Distyly

Distyly is a breeding system in plants that is characterized by two separate flower morphs, where individual plants produce flowers that have either long styles and short stamens (L-morph flowers) or short styles and long stamens (S-morph flowers).[1] However, distyly can refer to any plant that shows some degree of self-incompatibility and has two morphs if at least one of the following characteristics is true; there is a difference in style length, filament length, pollen size or shape, or the surface of the stigma.[2] Specifically these plants exhibit intra-morph self-incompatibility, flowers of the same style morph are incompatible.[3] Distylous species that do not exhibit true self-incompatibility generally show a bias towards inter-morph crosses - meaning they exhibit higher success rates when reproducing with an individual of the opposite morph.[4]

Distyly is a type of heterostyly in which a plant demonstrates reciprocal herkogamy.

Diagram of both distylous morphs
Example of distyly in Primula. A. L-morph (pin), B. S-morph (thrum) 1. petal. 2 sepal. 3 anther. 4 pistil.

Background

The first scientific account of distyly can be found in Stephan Bejthe's Caroli book Clusii Atrebatis Rariorum aliquot stirpium [5]. Bejthe describes the two floral morphs of Primula veris. Charles Darwin popularized distyly with his account of it in his book The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species.[6] Darwin's book represents the first account of intramorphic self-incompatibility in distylous plants and focuses on garden experiments in which he looks at seed set of different distylous Primula. Darwin names the two floral morphs S- and L-morph, moving away from the vernacular names, Pin (for L-morph) and Thrum (for S-morph), which he states were initially assigned by florist.

Distylous species have been identified in 28 families of Angiosperm, likely evolving independently in each family.[7] This means, the system has evolved at least 28 times, though it has been suggested the system has evolved multiple times within some families.[7] Since distyly has evolved more than once, it is considered a case of convergent evolution.[7]

Reciprocal herkogamy

Reciprocal herkogamy likely evolved to prevent the pollen of the same flower from landing on its own stigma. This in turn promotes outcrossing.

In a study of Primula veris it was found that pin flowers exhibit higher rates of self-pollination and capture more pollen than the thrum morph.[8] Different pollinators show varying levels of success while pollinating the different Primula morphs, the head or proboscis length of a pollinator is positively correlated to the uptake of pollen from long styled flowers and negatively correlated for pollen uptake on short styled flowers.[9] The opposite is true for pollinators with smaller heads, such as bees, they uptake more pollen from short styled morphs than long styled ones.[9] The differentiation in pollinators allows the plants to reduce levels of intra-morph pollination.

Models of evolution

There are two main hypothetical models for the order in which the traits of distyly evolved, the 'selfing avoidance model' [10] and the 'pollen transfer model'.[11]

  1. The selfing avoidance model suggests self-incompatibility (SI) evolved first, followed by the morphological difference. It was suggested that the male component of SI would evolve first via a recessive mutation, followed by female characteristics via a dominant mutation, and finally male morphological differences would evolve via a third mutation.[10]
  2. The pollen transfer model argues that morphological differences evolved first, and if a species is facing inbreeding depression, it may evolve SI.[11] This model can be used to explain the presence of reciprocal herkogamy in self-compatible species.[7]

Genetic control of distyly

A supergene, called the self-incompatibility (or S-) locus, is responsible for the occurrence of distyly.[7] The S-locus is composed of three tightly linked genes (S-genes) which segregate as a single unit.[7]

Traditionally it was hypothesized that one S-gene controls all female aspects of distyly, one gene that controls the male morphological aspects, and one gene that determines the male mating type.[12] While this hypothesis appears to be true in Turnera,[13] it is not true in Primula [14] nor Linum.[15] The S-morph is hemizygous for the S-locus and the L-morph does not have an allelic counterpart [7]. The hemizygotic nature of the S-locus has been shown in Primula [14] , Gelsemium,[16] Linum [17][15], Fagopyrum [18][19], Turnera,[13] Nymphoides[20] and Chrysojasminum.[21]

The presence of the S-locus results in changes to gene expression between the two floral morphs, as has been demonstrated using transcriptomic analyses of Lithospermum multiflorum [22] , Primula veris,[23] Primula oreodoxa [24], Primula vulgaris [25] and Turnera subulata[26], and Forsythia suspensa.[27]

The S-locus of Chrysojasminum

In Chrysojasminum, the S-locus is composed of two S-genes, BZR1 and GA2ox.[21] GA2ox is hypothetically involved in establishing self-incompatibility.[21]

The S-locus of Fagopyrum

The S-morph of Fagopyrum contains ~2.8 Mb hemizygous region which likely represents the S-locus as it contains S-ELF4 which establishes female morphology and mating type.[18][19]

The S-locus of Gelsemium

In Gelsemium, the S-locus is composed of four genes, GeCYP, GeFRS6, and GeGA3OX are hemizygous and TAF2 appears to be allelic with a truncated copy in the L-morph.[16] GeCYP appears to share a last common ancestor (or ortholog) with the Primula S-gene CYPT. It is currently hypothesized that the for S-genes in Gelsemium were inherited as a group rather than separately.[16] This is the only known case of the S-genes being inherited as a group rather than individually.

The S-locus of Linum

In Linum the S-locus is composed of nine genes, two are LtTSS1 and LtWDR-44 the other seven are unnamed and are of unknown function.[15] LtTSS1 is hypothesized to regulate style length in the S-morph.[17] Synonymous substitution analysis of three of the S-genes suggest the S-locus in Linum evolved in a step by step manner, though only three of the nine genes were analyzed.[15]

The S-locus of Nymphoides

The S-locus of Nymphoides contains three genes NinS1, NinKHZ2, and NinBAS1.[20] NinBAS1 is only expressed in the style and is hypothetical involved in regulation of brassinosteroids, NinS1 is only expressed in the stamen, NinKHZ2 is expressed in both stamen and style.[20] Similar to other S-loci, the Nymphoides S-locus appears to have evolved via stepwise duplication events.[20]

The S-locus of Primula

In Primula the S-locus is composed of five genes, CYPT(or CYP734A50), GLOT (or GLOBOSA2), KFBT, PUMT, and CCMT. The supergene evolved in a step-by-step manner, meaning each S-gene duplicated and move to the pre-S-locus independently of the others.[28][29] Synonymous substitution analysis of the S-genes suggest the oldest S-gene in Primula is likely KFBT which likely duplicated about 104 million years ago, followed by CYPT(42.7 MYA),GLOT (37.4 MYA), CCMT(10.3 MYA).[29] It is unknown when PUMT evolved as it does not have a paralog within the Primula genome.

Of the five S-genes, two have been characterized. CYPT, a cytochrome P450 family member, is the female morphology[30] and it is the female self-incompatibility gene,[31] meaning it promotes rejection of self pollen. CYPT is likely producing these phenotypes via inactivation of brassinosteroids.[30][31] Inactivation of brassinosteroids in the S-morph by CYPT results in repression of cell elongation in the style by repressing expression of PIN5, ultimately producing the short pistil phenotype.[30][32] GLOT , a MADS-BOX family member,[33] is the male morphology gene as it promotes corolla tube growth under the stamen.[28] It is unknown how the other three S-genes are contributing to distyly in Primula.

The S-locus of Turnera

In Turnera the S-locus is composed of three genes, BAHD, SPH1, and YUC6.[13] BAHD is likely an acyltransferase involved in inactivation of brassinosteroids;[34] it is both the female morphology[34] and female self-incompatibility gene.[35] YUC6 is likely involved in auxin biosynthesis based on homology; it is the male self-incompatibility gene and establishes pollen size dimorphisms.[36] SPH1 is likely involved in filament elongation based on short filament mutant analysis.[13]

List of families with distylous species

Source:[8]

References

  1. ^ Lewis D (1942). "The Physiology of Incompatibility in Plants. I. The Effect of Temperature". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 131 (862): 13–26. Bibcode:1942RSPSB.131...13L. doi:10.1098/rspb.1942.0015. ISSN 0080-4649. JSTOR 82364. S2CID 84753102.
  2. ^ Muenchow G (August 1982). "A loss-of-alleles model for the evolution of distyly". Heredity. 49 (1): 81–93. doi:10.1038/hdy.1982.67. ISSN 0018-067X.
  3. ^ Barrett SC, Cruzan MB (1994). "Incompatibility in heterostylous plants". Genetic control of self-incompatibility and reproductive development in flowering plants. Advances in Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants. Vol. 2. Springer Netherlands. pp. 189–219. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-1669-7_10. ISBN 978-90-481-4340-5.
  4. ^ Shao JW, Wang HF, Fang SP, Conti E, Chen YJ, Zhu HM (June 2019). "Intraspecific variation of self-incompatibility in the distylous plant Primula merrilliana". AoB Plants. 11 (3): plz030. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plz030. PMC 6557196. PMID 32489575.
  5. ^ Bejthe, Stephan (1583). Caroli Clusii Atrebatis Rariorum aliquot stirpium :per Pannoniam, Austriam, & vicinas quasdam provincias observatarum historia, quatuor libris expressa. Antverpiae: Ex officina Christophori Plantini. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.845.
  6. ^ Darwin C (1877). The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species by Charles Darwin ... D. Appleton and Co. OCLC 894148387.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Barrett SC (November 2019). "'A most complex marriage arrangement': recent advances on heterostyly and unresolved questions". The New Phytologist. 224 (3): 1051–1067. doi:10.1111/nph.16026. PMID 31631362.
  8. ^ a b Naiki A (2012). "Heterostyly and the possibility of its breakdown by polyploidization". Plant Species Biology. 27: 3–29. doi:10.1111/j.1442-1984.2011.00363.x.
  9. ^ a b Deschepper P, Brys R, Jacquemyn H (2018-03-01). "The impact of flower morphology and pollinator community composition on pollen transfer in the distylous Primula veris". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 186 (3): 414–424. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/box097. ISSN 0024-4074.
  10. ^ a b Charlesworth D, Charlesworth B (October 1979). "A Model for the Evolution of Distyly". The American Naturalist. 114 (4): 467–498. doi:10.1086/283496. ISSN 0003-0147. S2CID 85285185.
  11. ^ a b Lloyd DG, Webb CJ (1992). "The Selection of Heterostyly". In Barrett SC (ed.). Evolution and Function of Heterostyly. Monographs on Theoretical and Applied Genetics. Vol. 15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 179–207. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-86656-2_7. ISBN 978-3-642-86658-6.
  12. ^ Kappel C, Huu CN, Lenhard M (December 2017). "A short story gets longer: recent insights into the molecular basis of heterostyly". Journal of Experimental Botany. 68 (21–22): 5719–5730. doi:10.1093/jxb/erx387. PMID 29099983.
  13. ^ a b c d Shore JS, Hamam HJ, Chafe PD, Labonne JD, Henning PM, McCubbin AG (November 2019). "The long and short of the S-locus in Turnera (Passifloraceae)". The New Phytologist. 224 (3): 1316–1329. doi:10.1111/nph.15970. PMID 31144315.
  14. ^ a b Li J, Cocker JM, Wright J, Webster MA, McMullan M, Dyer S, et al. (December 2016). "Genetic architecture and evolution of the S locus supergene in Primula vulgaris". Nature Plants. 2 (12): 16188. doi:10.1038/nplants.2016.188. PMID 27909301. S2CID 205458474.
  15. ^ a b c d Gutiérrez-Valencia, Juanita; Fracassetti, Marco; Berdan, Emma L.; Bunikis, Ignas; Soler, Lucile; Dainat, Jacques; Kutschera, Verena E.; Losvik, Aleksandra; Désamoré, Aurélie; Hughes, P. William; Foroozani, Alireza; Laenen, Benjamin; Pesquet, Edouard; Abdelaziz, Mohamed; Pettersson, Olga Vinnere (2022). "Genomic analyses of the Linum distyly supergene reveal convergent evolution at the molecular level". Current Biology. 32 (20): 4360–4371.e6. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E4360G. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.042. hdl:10481/78952. PMID 36087578. S2CID 249242025.
  16. ^ a b c Zhao, Zhongtao; Zhang, Yu; Shi, Miaomiao; Liu, Zhaoying; Xu, Yuanqing; Luo, Zhonglai; Yuan, Shuai; Tu, Tieyao; Sun, Zhiliang; Zhang, Dianxiang; Barrett, Spencer C. H. (2022-11-22). "Genomic evidence supports the genetic convergence of a supergene controlling the distylous floral syndrome". New Phytologist. 237 (2): 601–614. doi:10.1111/nph.18540. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 36239093. S2CID 252897518.
  17. ^ a b Ushijima K, Nakano R, Bando M, Shigezane Y, Ikeda K, Namba Y, et al. (January 2012). "Isolation of the floral morph-related genes in heterostylous flax (Linum grandiflorum): the genetic polymorphism and the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulations of the S locus". The Plant Journal. 69 (2): 317–31. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04792.x. PMID 21923744.
  18. ^ a b Yasui Y, Mori M, Aii J, Abe T, Matsumoto D, Sato S, et al. (2012-02-01). "S-LOCUS EARLY FLOWERING 3 is exclusively present in the genomes of short-styled buckwheat plants that exhibit heteromorphic self-incompatibility". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e31264. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731264Y. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031264. PMC 3270035. PMID 22312442.
  19. ^ a b Fawcett, Jeffrey A.; Takeshima, Ryoma; Kikuchi, Shinji; Yazaki, Euki; Katsube-Tanaka, Tomoyuki; Dong, Yumei; Li, Meifang; Hunt, Harriet V.; Jones, Martin K.; Lister, Diane L.; Ohsako, Takanori; Ogiso-Tanaka, Eri; Fujii, Kenichiro; Hara, Takashi; Matsui, Katsuhiro (2023). "Genome sequencing reveals the genetic architecture of heterostyly and domestication history of common buckwheat". Nature Plants. 9 (8): 1236–1251. doi:10.1038/s41477-023-01474-1. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 37563460.
  20. ^ a b c d Yang, Jingshan; Xue, Haoran; Li, Zhizhong; Zhang, Yue; Shi, Tao; He, Xiangyan; Barrett, Spencer C. H.; Wang, Qingfeng; Chen, Jinming (2023-09-17). "Haplotype-resolved genome assembly provides insights into the evolution of S -locus supergene in distylous Nymphoides indica". New Phytologist. 240 (5): 2058–2071. doi:10.1111/nph.19264. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 37717220.
  21. ^ a b c Raimondeau, Pauline; Ksouda, Sayam; Marande, William; Fuchs, Anne-Laure; Gryta, Hervé; Theron, Anthony; Puyoou, Aurore; Dupin, Julia; Cheptou, Pierre-Olivier; Vautrin, Sonia; Valière, Sophie; Manzi, Sophie; Baali-Cherif, Djamel; Chave, Jérôme; Christin, Pascal-Antoine (May 2024). "A hemizygous supergene controls homomorphic and heteromorphic self-incompatibility systems in Oleaceae". Current Biology. 34 (9): 1977–1986.e8. Bibcode:2024CBio...34.1977R. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.029. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 38626764.
  22. ^ Cohen JI (2016-12-23). "De novo Sequencing and Comparative Transcriptomics of Floral Development of the Distylous Species Lithospermum multiflorum". Frontiers in Plant Science. 7: 1934. doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.01934. PMC 5179544. PMID 28066486.
  23. ^ Nowak MD, Russo G, Schlapbach R, Huu CN, Lenhard M, Conti E (January 2015). "The draft genome of Primula veris yields insights into the molecular basis of heterostyly". Genome Biology. 16 (1): 12. doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0567-z. PMC 4305239. PMID 25651398.
  24. ^ Zhao Z, Luo Z, Yuan S, Mei L, Zhang D (December 2019). "Global transcriptome and gene co-expression network analyses on the development of distyly in Primula oreodoxa". Heredity. 123 (6): 784–794. doi:10.1038/s41437-019-0250-y. PMC 6834660. PMID 31308492.
  25. ^ Burrows B, McCubbin A (May 2018). "Examination of S-Locus Regulated Differential Expression in Primula vulgaris Floral Development". Plants. 7 (2): 38. doi:10.3390/plants7020038. PMC 6027539. PMID 29724049.
  26. ^ Henning PM, Shore JS, McCubbin AG (June 2020). "Transcriptome and Network Analyses of Heterostyly in Turnera subulata Provide Mechanistic Insights: Are S-Loci a Red-Light for Pistil Elongation?". Plants. 9 (6): 713. doi:10.3390/plants9060713. PMC 7356734. PMID 32503265.
  27. ^ Song, Yun; Li, Zheng; Du, Xiaorong; Li, Aoxuan; Cao, Yaping; Jia, Mengjun; Niu, Yanbing; Qiao, Yonggang (2024-05-06). "Study on the brassinosteroids modulated regulation of the style growth in Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl". Plant Growth Regulation. 103 (3): 763–774. doi:10.1007/s10725-024-01149-7. ISSN 0167-6903.
  28. ^ a b Huu, Cuong Nguyen; Keller, Barbara; Conti, Elena; Kappel, Christian; Lenhard, Michael (2020-09-15). "Supergene evolution via stepwise duplications and neofunctionalization of a floral-organ identity gene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117 (37): 23148–23157. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11723148H. doi:10.1073/pnas.2006296117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7502755. PMID 32868445.
  29. ^ a b Potente, Giacomo; Léveillé-Bourret, Étienne; Yousefi, Narjes; Choudhury, Rimjhim Roy; Keller, Barbara; Diop, Seydina Issa; Duijsings, Daniël; Pirovano, Walter; Lenhard, Michael; Szövényi, Péter; Conti, Elena (2022-02-03). de Meaux, Juliette (ed.). "Comparative Genomics Elucidates the Origin of a Supergene Controlling Floral Heteromorphism". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 39 (2): msac035. doi:10.1093/molbev/msac035. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 8859637. PMID 35143659.
  30. ^ a b c Huu, Cuong Nguyen; Kappel, Christian; Keller, Barbara; Sicard, Adrien; Takebayashi, Yumiko; Breuninger, Holger; Nowak, Michael D; Bäurle, Isabel; Himmelbach, Axel; Burkart, Michael; Ebbing-Lohaus, Thomas; Sakakibara, Hitoshi; Altschmied, Lothar; Conti, Elena; Lenhard, Michael (2016-09-06). Hardtke, Christian S (ed.). "Presence versus absence of CYP734A50 underlies the style-length dimorphism in primroses". eLife. 5: e17956. doi:10.7554/eLife.17956. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 5012859. PMID 27596932.
  31. ^ a b Huu, Cuong Nguyen; Plaschil, Sylvia; Himmelbach, Axel; Kappel, Christian; Lenhard, Michael (2022). "Female self-incompatibility type in heterostylous Primula is determined by the brassinosteroid-inactivating cytochrome P450 CYP734A50". Current Biology. 32 (3): 671–676.e5. Bibcode:2022CBio...32E.671H. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.046. PMID 34906354. S2CID 245128230.
  32. ^ Liu, Ying; Si, Weijia; Fu, Sitong; Wang, Jia; Cheng, Tangren; Zhang, Qixiang; Pan, Huitang (2024-01-08). "PfPIN5 promotes style elongation by regulating cell length in Primula forbesii French". Annals of Botany. 133 (3): 473–482. doi:10.1093/aob/mcae004. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 11006536. PMID 38190350.
  33. ^ Burrows, Benjamin A.; McCubbin, Andrew G. (2017). "Sequencing the genomic regions flanking S-linked PvGLO sequences confirms the presence of two GLO loci, one of which lies adjacent to the style-length determinant gene CYP734A50". Plant Reproduction. 30 (1): 53–67. doi:10.1007/s00497-017-0299-9. ISSN 2194-7953. PMID 28229234. S2CID 22910136.
  34. ^ a b Matzke, Courtney M.; Shore, Joel S.; Neff, Michael M.; McCubbin, Andrew G. (2020-11-13). "The Turnera Style S-Locus Gene TsBAHD Possesses Brassinosteroid-Inactivating Activity When Expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana". Plants. 9 (11): 1566. doi:10.3390/plants9111566. ISSN 2223-7747. PMC 7697239. PMID 33202834.
  35. ^ Matzke, Courtney M.; Hamam, Hasan J.; Henning, Paige M.; Dougherty, Kyra; Shore, Joel S.; Neff, Michael M.; McCubbin, Andrew G. (2021-09-30). "Pistil Mating Type and Morphology Are Mediated by the Brassinosteroid Inactivating Activity of the S-Locus Gene BAHD in Heterostylous Turnera Species". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (19): 10603. doi:10.3390/ijms221910603. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 8509066. PMID 34638969.
  36. ^ Henning, Paige M.; Shore, Joel S.; McCubbin, Andrew G. (2022-10-08). "The S-Gene YUC6 Pleiotropically Determines Male Mating Type and Pollen Size in Heterostylous Turnera (Passifloraceae): A Novel Neofunctionalization of the YUCCA Gene Family". Plants. 11 (19): 2640. doi:10.3390/plants11192640. ISSN 2223-7747. PMC 9572539. PMID 36235506.

Read other articles:

Final Piala Raja Spanyol 1985

Final Piala Raja Spanyol 1985TurnamenPiala Raja Spanyol 1984–1985 Atlético Madrid Athletic Bilbao 2 1 Tanggal30 Juni 1985StadionStadion Santiago Bernabéu, MadridWasitJosé María Miguel PérezPenonton85.000← 1984 1986 → Final Piala Raja Spanyol 1985 adalah pertandingan final ke-81 dari turnamen sepak bola Piala Raja Spanyol untuk menentukan juara musim 1984–1985. Pertandingan ini diikuti oleh Atlético Madrid dan Athletic Bilbao dan diselenggarakan pada 30 Juni 1985 di Stadi...

 

List of special elections in the Philippines

Politics of the Philippines Government Constitution of the Philippines Charter Change Laws Legal codes Taxation Executive President of the Philippines Bongbong Marcos (PFP) Vice President of the Philippines Sara Duterte (HNP) Cabinet (lists) Executive departments Local government Legislature Congress of the Philippines 19th Congress Senate President Migz Zubiri (Independent) House of Representatives Speaker Martin Romualdez (Lakas) Districts Party-list representation Bangsamoro Parliament Pr...

 

Dux Daciae ripensis

Dux Daciae ripensisIl tratto di limes della Dacia ripensis, al tempo della Notitia dignitatum. Descrizione generaleAttivafine IV secolo - V secolo NazioneImpero romano Tipocomandante di un tratto di limes danubiano Guarnigione/QGcastra stativa in epoca imperiale Voci su unità militari presenti su Wikipedia Il Dux Daciae ripensis era il comandante di truppe limitanee di un settore del limes danubiano, nella diocesi di Mesia I. Suo diretto superiore era al tempo della Notitia dignitatum (nel 4...

Antoun Saadeh

Lebanese politician, philosopher, and writer Not to be confused with Antoine Saade. Antoun Saadehأنطون سعادةBorn(1904-03-01)1 March 1904Dhour El Choueir, Mount Lebanon MutasarrifateDied8 July 1949(1949-07-08) (aged 45)Beirut, LebanonCause of deathExecutionEra20th-century philosophyRegionMiddle Eastern philosophySchoolRomanticism, Syrian nationalismMain interestsPolitical philosophy, sociology, history, literature, fine artsNotable ideasNatural Syria, Syrian nationalism Pol...

 

Michael Caine

English actor (born 1933) For other uses, see Michael Caine (disambiguation). SirMichael CaineCBECaine at the 2012 Vienna International Film FestivalBornMaurice Joseph Micklewhite (1933-03-14) 14 March 1933 (age 91)Rotherhithe, London, EnglandOccupationActorYears active1950–2023WorksFilmographySpouses Patricia Haines ​ ​(m. 1954; div. 1958)​ Shakira Baksh ​(m. 1973)​Children2RelativesStanley Caine (brothe...

 

Пугачёва, Алла Борисовна

Запрос «Пугачёва» перенаправляется сюда; см. также другие значения. Алла Пугачёва На фестивале «Славянский базар в Витебске», 2016 год Основная информация Полное имя Алла Борисовна Пугачёва Дата рождения 15 апреля 1949(1949-04-15) (75 лет) Место рождения Москва, СССР[1]...

Maël Lépicier

Questa voce sugli argomenti calciatori francesi e calciatori congolesi (Repubblica del Congo) è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Maël Lépicier Nazionalità  Francia Rep. del Congo (dal 2011) Altezza 184 cm Peso 83 kg Calcio Ruolo Difensore Termine carriera 2023 CarrieraGiovanili  Le MansSquadre di club1 2005-2006 Le Mans 231 (0)2006-2007 Châtellerault36 (0)...

 

乌克兰总理

 烏克蘭總理Прем'єр-міністр України烏克蘭國徽現任杰尼斯·什米加尔自2020年3月4日任命者烏克蘭總統任期總統任命首任維托爾德·福金设立1991年11月后继职位無网站www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/（英文） 乌克兰 乌克兰政府与政治系列条目 宪法 政府 总统 弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基 總統辦公室 国家安全与国防事务委员会 总统代表（英语：Representatives of the President of Ukraine） 总...

 

Athemistus

Athemistus Athemistus sp. Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Kelas: Insecta Ordo: Coleoptera Famili: Cerambycidae Genus: Athemistus Athemistus adalah genus kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Genus ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia. Larva kumbang dalam genus ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah ditebang. Ref...

زيلع

زيلع   الإحداثيات 11°21′14″N 43°28′26″E / 11.353888888889°N 43.473888888889°E / 11.353888888889; 43.473888888889   تقسيم إداري  البلد الصومال[1]  عاصمة لـ سلطنة عدل  رمز جيونيمز 52078  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   11°21′14″N 43°28′26″E / 11.353888888889°N 43.473888888889°E / 11.353888888889; 43.473888888889زي...

 

Masterji

1985 film by K. Raghavendra Rao MasterjiPromotional PosterDirected byK. Raghavendra Rao[1]Written byK. BhagyarajDialogues:Kader KhanStory byK. BhagyarajBased onMundhanai Mudichu (Tamil) by K. BhagyarajProduced byR.C. PrakashStarringRajesh KhannaSrideviCinematographyK. S. Prakash RaoEdited byV.R. KotagiriMusic byBappi LahiriRelease date 31 May 1985 (1985-05-31) CountryIndiaLanguageHindi Masterji is a 1985 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film directed by K. Raghaven...

 

Pooh's Heffalump Movie

2005 animated film directed by Frank Nissen Pooh's Heffalump MovieTheatrical release posterDirected byFrank NissenScreenplay by Brian Hohlfeld Evan Spiliotopoulos Based onCharactersby A. A. MilneProduced byJessica Koplos-MillerStarring Jim Cummings John Fiedler Kath Soucie Nikita Hopkins Ken Sansom Peter Cullen Kyle Stanger Brenda Blethyn Edited byRobert Fisher Jr.Nancy FrazenAnthony F. RoccoMusic byJoel McNeelyProductioncompaniesWalt Disney Pictures[1]Disneytoon Studios[2]Wal...

Missouri House of Representatives

Lower house of U.S. state legislature Missouri House of RepresentativesMissouri General AssemblyTypeTypeLower house Term limits4 terms (8 years)HistoryNew session startedJanuary 4, 2023LeadershipSpeakerDean Plocher (R) since January 4, 2023 Speaker pro temporeMike Henderson (R) since January 4, 2023 Majority LeaderJonathan Patterson (R) since January 4, 2023 Minority LeaderCrystal Quade (D) since January 9, 2019 StructureSeats163Political groupsMajority   Republican (111) Minority &...

 

NASCAR Seri Truk

NASCAR Seri TrukKategoriMobil stok, balap truk pikapNegara atau daerahAmerika Serikat · KanadaMusim pertama1995PabrikanChevrolet · Ford · ToyotaPemasok mesinChevrolet · Ford · Toyota · Ilmor Engineering Ltd.Pemasok banGoodyearJuara pembalapZane SmithJuara timFront Row MotorsportsJuara pabrikanFordSitus webNASCAR Camping World Truck Series Musim saat ini NASCAR Seri Truk, secara resmi dikenal sebagai NASCAR Seri Truk Craftsman untuk a...

 

Zamorin

Hereditary monarch of historical kingdom in present-day Kerala, India (1124–1806) Zamorin of Calicut1124 CE–1806 CEThe Zamorin of Calicut (1495–1500) on his throne as painted by Veloso Salgado in 1898StatusKingdomCapitalCalicutCommon languagesMalayalamReligion HinduismGovernmentFeudal MonarchyHistory • Dissolution of the Cheras of Cranganore[1] 1124 CE• East India Company 1806 CE CurrencyKozhikode Panam Preceded by Succeeded by Chera dynasty Company rule ...

Honeywell 200

Family of mainframe computers System console, left, (shown with IBM 1402 card reader/punch). Closeup of system console. After a program was loaded, the value of individual memory locations can be altered using the console buttons. The Honeywell 200 was a character-oriented[1]: 70C-4S0-01n  two-address commercial computer introduced by Honeywell in December 1963,[2] the basis of later models in Honeywell 200 Series, including 1200, 1250, 2200, 3200, 4200 and oth...

 

History of malaria

Second World War poster Keep out malaria mosquitoes repair your torn screens. U.S. Public Health Service, 1941–45 The history of malaria extends from its prehistoric origin as a zoonotic disease in the primates of Africa through to the 21st century. A widespread and potentially lethal human infectious disease, at its peak malaria infested every continent except Antarctica.[1] Its prevention and treatment have been targeted in science and medicine for hundreds of years. Since the di...

 

Tage Erlander

Prime minister of Sweden from 1946 to 1969 His Excellency[1]Tage ErlanderErlander in 194925th Prime Minister of SwedenIn office11 October 1946 – 14 October 1969MonarchsGustaf VGustaf VI AdolfPreceded byPer Albin Hansson[a]Succeeded byOlof PalmeLeader of the Social Democratic PartyIn office11 October 1946 – 1 October 1969Preceded byPer Albin HanssonSucceeded byOlof PalmeMinister of Education and Ecclesiastical AffairsIn office31 July 1945 – ...

العلاقات الصينية الفرنسية

العلاقات الصينية الفرنسية   الصين   فرنسا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   تشير العلاقات الصينية الفرنسية إلى العلاقات بين الصين وفرنسا (المملكة أو ما بعدها). التاريخ علاقات الحرب الباردة لم تعترف حكومة الجمهورية الفرنسية الرابعة بجمهورية الصين الشعبية بعد الحرب الأهلية...

 

قصر الملك فاروق (رشيد)

قصر الملك فاروق (رشيد) تقديم الموقع الجغرافي تعديل مصدري - تعديل   يقع قصر الملك فاروق بقرية إدفينا بدائرة مركز رشيد بمحافظة البحيرة على الساحل الغربي لنهر النيل «فرع رشيد» شمال قرية «إدفينا»، صدر القرار رقم 233 عام 2001م، لتسجيله كأثر ونصت المادة الأولى للقرار اعتباره أثرا...