Eleanor Lansing Dulles

Eleanor Lansing Dulles
Born(1895-06-01)June 1, 1895
DiedOctober 30, 1996(1996-10-30) (aged 101)
Resting placeRock Creek Cemetery
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Alma materBryn Mawr College, Radcliffe College, Harvard University
Occupations
  • Academic
  • professor
  • economist
Known forDiplomacy, academia, publishing
Spouse
(m. 1932; died 1934)
Children2
RelativesJohn Watson Foster (grandfather)
Mary Parke Foster (grandmother)
Robert Lansing (uncle)
John Foster Dulles (brother)
Allen Dulles (brother)
Avery Cardinal Dulles (nephew)

Eleanor Lansing Dulles (June 1, 1895 – October 30, 1996) was an American writer, professor, and United States government employee. Her background in economics and her familiarity with European affairs enabled her to fill a number of important State Department positions.

Early career

Dulles graduated from Wykeham Rise School in Washington, Connecticut, and attended Bryn Mawr College, graduating with a B.A. in 1917. She spent two years working for relief organizations in France. When World War I ended, she continued her schooling. Still convinced European studies were useful to her, in 1921–22 she took courses at the Sorbonne. She returned to the U.S. for a radical change of pace, taking odd jobs in the real world including running a punch press at the American Tube and Stamping Company in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and working as a payroll clerk for a hair-net company in Long Island City, Queens, New York.

Beginning in 1923, she studied at Radcliffe College and Harvard University, earning her M.A. from the former in 1924 and a doctorate in economics from the latter in 1926, writing her thesis on the French franc. She taught economics at Simmons College during the 1924–1925 academic year. For the next ten years she taught economics at various colleges, including Simmons, Bryn Mawr, and the University of Pennsylvania. As a student and college professor she made frequent trips to Europe to study and conduct research on European financial matters. Though she married in 1932, she always used her maiden name professionally.[1]

In 1933, she argued against the supposed benefits of inflationary government policies in The Dollar, the Franc and Inflation.[2]

In 1936, Dulles entered government service. Her first position was at the Social Security Board, where she studied the economic aspects of financing the Social Security program. In April 1942, she transferred to the Board of Economic Warfare where she spent five months studying various types of international economic matters.

State Department

In September 1942, she joined the Department of State, where she worked, aside from a short stint at the Department of Commerce, for almost twenty years, beginning as an Economic Officer in the Division of Postwar Planning.

During her first three years at the State Department, Dulles was involved in post-war economic planning. She helped determine the U.S. position on international financial cooperation and participated in the Bretton Woods Conference of 1944 at which the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development were established. After the end of World War II, in the spring of 1945 she went to Europe, where she became involved in the reconstruction of the Austrian economy as the U.S. Financial Attaché in Austria.

In 1949, Eleanor transferred to the German Austrian Division at the State Department, where she took an active interest in the affairs of Berlin and became a member of the informal 'Berlin Lobby' in the United States.[3]

She worked for the Commerce Department for several months in 1951–1952, and then returned to the State Department Office of German Affairs shortly before her brother John Foster Dulles became Secretary of State. She successfully resisted his attempts to remove her from her position.[4]

She made many trips to Berlin and was involved in planning the construction of the Berlin Medical Center. The Berlin Congress Hall, the U.S. contribution to the International Building Exhibition was nicknamed the Dulleseum (Dulles plus Museum) for the role of Eleanor and her brother John Foster in its financing and construction.[5] Later, she was hailed as "the Mother of Berlin" for helping to revitalize Berlin's economy and culture during the 1950s.[4]

In 1958, she described the working environment at the State Department:[4]

This place is a real man's world if ever there was one. It's riddled with prejudices. If you are a woman in Government service you just have to work 10 times as hard–and even then it takes much skill to paddle around the various taboos. But it is fun to see how far you can get in spite of being a woman.

In 1959, Dulles transferred from the German Desk to the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, where she became involved in a study of economic conditions in underdeveloped countries. As part of the study she traveled extensively in Africa, Latin America and South Asia.

Secretary of State Dean Rusk requested her resignation on September 21, 1961, at the insistence of the Kennedy Administration following the April Bay of Pigs Invasion, a foreign relations disaster for the U.S. that her brother Allen had overseen as head of the CIA.[6] She resigned in January 1962.[7]

Academia and publishing

She returned to teaching, first at Duke University and then at Georgetown University.

She authored several books on U.S. foreign policy. In 1963 she published a study of her brother's final year at the State Department, John Foster Dulles: The Last Year, with a foreword by President Eisenhower.[8]

She continued her trips abroad, sometimes as a representative of the U.S. Government. In 1967, she represented the United States at the funeral of Konrad Adenauer. She also wrote several books describing conditions in Germany.

In 1978, she criticized Leonard Mosley's biography of her and her brothers, Dulles. She had given the author several interviews, but said his "implication that three people could connive to produce a foreign policy is a schoolboy approach". She said it contain 900 errors, twice as many as Townsend Hoopes' hostile study The Devil and John Foster Dulles.[9]

She wrote a study of Dean Acheson and John Foster Dulles that found commonality in their approaches to deterrence. It remained unpublished at her death.[10]

Awards

Radcliffe gave her its Distinguished Achievement Award in 1955.[11] In 1957 the Free University of Berlin gave her an honorary doctorate and she received the Carl Schurz Plaque.

In 1993, Dulles donated a collection of her documents to the Mount Vernon College for Women, which merged with the George Washington University in 1999. The collection contains a variety of materials that document both her professional and personal life. It is currently cared for by GWU's Special Collections Research Center, located in the Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library.[12]

Family and personal life

Eleanor Lansing Dulles was born on June 1, 1895, in Watertown, New York, one of five siblings born to Allen Macy Dulles and Edith (née Foster) Dulles. Her grandfather, John Watson Foster, served as United States Secretary of State under President Benjamin Harrison, for eight months. Her mother's sister married Robert Lansing, Secretary of State under President Woodrow Wilson. Her eldest brother, John Foster Dulles, was Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Her other brother, Allen Dulles, served as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency from 1953 to 1961. She had two sisters, as well, Margaret and Nataline. Her nephew Avery Dulles was a prominent lay Catholic convert, who was made a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

Eleanor Lansing Dulles married David Simon Blondheim (1884–1934) on December 6, 1932.[13] Blondheim had been a Medieval Studies fellow of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation in 1926 and then a professor at Johns Hopkins University from 1929 to 1932. He was Romance philologist with a specialty in Judeo-Romance, a field that in many ways he invented. Blondheim committed suicide on March 19, 1934.[14] Dulles and Blondheim had a son, David Dulles (born 1934, after his father's death). She later adopted a daughter, Ann Welsh Dulles (1937–2006), who was known after her 1962 marriage as Mrs. Anne Dulles Joor.[15] Her children survived her.[4][16]

Dulles died on October 30, 1996, aged 101, in a retirement home in Washington, D.C.,[4] and was buried in Rock Creek Cemetery there.

Henderson Harbor

Throughout her life, Dulles spent summers in Henderson Harbor, New York.[17] She was first introduced to the area as a child through her maternal grandparents who maintained a cottage there.[18] Dulles maintained a summer residence there as an adult[19] and in 1963 publicly campaigned against the construction of large cement plant that would endanger the ecological beauty and serenity of the area.[20]

Ancestry

Writings

Author
  • The French Franc 1914–1928: The Facts and Their Interpretation (1928, reprinted 1978 by Arno Press)
  • The Bank for International Settlements at Work (NY: Macmillan Co., 1932)
  • The Dollar, the Franc and Inflation (NY: Macmillan Co., 1933)
  • Depression and Reconstruction (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1936)
  • Financing the Social Security Act: A report made for the Bureau of Research and Statistics of the Social Security Board (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Research and Statistics of the Social Security Board, 1937)
  • John Foster Dulles: The Last Year (NY: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1963)
  • Berlin–The Wall Is Not Forever (University of North Carolina Press, 1967)
  • American Foreign Policy in the Making (NY: Harper & Row, 1968)
  • One Germany or Two (Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, 1970)
  • The Wall: A Tragedy in Three Acts (University of South Carolina Press, 1972)
  • Eleanor Lansing Dulles: Chances of a Lifetime, a Memoir (Prentice-Hall, 1980)[21]
Co-author
  • Détente: Cold War Strategies in Transition (1965), with Richard Crane Dickson
  • Dominican Action–1965: Intervention or Cooperation? (1966), with Willard L. Beaulac, Karl H. Cerny, Jules Davids, and Joseph S. Farland

Notes

  1. ^ Dulles, Chances of a Lifetime, pg. 114
  2. ^ Chamberlain, John (December 20, 1933). "Books of the Times" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  3. ^ Andreas Daum, Kennedy in Berlin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-85824-3, pp. 24, 42, 50, 66, 69.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Eleanor L. Dulles of State Dept. Dies at 101". New York Times. November 4, 1996. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  5. ^ Gilroy, Harry (September 13, 1957). "Berlin Will Open New 'Dulleseum'" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  6. ^ Dulles, Eleanor Lansing (1980). Eleanor Lansing Dulles: Chances of a Lifetime, A Memoir. Prentice-Hall. p. 305.
  7. ^ "Mrs. Dulles Retiring After 19 Years" (PDF). New York Times. January 7, 1962. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  8. ^ "Books Today" (PDF). New York Times. October 23, 1963. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  9. ^ Mitgang, Herbert (March 9, 1978). "A Dulles Alleges 900 Errors in 'Dulles'" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  10. ^ Brinkley, Douglas (1992). Dean Acheson: The Cold War Years, 1953-71. Yale University Press. p. 336 n68. ISBN 0300060750.
  11. ^ "Alumnae Group Elects" (PDF). New York Times. June 12, 1955. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  12. ^ Guide to the Eleanor Lansing Dulles Papers, 1867-1993, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, George Washington University.
  13. ^ Dulles, Chances of a Lifetime, pg. 361
  14. ^ Gold, David L. (1986). "Towards a Prosopography of David Simon Blondheim (1884-1934)". Jewish Language Review (6): 185–202.
  15. ^ Dulles, Chances of a Lifetime, pp. 362, 367
  16. ^ "John D. Joor Weds Miss Ann W. Dulles" (PDF). New York Times. May 27, 1962. Retrieved April 3, 2014.
  17. ^ Bart Barnes, "Diplomat, Author Eleanor Dulles Dies", The Washington Post, November 2, 1996.
  18. ^ Ferrell, Robert H. (1963). The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy: John Foster Dulles Cooper Square Publishers, New York, NY, pg. 4
  19. ^ "Dulles, Eleanor Lansing (1895–1996), Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed October 11, 2022.
  20. ^ Eleanor Lansing Dulles, "To Save Henderson Harbor: Erection of Plant in Northern New York Seen As Threat", The New York Times, December 12, 1963, pg. 38
  21. ^ Auchincloss, Eve (April 20, 1980). "Loyal Sister" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2014.

Read other articles:

Peta wilayah Allhartsberg (merah) dalam Austria Hilir. Allhartsberg adalah kota yang terletak di Austria Hilir, Austria. Kota ini memiliki luas sebesar 21.34 km². Kota ini memiliki populasi sebesar 1.919 jiwa. Pranala luar Situs resmi lbsKota di distrik Amstetten Allhartsberg Amstetten Ardagger Aschbach-Markt Behamberg Biberbach Ennsdorf Ernsthofen Ertl Euratsfeld Ferschnitz Haag Haidershofen Hollenstein an der Ybbs Kematen an der Ybbs Neuhofen an der Ybbs Neustadtl an der Donau Oed-Öh...

 

Fatmir Sejdiu Presiden KosovoMasa jabatan10 Februari 2006 – 27 September 2010Perdana MenteriBajram KosumiAgim ÇekuHashim Thaçi PenggantiJakup Krasniqi (Acting) Informasi pribadiLahir23 Oktober 1951 (umur 72)Pakaštica, RFS Yugoslavia (sekarang Kosovo[1])Partai politikLiga DemokratikSuami/istriNezafete SejdiuSunting kotak info • L • B Fatmir Sejdiu[2] (lahir 23 Oktober 1951) adalah Presiden kedua dari Republik Kosovo dan pemimpin Liga Demokratik ...

 

Largest of the cranial nerve nuclei Trigeminal nerve nucleiThe cranial nerve nuclei schematically represented; dorsal view. Motor nuclei in red; sensory in blue. (Trigeminal nerve nuclei are at V.)DetailsIdentifiersLatinnuclei trigeminiMeSHD014278NeuroNames2021NeuroLex IDnifext_11FMA71248Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy[edit on Wikidata] The sensory trigeminal nerve nuclei are the largest of the cranial nerve nuclei, and extend through the whole of the midbrain, pons and medulla, and into...

Disney animated television series Teacher's PetCreated byGary BasemanBill SteinkellnerCheri SteinkellnerDirected by Timothy Björklund Alfred Gimeno (season 2) Donald V. MacKinnon (season 2) Ennio Torresan Jr. (season 2) Voices of Nathan Lane Shaun Fleming Debra Jo Rupp Jerry Stiller David Ogden Stiers Wallace Shawn Kevin Schon[nb 1] Theme music composerBrian WoodburyPeter LuryeOpening themeI Wanna Be a BoyComposersStephen James TaylorBrian WoodburyPeter LuryeCountry of originUnited S...

 

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (يونيو 2019) هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسي...

 

Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Aubepierre-Ozouer-le-Repos.  = Kawasan perkotaan  = Lahan subur  = Padang rumput  = Lahan pertanaman campuran  = Hutan  = Vegetasi perdu  = Lahan basah  = Anak sungaiAubepierre-Ozouer-le-ReposNegaraPrancisArondisemenMelunKantonMormantAntarkomuneCommunauté de communes de l'Yerres à l'AncoeurPemerintahan • Wali kota (2008-2014) Pierre Cuypers • Populasi1867Kode INSEE/pos77010 /...

Antonov An-14 Pchelka (bahasa Rusia: «Пчелка», Little Bee, (nama pelaporan NATO: Clod) adalah pesawat utilitas Soviet yang pertama kali diterbangkan pada 15 Maret 1958. Itu adalah transportasi STOL utilitas ringan bermesin twin. Penerus An-14, An-28 dengan mesin turboprop, masih diproduksi di pabrik-pabrik PZL Mielec di Polandia di bawah nama-nama PZL M28 Skytruck dan PZL M28B Bryza. Dengan karakteristik penerbangan yang sangat stabil, An-14 bisa diterbangkan oleh sebagian besar sete...

 

För andra betydelser, se Bangladesh (olika betydelser). গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ (Ganaprajātantrī Bānglādesh) Flagga Statsvapen Nationalsång: Amar Sonar Bangla läge Huvudstad(även största stad) Dhaka Officiellt språk bengali Demonym bangladeshier; bangladeshare; bangladeshisk[1] Statsskick Parlamentarisk republik  -  President Mohammed Shahabuddin[2]  -  Premiärminister Hasina Wajed Självständighet från Pakistan...

 

Sir Douglas FisherRear Admiral Fisher on the quarterdeck of HMS Duke of York, October 1942Born23 October 1890 (1890-10-23)Died4 October 1963 (1963-10-05) (aged 72)Allegiance United KingdomService/branch Royal NavyYears of service1907–1949RankAdmiralCommands heldHMS WarspiteBattles/warsWorld War IWorld War IIAwardsKnight Commander of the Order of the BathKnight Commander of the Order of the British Empire Admiral Sir Douglas Blake Fisher KCB KBE (23 October 1890 R...

Tibeto-Burman ethno-linguistic group native to the state of Manipur, India This article contains the Meitei alphabet. Without proper rendering support, you may see errors in display. MonsangMonsang written in Meitei scriptTotal population2,427 [1]LanguagesMonsang language (L1) Meitei language (L2)[2]ReligionChristianityRelated ethnic groupsMeitei people, Moyon people, Naga people The Monsang people, also known as the Monsang Naga, are a Tibeto-Burman ethno-linguistic group nat...

 

Voce principale: Società Sportiva Scafatese Calcio. Unione Sportiva ScafateseStagione 1947-1948Sport calcio Squadra Scafatese Allenatore Secondo Roggero, poi Vittorio Mosele Presidente Gaetano Coppola e Vittorio Nappi Serie B12º posto nel girone C. Retrocesso in Serie C. Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Punzi, Vassallo (33) 1946-1947 1948-1949 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti l'Unione Sportiva Scafatese nelle competizioni ufficiali d...

 

Сэцен-ханский аймак (Sezen Kan) на карте империи Цин в 1911 году. Сэцэ́н-хан — титул младшей ветви потомков Гэрэсэндзэ от его сына Амина, получившего уделы (монг. отог) Хурээ и Цоохор. Вместе с другими потомками Гэрэсэндзэ, носившими титулы ханов Дзасагту и Тушэту, правили в Халхе...

Water storage on the Green River in Wyoming Fontenelle ReservoirFontenelle Reservoir in 1972Fontenelle ReservoirShow map of WyomingFontenelle ReservoirShow map of the United StatesLocationLincoln / Sweetwater counties, Wyoming, USACoordinates42°02′00″N 110°04′00″W / 42.03333°N 110.06667°W / 42.03333; -110.06667TypereservoirPrimary inflowsGreen RiverPrimary outflowsGreen RiverCatchment area4,156 sq mi (10,760 km2)Basin countriesUnited Sta...

 

This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: The Scout Association of Jamaica – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Scout AssociationThe Scout emblem incorporates the coat of arms of JamaicaLocation2D, Camp Road, Kingston 5CountryJamaicaMembership2,539Chief ScoutSir Patrick Allen...

 

Filmmaking in Senegal Film icon for Senegal The cinema of Senegal (French: Cinéma du Sénégal) is a relatively small film industry which experienced its prime from the 1960s through to the early 1980s, but has since declined to less than five feature films produced in the last ten years.[1][needs update] Senegal is the capital of African cinema and the most important place of African film production after its independence from France in 1960. Cinematic history Early films: 1...

Australian television sports commentary program SportsNight with James BraceyTitle card of SportsNight with James BraceyGenreNews, Sports, CommentaryPresented byJames BraceyCountry of originAustraliaOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons4ProductionRunning time1 hourOriginal releaseNetworkSky News AustraliaRelease27 January 2013 (2013-01-27)[1] –15 December 2016 (2016-12-15) SportsNight with James Bracey was an Australian television sports news and commentary program p...

 

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (ديسمبر 2015) المجلس الوطني الألماني للسياحة البلد ألمانيا  المقر الرئيسي فرانكفورت،  وفرانكفورت  تاريخ التأسيس 1948  الوضع القانوني نادي  الموقع الرسمي المو...

 

1968 film BadarnaFilm posterDirected byYngve GamlinWritten byYngve GamlinLars ArdeliusProduced byGöran LindgrenStarringIngrid ThulinCinematographyJan LindeströmRelease date 6 April 1968 (1968-04-06) Running time98 minutesCountrySwedenLanguageSwedish Badarna is a 1968 Swedish drama film directed by Yngve Gamlin. Halvar Björk won the award for Best Actor at the 5th Guldbagge Awards.[1] Cast Ingrid Thulin as Cook Halvar Björk as Knoppen Berglund Gunilla Olsson as Bua B...

Годы 131 до н. э. · 130 до н. э. · 129 до н. э. · 128 до н. э. — 127 до н. э. — 126 до н. э. · 125 до н. э. · 124 до н. э. · 123 до н. э. Десятилетия 140-е до н. э. · 130-е до н. э. — 120-е до н. э. — 110-е до н. э. · 100-е...

 

1998 film by Brad Silberling Not to be confused with The Crow: City of Angels. City of AngelsTheatrical release posterDirected byBrad SilberlingScreenplay byDana StevensBased onWings of Desireby Wim Wenders    Peter Handke    Richard ReitingerProduced byCharles RovenDawn SteelStarring Nicolas Cage Meg Ryan Dennis Franz Andre Braugher CinematographyJohn SealeEdited byLynzee KlingmanMusic byGabriel YaredProductioncompaniesRegency EnterprisesAtlas Entertai...