Lithospermum

Lithospermum
Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Boraginales
Family: Boraginaceae
Subfamily: Boraginoideae
Genus: Lithospermum
L. (1753)
Type species
Lithospermum officinale
Species[1]

84; see text

Synonyms[1]
  • Batschia J.F.Gmel. (1791)
  • Cyphorima Raf. (1819)
  • Lasiarrhenum I.M.Johnst. (1924)
  • Macromeria D.Don (1832)
  • Nomosa I.M.Johnst. (1954)
  • Onosmodium Michx. (1803)
  • Osmodium Raf. (1808)
  • Pentalophus DC. (1846)
  • Perittostema I.M.Johnst. (1954)
  • Psilolaemus I.M.Johnst. (1954)
  • Purshia Spreng. (1817), nom. illeg.

Lithospermum is a genus of plants belonging to the family Boraginaceae. The genus is distributed nearly worldwide, but most are native to the Americas and the center of diversity is in the southwestern United States and Mexico.[2] Species are known generally as gromwells or stoneseeds.

Taxonomy

Plants of the World Online currently accepts 84 species.[3] Other sources accept about 50 [4] to 60 species in the genus.[5] A 2009 molecular study showed that the genus Onosmodium is included within Lithospermum.[2]

Species

84 species are accepted.[3][4][6][7]

Formerly placed here

Ecology

Lithospermum leaves are eaten by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, such as the moth Ethmia pusiella which has been recorded on L. officinale.

Uses

The dried root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon is a Chinese herbal medicine with various antiviral and biological activities, including inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1).[9][10] Lithospermum erythrorhizon is native to Japan, where it has been traditionally used to make a purple dye. In southwestern North America, a species of this genus was used as a contraceptive by the Shoshone Native American tribe.[11]

Fossil record

7 petrified nutlets and nutlet fragments of a Lithospermum species have been described from the Late Miocene Ash Hollow Formation, Ogallala Group, five km south of Martin in Bennett County, South Dakota. †Lithospermum dakotense sp. nov. shows similarities in size, shape, attachment and epidermal cell patterns to extant Lithospermum species. The fossil nutlets were preserved in various stages of maturity. The fossils closely resemble the nutlets of Lithospermum caroliniense and Lithospermum incisum.[12]

References

  1. ^ a b "Lithospermum L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 30 July 2024.
  2. ^ a b Cohen, James I.; Davis, Jerrold I. (2009). "Nomenclatural changes in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) and related taxa following a reassessment of phylogenetic relationships". Brittonia. 61 (2): 101–111. Bibcode:2009Britt..61..101C. doi:10.1007/s12228-009-9082-z. S2CID 31935880.
  3. ^ a b Lithospermum L. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  4. ^ a b "Lithospermum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 132. 1753". Flora of China.
  5. ^ Cohen, J. I., (2012). Comparative floral development in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) and implications for the evolution and development of heterostyly. American Journal of Botany 99(5), 797–805.
  6. ^ GRIN Species Records of Lithospermum. Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).
  7. ^ Lithospermum. USDA Plants: North American species.
  8. ^ a b c d e Weigend, M., et al. (2010). Five new species of Lithospermum L.(Boraginaceae tribe Lithospermeae) in Andean South America: another radiation in the Amotape-Huancabamba zone. Taxon 59(4), 1161–1179.
  9. ^ Chen, X., et al. (2003). Shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine, inhibits chemokine receptor function and suppresses human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47(9), 2810–2816.
  10. ^ Gao, H., et al. (2011). Anti-adenovirus activities of shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull. 34(2) 197–202.
  11. ^ "Health – Contraceptive, Indian Style". Chatelaine. June 1964.
  12. ^ Amer. J. Bot. 74(11): 1690-1693. 1987. A Fossil Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) from the Tertiary of South Dakota by Mark L. Gabel
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lithospermum.

Read other articles:

South Africa at the 2011 All-Africa Games

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: South Africa at the 2011 All-Africa Games – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) Sporting event delegationSouth Africa at the2011 All-Africa GamesIOC codeRSANOCSouth African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committeein MaputoMedal...

 

 

Roya

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Roya (homonymie). Royafiume Roia La Roya à Vintimille. Cours de la Roya la Roya sur OpenStreetMap. Caractéristiques Longueur 60 km Bassin 660 km2 Bassin collecteur Roya Débit moyen 15 m3/s (Vintimille) Régime pluvial méridional Cours Source col de Tende · Localisation Tende · Altitude 1 871 m · Coordonnées 44° 08′ 57″ N, 7° 33′ 43″ E Embouchure Mer de Ligurie · Localisation Vintimille...

 

 

Azanian People's Organisation

Political party in South Africa Azanian People's Organisation AZAPOPresidentNelvis Qekema[1]ChairpersonSimphiwe HasheSecretary-GeneralChris SwepuHonorary PresidentMosibudi MangenaFounderStephen Biko, Abram Onkgopotse Tiro, Harry Nengwekhulu, Mthuli ka Shezi, Mapetla Mohapi, Mongezi Sifika wa Nkomo and others.Founded28 April 1978 (1978-04-28)Merger ofBCMA in exile and AZAPO inside South AfricaPreceded byBlack People's Convention (BPC)HeadquartersOffice Number 3...

SULT1E1

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens SULT1E1Available structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes1G3M, 1HY3, 4JVL, 4JVM, 4JVNIdentifiersAliasesSULT1E1, EST, EST-1, ST1E1, STE, sulfotransferase family 1E member 1External IDsOMIM: 600043 MGI: 98431 HomoloGene: 101388 GeneCards: SULT1E1 Gene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 4 (human)[1]Band4q13.3Start69,841,212 bp[1]End69,860,145 bp[1]Gene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 5 (mouse)[2]Band5 ...

 

 

2020年夏季奧林匹克運動會奧地利代表團

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会奥地利代表團奥地利国旗IOC編碼AUTNOC奧地利奧林匹克委員會網站www.olympia.at（德文）2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会（東京）2021年7月23日至8月8日（受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟，但仍保留原定名称）運動員75參賽項目21个大项旗手开幕式：托马斯·扎亚克（英语：Thomas Zajac）和塔尼娅·弗兰克（帆船）[1]闭幕式：安德烈亚斯·米勒（自行车）[2]...

 

 

BDSM

Erotic practices involving domination and sadomasochism This article is about consensual adult sadomasochistic activity. For the medical condition involving non-consensual ideation or behaviour, see Sexual sadism disorder. For the medical condition in which pain/humiliation is required for sexual arousal and causes distress or impairment, see Sexual masochism disorder. BDSMAspectsB&D, B/D, or BDBondage and disciplineD&s, D/s, or DsDominance and submissionS&M, S/M, or SMSadism and ...

Embassy of Iceland, Ottawa

Embassy Diplomatic mission Embassy of Iceland in OttawaLocationOttawa, OntarioAddressConstitution Square Tower 1Coordinates45°25′07″N 75°42′12″W / 45.4185°N 75.7034°W / 45.4185; -75.7034 The Embassy of Iceland in Ottawa, Ontario provides Icelandic diplomatic representation in Canada. The embassy is also responsible for Iceland's relations with Costa Rica. The embassy was established in May 2001 and is located on the seventh floor of Constitution Square Towe...

 

 

Suffragio universale

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento diritto è priva o carente di note e riferimenti bibliografici puntuali. Commento: mancano, quasi completamente, fonti bibliografiche e/o collegamenti esterni. Sebbene vi siano una bibliografia e/o dei collegamenti esterni, manca la contestualizzazione delle fonti con note a piè di pagina o altri riferimenti precisi che indichino puntualmente la provenienza delle informazioni. Puoi migliorare questa voce citando le fonti più precisamente. Segui i s...

 

 

The Master of Revenge

The Master of RevengePoster promosiGenreRevengeDitulis olehPark In-kwon (kartun)Chae Seung-daeSutradaraKim Jong-yeonPemeranChun Jung-myungJo Jae-hyunJeong Yoo-miLee Sang-yeobGong Seung-yeonNegara asalKorea SelatanBahasa asliKoreaJmlh. episode20ProduksiRumah produksiVerdi MediaCelltrion EntertainmentDistributorKBS (2016)RTV (2016-2017)NET. (2023)Rilis asliJaringanKBS2 RTV, NET.Rilis27 April (2016-04-27) –30 Juni 2016 (2016-06-30) Master: The Master of Revenge (Hangul:...

西南戦争

この記事には複数の問題があります。改善やノートページでの議論にご協力ください。 出典がまったく示されていないか不十分です。内容に関する文献や情報源が必要です。（2013年7月） 出典は脚注などを用いて記述と関連付けてください。（2014年2月）出典検索?: 西南戦争 – ニュース · 書籍 · スカラー · CiNii · J-STAGE · NDL · dlib.jp&#...

 

 

Impentamine

Impentamine Names IUPAC name 5-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)pentan-1-amine Identifiers CAS Number 34973-91-6 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEMBL ChEMBL417096 ChemSpider 7969635 N IUPHAR/BPS 1252 MeSH Impentamine PubChem CID 9793868 UNII 88JSL4TQ76 Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID70430734 InChI InChI=1S/C8H15N3/c9-5-3-1-2-4-8-6-10-7-11-8/h6-7H,1-5,9H2,(H,10,11) NKey: MZCJWLAXZRFUPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N NInChI=1/C8H15N3/c9-5-3-1-2-4-8-6-10-7-11-8/h6-7H,1-5,9H2,(H,10,11)Key:&...

 

 

État profond

L’État profond (calque de l’anglais deep state, lui-même un calque du turc derin devlet[1],[2], aussi appelé État souterrain[3]) fait référence à l'idée qu'il existerait au sein d'un État une hiérarchie parallèle ou une entité informelle détenant secrètement le pouvoir décisionnel sur la société et toutes les décisions politiques d'une démocratie[4]. L'expression est une formule politique originellement employée par des hommes politiques turcs kémalistes, avant de sub...

Iuming C. Suez

Chinese diplomat (1881–1940) Iuming C. SuezBorn1881Yinzhou, NingboDied1940 Shih Yu-ming (Chinese: 史悠明; pinyin: Shǐ Yōumíng; 1881–1940), courtesy name Aishi (Chinese: 蔼士), better known as Iuming C. Suez was a diplomat of the Republic of China.[1][2] Biography Shih was born in Ningbo in 1881. When he was young, he attended Church Missionary Society Day School in his hometown. He studied traditional Chinese classics with a private school teacher for t...

 

 

Head-driven phrase structure grammar

Head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG) is a highly lexicalized, constraint-based grammar[1] [2] developed by Carl Pollard and Ivan Sag.[3][4] It is a type of phrase structure grammar, as opposed to a dependency grammar, and it is the immediate successor to generalized phrase structure grammar. HPSG draws from other fields such as computer science (data type theory and knowledge representation) and uses Ferdinand de Saussure's notion of the sign. It uses a ...

 

 

Judith of Babenberg

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Judith of Babenberg – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Judith of BabenbergMarchioness of MontferratAn imaginary portrait of Judith of Babenberg, painted by Hans Part in 1490, as part of the ...

Lionel Dunsterville

British Army general This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Major-General Lionel Charles DunstervilleBorn(1865-11-09)9 November 1865Lausanne, Vaud, SwitzerlandDied18 March 1946(1946-03-18) (aged 80)Torquay, Devon, EnglandAllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchBritish Indian ArmyRankMajor...

 

 

Orrouy

OrrouycomuneOrrouy – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Francia RegioneAlta Francia Dipartimento Oise ArrondissementSenlis CantoneCrépy-en-Valois TerritorioCoordinate49°17′N 2°52′E49°17′N, 2°52′E (Orrouy) Altitudine45 e 143 m s.l.m. Superficie16,13 km² Abitanti601[1] (2009) Densità37,26 ab./km² Altre informazioniCod. postale60129 Fuso orarioUTC+1 Codice INSEE60481 CartografiaOrrouy Sito istituzionaleModifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Orrouy �...

 

 

Mmm Skyscraper I Love You

1993 single by UnderworldMmm...Skyscraper I Love YouSingle by Underworldfrom the album Dubnobasswithmyheadman B-sideTelegraph 6.11.92 Jam Scraper Released11 June 1993GenreProgressive houseLength13:09LabelJunior Boy's OwnSongwriter(s)Rick Smith, Karl Hyde, Darren EmersonProducer(s)Rick Smith, Karl Hyde, Darren EmersonUnderworld singles chronology Dirty Guitar (1992) Mmm...Skyscraper I Love You (1993) Rez (1993) Mmm...Skyscraper I Love You is a 1993 single by Underworld. It did not make the cha...

Lascia ch'io pianga

Soprano aria by composer George Frideric Handel Left: Handel's 1711 autograph score showing the opening few bars of the aria; Right: 1876 aria sheet music Lascia ch'io pianga (Italian: [ˈlaʃʃa ˈkiːo ˈpjaŋɡa]; English: Let Me Weep), originally Lascia la spina, cogli la rosa (Italian: [ˈlaʃʃa la ˈspiːna ˈkɔʎʎi la ˈrɔːza]; English: Leave the Thorn, Take the Rose), is an Italian-language soprano aria by composer George Frideric Handel that has become a popular ...

 

 

Tympanum (anatomy)

External hearing structure in animals For other uses, see Tympanum (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Tympanum anatomy – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A circular tympanum near the eye of a male North A...