Earthquake light

An earthquake light also known as earthquake lightning or earthquake flash is a luminous optical phenomenon that appears in the sky at or near areas of tectonic stress, seismic activity, or volcanic eruptions.[1] There is no broad consensus as to the causes of the phenomenon (or phenomena) involved. The phenomenon differs from disruptions to electrical grids – such as arcing power lines – which can produce bright flashes as a result of ground shaking or hazardous weather conditions.[2][3][4]

Appearance

One of the first records of earthquake lights is from the 869 Jōgan earthquake, described as "strange lights in the sky" in Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku.[5] The lights are reported to appear while an earthquake is occurring, although there are reports of lights before or after earthquakes, such as reports concerning the 1975 Kalapana earthquake.[6] They are reported to have shapes similar to those of the auroras, with a white to bluish hue, but occasionally they have been reported having a wider color spectrum. The luminosity is reported to be visible for several seconds, but has also been reported to last for tens of minutes. Accounts of viewable distance from the epicenter varies: in the 1930 Idu earthquake, lights were reported up to 110 km (70 mi) from the epicenter.[7] Earthquake lights were reportedly spotted in Tianshui, Gansu, approximately 400 km (250 mi) north-northeast of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake's epicenter.[8]

During the 2003 Colima earthquake in Mexico, colorful lights were seen in the skies for the duration of the earthquake.[citation needed] During the 2007 Peru earthquake lights were seen in the skies above the sea and filmed by many people.[9] The phenomenon was also observed and caught on film during the 2009 L'Aquila[10][11] and the 2010 Chile earthquakes.[12] The phenomenon was also reported around the North Canterbury earthquake in New Zealand, that occurred 1 September 1888. The lights were visible in the morning of 1 September in Reefton, and again on 8 September.[13]

More recent appearances of the phenomenon, along with video footage of the incidents, happened in Napa and Sonoma Counties in California on August 24, 2014,[14] and in Wellington, New Zealand, on November 14, 2016, where blue flashes like lightning were seen in the night sky, and recorded on several videos.[15] On September 8, 2017, many people reported such sightings in Mexico City after a 8.2 magnitude earthquake with epicenter 740 km (460 mi) away, near Pijijiapan in the state of Chiapas.[16]

Appearances of the earthquake light seem to occur when the quakes have a high magnitude, generally 5 or higher on the Richter scale.[14] There have also been incidents of yellow, ball-shaped lights appearing before earthquakes.[17]

Instances of this phenomenon appear in videos[18] taken seconds after a 7.1 magnitude earthquake in the city of Acapulco, Mexico, around 20:47 on 7 September 2021. The New York Times reported that "Videos from both Acapulco and Mexico City also showed the night sky lit up with electrical flashes as power lines swayed and buckled."[19]

A recent one was seen in Qinghai Province, China at 01:45 on 8 January 2022. Surveillance video of a local resident captured the moment. During the 2022 Fukushima earthquake the phenomena was captured on video from multiple angles.[20] A 2023 study found the earthquake light coincided with a magnetic disturbance detected by a geomagnetic observatory, and ruled out "the possibility of the flashes being caused by explosions in transformers or power supply facilities" by checking the maintenance reports of regional power stations, none of which had malfunctioned near the location of the observed light.[21]

This phenomenon was observed around 01:18 on 22 September 2022 when a magnitude 6.8 aftershock of the 2022 Michoacán earthquake struck. Social media users including Webcams de México posted videos of blue lights which seemed to be radiating upward. This was reported in Mexico News Daily and included one of the videos.[22]

During the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes, multiple lights appeared continuously in Kahramanmaraş and Hatay provinces.[23] Later that year, blue light flashes were also seen in Agadir during the Marrakesh-Safi earthquake.[24]

Types

Simplified model of phole propagation within an interplate, orogenic tectonic setting in a subduction zone environment (i.e., Andean‐type). The vertical scale (topographic relief) is exaggerated for clarity. +, positive holes; e′, electrons.[25]

Earthquake lights may be classified into two different groups based on their time of appearance: (1) preseismic earthquake light, which generally occur a few seconds to up to a few weeks prior to an earthquake, and are generally observed closer to the epicenter and (2) coseismic earthquake light, which can occur either near the epicenter ("earthquake‐induced stress"), or at significant distances away from the epicenter during the passage of the seismic wavetrain, in particular during the passage of S waves ("wave‐induced stress").[25]

Earthquake light during the lower magnitude aftershock series seem to be rare.[25]

Possible explanations

Research into earthquake lights is ongoing; as such, several mechanisms have been proposed.

Some models suggest the generation of earthquake lights involve the ionization of oxygen to oxygen anions by breaking of peroxy bonds in some types of rocks (dolomite, rhyolite, etc.) by the high stress before and during an earthquake.[25] After the ionisation, the ions travel up through the cracks in the rocks. Once they reach the atmosphere these ions can ionise pockets of air, forming plasma that emits light.[26] Lab experiments have validated that some rocks do ionise the oxygen in them when subjected to high stress levels. Research suggests that the angle of the fault is related to the likelihood of earthquake light generation, with subvertical (nearly vertical) faults in rifting environments having the most incidences of earthquake lights.[27]

One hypothesis involves intense electric fields created piezoelectrically by tectonic movements of quartz-containing rocks such as granite.[28]

Another possible explanation is local disruption of the Earth's magnetic field and/or ionosphere in the region of tectonic stress, resulting in the observed glow effects either from ionospheric radiative recombination at lower altitudes and greater atmospheric pressure or as aurora. However, the effect is clearly not pronounced or notably observed at all earthquake events and is yet to be directly experimentally verified.[29]

During the American Physical Society's 2014 March meeting, research was provided that gave a possible explanation for the reason why bright lights sometimes appear during an earthquake. The research stated that when two layers of the same material rub against each other, voltage is generated. The researcher, Troy Shinbrot of Rutgers University, conducted experiments with different types of grains to mimic the crust of the Earth and emulated the occurrence of earthquakes. He reported that "when the grains split open, they measured a positive voltage spike, and when the split closed, a negative spike." The crack allows the voltage to discharge into the air which then electrifies the air and creates a bright electrical light when it does so. According to Shinbrot, they have produced these voltage spikes every single time with every material tested. While the reason for such an occurrence was not provided, Shinbrot referenced the phenomenon of triboluminescence. Researchers hope that by getting to the bottom of this phenomenon, it will provide more information that will allow seismologists to better predict earthquakes.[30][31][32]

Skepticism

In 2016, podcaster Brian Dunning said he was skeptical that the phenomenon even existed, citing a lack of direct evidence. There is also a "staggering volume of literature... hardly any of these papers agree on anything... I'm forced to wonder how many of these eager researchers are familiar with Hyman's Categorical Imperative 'Do not try to explain something until you are sure there is something to be explained'."[33]

In 2016, freelance writer Robert Sheaffer wrote that skeptics and science bloggers should be more skeptical of the phenomenon. Sheaffer on his Bad UFO blog shows examples of what people claim are earthquake lights, then he shows photos of iridescent clouds which appear to be the same. He states that "It's truly remarkable how mutable "earthquake lights" are. Sometimes they look like small globes, climbing up a mountain. Sometimes they look like flashes of lightning. Other times they look exactly like iridescent clouds. Earthquake lights can look like anything at all, when you are avidly seeking evidence for them."[34]

See also

References

  1. ^ Whitehead, Neil Evan; Ulusoy, Ü. (17 December 2015). "Origin of Earthquake Light Associated with Earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, 2010–2011" (PDF). Earth Sciences Research Journal. 19 (2): 113–120. doi:10.15446/esrj.v19n2.47000.
  2. ^ "What are earthquake lights? | U.S. Geological Survey". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  3. ^ Bressan, David. "'Light Shows' Filmed During Mexico Quake Are Neither Earthquake Lights Nor UFOs". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
  4. ^ "Power Flashes: Arcing power lines during storm events". stormhighway.com. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
  5. ^ Clarke, Richard A.; Eddy, R. P. (2017). Warnings: Finding Cassandras to stop catastrophe. Harper Collins. p. 77.
  6. ^ "November 29, 1975 Kalapana Earthquake". Hvo.wr.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
  7. ^ Lane, F. W. The Elements Rage (David & Charles 1966), pp. 175–76
  8. ^ Paul Simons (2008-03-15). "Glowing lights around an earthquake's epicenter". The Times. London. Archived from the original on October 8, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  9. ^ "Study homes in on the cause of earthquake light". Physicsworld.com. 2014-01-14. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
  10. ^ Fidani, C. (2010). "The earthquake lights (EQL) of the 6 April 2009 Aquila earthquake, in Central Italy". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 10 (5): 967–78. Bibcode:2010NHESS..10..967F. doi:10.5194/nhess-10-967-2010.
  11. ^ Fidani, C. (March 2012). "Statistical and spectral properties of the L'Aquila EQL in 2009". Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata. 53 (1): 135–46. doi:10.4430/bgta0034. Archived from the original on 2015-05-19.
  12. ^ "Registran enormes luces en el cielo durante terremoto de 88 grados de magnitud que destruyo Chile" [Recorded huge lights in the sky during the earthquake of 8.8 magnitude that destroyed Chile] (in Spanish). Peru Online. February 28, 2010. Archived from the original on March 1, 2010.
  13. ^ Hutton (1888). "The Earthquake in the Aimuri". Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 21: 269–353.
  14. ^ a b Carter, Lori (25 August 2014). "Did you see flashes? Yep, an earthquake can create 'em (w/video)". Press Democrat. Press Democrat. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  15. ^ "Wellington's sky turns blue at midnight as quakes collide, produce rare tectonic plate phenomenon". 1News.co.nz. 1News. November 14, 2016. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  16. ^ "¿Qué eran las luces que se vieron durante el sismo?" [What were the lights that were seen during the earthquake?]. El Universal (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  17. ^ Howard, Brian Clark. "Bizarre Earthquake Lights Finally Explained". National Geographic. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  18. ^ "Videos: Rare earthquake lights on Acapulco Mexico". Axency.com. 8 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  19. ^ Lopez, Oscar (2021-09-08). "Major Quake Shakes Acapulco, Mexico City". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-09-08.
  20. ^ "'Earthquake light' appears in sky above Japanese city – video". The Guardian. 16 March 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2022.
  21. ^ Xie, Busheng; Wu, Lixin; Mao, Wenfei; Wang, Ziqing; Sun, Licheng; Xu, Youyou (21 October 2023). "Horizontal Magnetic Anomaly Accompanying the Co-Seismic Earthquake Light of the M7.3 Fukushima Earthquake of 16 March 2022: Phenomenon and Mechanism". Remote Sensing. 15 (20): 5052. Bibcode:2023RemS...15.5052X. doi:10.3390/rs15205052. ISSN 2072-4292.
  22. ^ Davies, Peter (2022-09-22). "6.9 magnitude earthquake rocks Michoacán; 2 deaths reported". Mexico News Daily. Retrieved 2022-09-23.
  23. ^ "Dashcam footage captures moment fresh earthquake hits Turkey – video". The Guardian. 20 February 2023.
  24. ^ "Mysterious blue light flashes moments before Morocco earthquake". Al Bawaba. 10 September 2023.
  25. ^ a b c d Thériault, Robert; St-Laurent, France; Freund, Friedemann T.; Derr, John S. (2014-01-01). "Prevalence of Earthquake Lights Associated with Rift Environments". Seismological Research Letters. 85 (1): 159–178. Bibcode:2014SeiRL..85..159T. doi:10.1785/0220130059. ISSN 0895-0695.
  26. ^ Stromberg, Joseph (2014-01-02). "Why Do Lights Sometimes Appear in the Sky During An Earthquake?". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2021-10-11.
  27. ^ Thériault, Robert; St-Laurent, France; Freund, Friedemann T.; Derr, John S. (2014). "Prevalence of Earthquake Lights Associated with Rift Environments". Seismological Research Letters. 85 (1). Seismological Society of America: 159–78. Bibcode:2014SeiRL..85..159T. doi:10.1785/0220130059. ISSN 0895-0695.
  28. ^ Takaki, Shunji; Ikeya, Motoji (1998). "A Dark Discharge Model of Earthquake Lightning". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 37 (9A): 5016–20. Bibcode:1998JaJAP..37.5016T. doi:10.1143/JJAP.37.5016. S2CID 119878878.
  29. ^ "'Restless Earth' May Give Advance Notice of Large Earthquakes" (Press release). NASA. December 7, 2001. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2014.
  30. ^ Choi, Charles (26 February 2014). "Mysterious Flashing 'Earthquake Lights' Maybe Explained". livescience. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  31. ^ Kim, Meeri. "Experiments at Rutgers lend credence to existence of 'earthquake lights'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  32. ^ Luntz, Stephen (7 March 2014). "Clue To Mysterious Lights That Appear Before Earthquakes". Iflscience!. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  33. ^ Dunning, Brian. "Skeptoid #534: Earthquake Lights: Do They Exist?". Skeptoid. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
  34. ^ Sheaffer, Robert (7 January 2014). "Skeptics and Claims of "Earthquake Lights"". Bad UFOs: Skepticism, UFOs, and The Universe. Blogger. Retrieved 6 September 2016.

Read other articles:

Jordan 196

Jordan 196KategoriFormula OneKonstruktorJordanPerancangGary Anderson (Technical Director) Tim Holloway (Engineering Director) Mark Smith (Chief Engineer)Darren Davies (Head of Aerodynamics)Pendahulu195Penerus197Spesifikasi teknis[1]SasisCarbon-fibre and honeycomb composite structureSuspensi (depan)Double wishbones, pushrodSuspensi (belakang)Double wishbones, pushrodAxle trackFront: 1.700 mm (67 in)Rear: 1.618 mm (63,7 in)Wheelbase2.950 mm (116 in)MesinPeu...

 

 

LGBT rights in New Mexico

LGBT rights in New MexicoNew Mexico (US)StatusLegal since 1975Gender identityTransgender people may alter their legal gender[1]Discrimination protectionsProtections for sexual orientation and gender identityFamily rightsRecognition of relationshipsSame-sex marriage since 2013AdoptionSame-sex couples allowed to adopt Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the U.S. state of New Mexico enjoy the same rights as non-LGBT people. New Mexico has seen prominent advances in ...

 

 

Collins, New York

Town in New York, United StatesCollinsTownTown of CollinsLocation in Erie County and the state of New York.Location of New York in the United StatesCoordinates: 42°29′47″N 78°55′14″W / 42.49639°N 78.92056°W / 42.49639; -78.92056CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyErieIncorporated1821Government • MayorDavid TessmerArea[1] • Total48.14 sq mi (124.68 km2) • Land47.97 sq mi (124.23 km...

Élection présidentielle brésilienne de 2022

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Élection présidentielle de 2022. 2018 Élection présidentielle brésilienne de 2022 2 octobre 2022 (1er tour)30 octobre 2022 (2d tour) Corps électoral et résultats Inscrits 156 453 354 Votants au 1er tour 123 682 372   79,05 %  0,6 Votes exprimés au 1er tour 118 229 719 Blancs et nuls au 1er tour 5 452 653 Votants au 2d tour 124 252 796   79,42 %  0,7 Votes ex...

 

 

Khoja Marjanli Mosque

Mosque in Shusha, Azerbaijan Khoja Marjanli MosqueReligionAffiliationIslamBranch/traditionShia IslamLocationLocationShusha, AzerbaijanArchitectureTypeMosqueStyleIslamic architectureDate established18th centuryMinaret(s)none Khoja Marjanli Mosque (Azerbaijani: Xoca Mərcanlı məscidi) is a mosque located in Shusha, Azerbaijan. It is located on Mirza Alakbar Sabir street of Khoja Marjanli neighborhood of Shusha, about 350 km from capital Baku[1][2] It was part of the Nagorno-Ka...

 

 

Dorothy Lamour

Dorothy LamourLahirMary Leta Dorothy Slaton(1914-12-10)10 Desember 1914New Orleans, LouisianaMeninggal22 September 1996(1996-09-22) (umur 81)Los Angeles, CaliforniaPekerjaanAktrisTahun aktif1933—1994Suami/istriHerbie Kay (1935–1939)William Ross Howard III (1943–1978)Anak2 Dorothy Lamour (10 Desember 1914 – 22 September 1996) merupakan seorang aktris berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat. Dia dilahirkan dengan nama Mary Leta Dorothy Slaton di New Orleans, Louisiana. Di...

Fraser Anning

Australian politician Fraser AnningAnning in 2018Leader of the Conservative National PartyIn office2 April 2019 – 23 September 2020Preceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byPosition abolishedSenator for QueenslandIn office10 November 2017 – 30 June 2019Preceded byMalcolm RobertsSucceeded byMalcolm Roberts Personal detailsBornWilliam Fraser Anning (1949-10-14) 14 October 1949 (age 74)Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaPolitical partyConservative National (2019–2020)&#...

 

 

Auguste Bouché-Leclercq

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Bouché et Leclercq. Auguste Bouché-LeclercqAuguste Bouché-Leclercq.BiographieNaissance 30 juillet 1842FrancièresDécès 19 juillet 1923 (à 80 ans)Nogent-sur-MarneNationalité françaiseFormation Faculté des lettres de ParisActivités Historien, érudit classique, professeur d'universitéEnfant Emile Bouché-Leclercq (d)Autres informationsA travaillé pour Université de MontpellierFaculté des lettres de ParisMembre de Académie des inscriptions e...

 

 

Théâtre romain antique

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Théâtre antique. Un théâtre romain antique, à l'origine montage provisoire en bois durant les premiers siècles de la République romaine, est construit en pierre à partir du milieu du Ier siècle av. J.-C. Son architecture est la suite de l’évolution des théâtres grecs antérieurs opérée en Italie du Sud. Les premiers exemplaires, le théâtre de Pompée et le théâtre de Marcellus à Rome, établissent une nouvelle forme, différent...

Палеопропитеки

† Палеопропитеки Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:СинапсидыКласс:�...

 

 

Rallye de Sardaigne

Cet article est une ébauche concernant le sport automobile. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Rallye Italie Sardaigne Généralités Sport Rallye automobile Création 2004 Organisateur(s) Automobile Club d'Italie Éditions 21 (en 2024) Catégorie Championnat du monde des rallyes (WRC) Périodicité Annuelle (juin) Lieu(x) Olbia, Sardaigne Site web officiel rallyitaliasardegna.com Palmarès Tenant ...

 

 

Keuskupan Crema

Keuskupan CremaDioecesis CremensisKatolik Katedral CremaLokasiNegaraItaliaProvinsi gerejawiMilanStatistikLuas276 km2 (107 sq mi)Populasi- Total- Katolik(per 2013)103.297102,000 (perkiraan) (98.7%)Paroki62Imam92 (diosesan)10 (Ordo Relijius)InformasiDenominasiGereja KatolikRitusRitus RomaPendirian11 April 1579 (445 tahun lalu)KatedralCattedrale di S. Maria AssuntaKepemimpinan kiniPausFransiskusUskupDaniele GianottiPetaSitus webwww.diocesidicrema.it Keuskupan C...

Definition of terrorism

Contention as to what terrorism is Part of a series onTerrorism Definitions History Incidents By ideology Anarchist Communist Left-wing/Far-left Narcotics-driven Nationalist Right-wing/Far-right Religious Buddhist Christian (Mormon) Hindu Islamic (Salafi-Wahhabi) Jewish Sikh Special-interest / Single-issue Suffragette Anti-abortion Green/Ecological Misogynist Related topics Violent extremism Ethnic violence Militia movement Resistance movement Structure Financing Fronting Radicalizat...

 

 

Soup kitchen

Place where food is available at no cost as charity For the former restaurant, see Soup Kitchen International. A soup kitchen, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1931 A soup kitchen, food kitchen, or meal center is a place where food is offered to the hungry usually for no price, or sometimes at a below-market price (such as coin donations). Frequently located in lower-income neighborhoods, soup kitchens are often staffed by volunteer organizations, such as church or community groups. Soup kitchens so...

 

 

Pretty in Pink

1986 film by Howard Deutch This article is about the film. For the song of the same name by the Psychedelic Furs, see Pretty in Pink (song). For other uses, see Pretty in Pink (disambiguation). Pretty in PinkTheatrical release posterDirected byHoward DeutchWritten byJohn HughesProduced byLauren ShulerStarring Molly Ringwald Harry Dean Stanton Jon Cryer Annie Potts James Spader Andrew McCarthy CinematographyTak FujimotoEdited byRichard MarksMusic byMichael GoreDistributed byParamount Pictures&...

Atari Falcon

1992 personal computer Atari Falcon030ManufacturerAtari CorporationTypePersonal computerRelease date1992; 32 years ago (1992)Discontinued1993 (1993)Operating systemTOS/MultiTOSCPUMotorola 68030 @ 16 MHzMotorola 56001 @ 32 MHzMemory1, 4, or 14 Megabytes of RAMGraphicsVIDEL video controllerSoundSDMA sound/DMA co-processor (16-bits, 50 kHz; 8 stereo channels); Yamaha Y3439-F (3 channel PSG)PredecessorAtari TT030Atari MEGA STE The Atari Falcon030 (usually shortene...

 

 

List of Hindi films of 1920

Hindi cinema 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 19241925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 19341935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 19441945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 19541955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 19641965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 19741975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 200...

 

 

Breve amore/Ta-ra-ta-ta

Breve amore/Ta-ra-ta-tasingolo discograficoArtistaMina Pubblicazionegiugno 1966 Album di provenienzaStudio Uno 66 GenereMusica leggeraPop EtichettaRi-Fi RFN NP 16147 Arrangiamentilato A Piero Piccionilato B Augusto Martelli Formati7 CopertinaStudio Moletti Mina - cronologiaSingolo precedenteSe telefonando/No(1966)Singolo successivoSono come tu mi vuoiSe non ci fossi tu(1966) Breve amore/Ta-ra-ta-ta è il 77° singolo di Mina, pubblicato a giugno del 1966 su vinile a 45 giri dall'etichetta Ri-...

South African Class MB 2-6-6-0

1910 articulated steam locomotive NGR Mallet 2-6-6-0 1910South African Class MB 2-6-6-0NGR Mallet no. 337, SAR Class MB no. 1602, c. 1910Type and originPower typeSteamDesignerAmerican Locomotive CompanyBuilderAmerican Locomotive CompanySerial number48337-48341ModelNGR MalletBuild date1910Total produced5SpecificationsConfiguration:​ • Whyte2-6-6-0 (Denver) • UIC(1'C)Cnv4Driver3rd & 6th coupled axlesGauge3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) Cape gaugeLeadi...

 

 

差春騷府

差春騷府ฉะเชิงเทรา府 旗幟圖章綽號：Paet Rio差春騷府在泰國的位置坐标：13°41′15″N 101°04′13″E / 13.6875°N 101.07027777778°E / 13.6875; 101.07027777778國家 泰國首府差春騷政府 • 府尹Anukun Tangkhananukunchai (since October 2013)面积 • 总计5,351 平方公里（2,066 平方英里）面积排名41人口（2018） • 總計715,009[1]人 ...