 maggio e il 15 settembre 1990 e conclusa ...
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Thunderbird et Mozilla. Mozilla Thunderbird Informations Développé par MZLA Technologies Corporation (d) Première version 28 juillet 2003 Dernière version 115.10.2 (1er mai 2024)[1] Version avancée 126.0beta (17 avril 2024)[2] Dépôt hg.mozilla.org/comm-central Écrit en C++, C et JavaScript Interface GTK Système d'exploitation Microsoft Windows, macOS et Linux Environnement Microsoft Windows Formats lus Maildir, Mork (en) et LDAP Data Interchange For...
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Cross of Merit Austria-Hungary – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) AwardCross of Merit (Austria-Hungary)Golden Cross of Merit with the Crown on the red (civilian) ribbonDescription Golden Cross of Merit with the Crown Golden...
Arondisemen ke-19 Paris 19e arrondissement de ParisArondisemen kotaIle du Belvédère, Parc des Buttes Chaumont Lambang kebesaranLokasi di wilayah ParisKoordinat: 48°52′56″N 2°22′55″E / 48.88222°N 2.38194°E / 48.88222; 2.38194Koordinat: 48°52′56″N 2°22′55″E / 48.88222°N 2.38194°E / 48.88222; 2.38194NegaraPrancisRegionÎle-de-FranceDepartemenParisKomuneParisPemerintahan • Walikota (2020–2026) François Da...
artikel ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia. Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Silakan kembangkan artikel ini semampu Anda. Merapikan artikel dapat dilakukan dengan wikifikasi atau membagi artikel ke paragraf-paragraf. Jika sudah dirapikan, silakan hapus templat ini. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Artikel ini memberikan informasi dasar tentang topik kesehatan. Informasi dalam artikel ini hanya boleh digunakan untuk penjelasan ilmiah; bukan u...
Collegiate athletic conference made up of historically black colleges and universities Southwestern Conference redirects here. For the former major college conference in Texas and Arkansas, see Southwest Conference. Southwestern Athletic ConferenceAssociationNCAAFounded1920; 104 years ago (1920)CommissionerCharles McClellandSports fielded 18 men's: 8 women's: 10 DivisionDivision ISubdivisionFCSNo. of teams12HeadquartersBirmingham, AlabamaRegionSouthernOfficial websitewww.swa...
County in Kansas, United States County in KansasKearny CountyCountyKearny County Courthouse in Lakin (2015)Location within the U.S. state of KansasKansas's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 38°00′29″N 101°08′54″W / 38.0081°N 101.1483°W / 38.0081; -101.1483Country United StatesState KansasFoundedMarch 20, 1873Named forPhilip KearnySeatLakinLargest cityLakinArea • Total871 sq mi (2,260 km2) • Land871 sq...
ألفية: ألفية 2 قرون: القرن 18 – القرن 19 – القرن 20 عقود: عقد 1810 عقد 1820 عقد 1830 – عقد 1840 – عقد 1850 عقد 1860 عقد 1870 سنين: 1841 1842 1843 – 1844 – 1845 1846 1847 1844 في التقاويم الأخرىتقويم ميلادي1844MDCCCXLIVتقويم هجري1259–1260تقويم هجري شمسي1222–1223تقويم أمازيغي2794من بداية روما259...
County in Ontario, Canada United counties in Ontario, CanadaStormont, Dundas and GlengarryUnited counties (upper-tier)United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and GlengarryLocation of Stormont Dundas and Glengarry United CountiesCoordinates: 45°10′N 74°57′W / 45.167°N 74.950°W / 45.167; -74.950CountryCanadaProvinceOntarioRegionEastern OntarioEstablished1850County seatCornwallMunicipalities List CornwallNorth DundasNorth GlengarryNorth StormontSouth DundasSouth Gleng...
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: 2009 Summer Deaflympics – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 21st Summer DeaflympicsMotto: Power in me! 無聲的力量!Host cityTaipeiCountry Taiwan (as Chinese Taipei)MottoPower in me! (English)無聲的力量! (Traditional Chinese, li...
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولميكانيكا الكم i ℏ ∂ ∂ t | ψ ( t ) ⟩ = H ^ | ψ ( t ) ⟩ {\displaystyle i\hbar {\fra...
Giuseppe Pietri negli anni 30 Giuseppe Pietri (Sant'Ilario in Campo, 6 maggio 1886 – Milano, 11 agosto 1946) è stato un compositore italiano specializzato nel genere dell'operetta. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Composizioni 2.1 Operette 2.2 Opere liriche 2.3 Altro 3 Bibliografia 4 Altri progetti 5 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Studiò presso il Conservatorio di Milano grazie a Pilade Del Buono, che gli permise di iscriversi dopo averlo sentito suonare in occasione di un concerto a Portoferraio in ...
19th-century Russian grand duke This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Konstantin PavlovichPortrait by George Dawe 1834Born(1779-04-27)27 April 1779Tsarskoye Selo, Saint Petersburg Governorate, Russian EmpireDied15 June 1831(1831-06-15) (aged 52)Vitebsk, Russian EmpireBurialPeter and Paul C...
Roman legion 9th Legion redirects here. For the Polish regiment, see 9th Legions' Infantry Regiment. Legio IX HispanaMap of the Roman empire in AD 125, under emperor Hadrian, showing the IX Hispana's last attested location at Noviomagus Batavorum on the Rhine (Nijmegen, Netherlands)ActiveBefore 58 BC to sometime in the AD 2nd centuryCountryRoman Republic and Roman EmpireTypeRoman legion (Marian)RoleInfantry assaultSizec. 5,400Garrison/HQHispania Tarraconensis 41–c....
.jpg)
