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Dichrostachys cinerea
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Caesalpinioideae
Clade:	Mimosoid clade
Genus:	Dichrostachys
Species:	D. cinerea
Binomial name
	Dichrostachys cinerea; Wight et Arn.
Synonyms
	Cailliea dichrostachys Guill. et Perr.; Dichrostachys glomerata Chiov.; Dichrostachys nutans (Pers.) Benth.; Dichrostachys nyassana Taub.; Mimosa cinerea L.;

Dichrostachys cinerea, known as sicklebush, Bell mimosa, Chinese lantern tree or Kalahari Christmas tree (South Africa), is a legume of the genus Dichrostachys in the family Fabaceae.^[2]

Other common names include omubambanjobe (Tooro Uganda), acacia Saint Domingue (French), el marabú (Cuba), " Mpangara" (Shona), Kalahari-Weihnachtsbaum (German of former South West Africa), kéké or mimosa clochette (Réunion).

Etymology

The generic name Dichrostachys means 'two-colored spike', referring to its two-colored inflorescence, from the Ancient Greek δί- (di-, 'twice'), χροός (khroos, 'color'), and στάχυς (stakhus, 'ear of grain'). The specific name cinerea refers to the greyish hairs of the typical subspecies, from the Latin cinereus ('ashes').

Distribution

It is native to Africa, the Indian subcontinent and North Australia^[3] and had been introduced to the Caribbean and parts of Southeast Asia. In Ethiopia, the species is common in the Nechisar National Park.^[4]

The tree was brought to the Caribbean in the 19th century.^[5] In various countries, such as Namibia, it is considered a dominant species of woody plant encroachment.^[6] In Cuba, where it is known as El Marabú or Marabou weed, it has become a serious invasive species problem, occupying about 4,900,000 acres (20,000 km²) of agricultural land. Plans are underway to exploit it as a source of biomass for renewable power generation.^[7]^[8]

This tree is appearing in peninsular Florida. It is as yet uncertain if it was introduced by humans or birds.

Description and ecology

They typically grow up to 7 metres (23 ft) in height and have strong alternate thorns, generally up to 8 cm (3.1 in) long. The bipinnately compound leaves are up to 15 centimetres (5.9 in) long. Flowers of the Dichrostachys cinerea are characteristically arranged in bicoloured cylindrical spikes that resemble Chinese lanterns, 6 to 8 centimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in) long and fragrant.^[9] Upper flowers of a hanging spike are sterile, and are of a lilac or pale purple colour with the bottom half of the spikes displaying yellow flowers. Pods are usually a mustard-brown and are generally twisted or spiralled and may be up to 100 by 15 millimetres (3.94 in × 0.59 in). The species can be subcategorized with two slight variations that have been recognised: D. cinerea ssp. africana and D. cinerea ssp. nyassana, the latter which is typically larger and less hairy in its foliage.^[2]

The species tends to grow in drier forests and woodlands at altitudes of up to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). It often occurs in areas with a strong seasonal climate with a wide-ranging mean annual temperature and with a mean annual rainfall ranging from 200 to 400 millimetres (7.9 to 15.7 in). It occurs in brushwood, thickets, hedges, teak forest and grassland and generally takes to poorer quality clay soils or deep and sandy soils with a wide pH range.^[2]

In India, it occurs in dry deciduous forest.

In southern Africa, Dichrostachys cinerea generally flowers from October to February with fruiting from May to September. The tree generally grows at a medium to slow rate, 6 to 8 centimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in) per year.

Uses

Fruit and seeds that grow on Dichrostachys cinerea are edible. Cattle, camels and game such as giraffe, buffalo, kudu, hartebeest, nyala, red forest duiker and Damara dik-dik feed on the juicy pods that fall to the ground. Such animals also feed on the immature twigs and leaves of the tree which are rich in protein (11–15%) and minerals. The flowers can be a valuable source of nectar for honey production. The wood is of a dense nature and burns slowly with no toxicity, so it is often used for fuelwood. The species yields a medium to heavy, durable hardwood and is often used in smaller domestic items as walking sticks, handles, spears and tool handles, particularly in central Africa.

Although there are currently limited to no evidence that can support these claims, the bark is used in traditional medicine for headache, toothache, dysentery and elephantiasis, while root infusions are used for leprosy, syphilis, coughs, as an anthelmintic, purgative and strong diuretic. Leaves are used for treating epilepsy^[10]^[11] and also as a diuretic and laxative. A powdered form is massaged on limbs with bone fractures.^[2] The roots are also sometimes used for bites or stings.^[12]^[13] In Siddha medicine of the Tamils in southern India, Dichrostachys cinerea is called vidathther and used for treatment of gonorrhea, syphilis and eczema.^[14]

As they are rich in nutrients, the plants are often used as fertiliser, particularly in the Sahel region of Africa along riverbanks.^[15] The plant is widely used for soil conservation, particularly in India, for shallow soils, and in arid western and subhumid alluvial plains.

It is popularly cultivated as an indoor bonsai specimen.^[16]

Despite its various uses, it is generally regarded a threat to agricultural production and is listed on the Global Invasive Species Database.^[5]

References

^ Contu, S (2012). "Dichrostachys cinerea". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T164134A20066865.en.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "World Agroforestry Centre". Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
^ Duthie, John Firminger (1973). Flora of the Upper Gangetic Plain and of the Adjacent Siwalik and Sub-Himalayan Tracts. Calcutta: Govt Printer India.
^ "Nechisar National Park". Archived from the original on 2008-06-09. Retrieved 2008-06-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ ^a ^b Fournet, J. (13 April 2005). "Dichrostachys cinerea". Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
^ "Sicklebush (Dichrostachys cinerea) | Feedipedia". www.feedipedia.org. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
^ Ravsberg, Fernando (24 June 2010). "A Weed that Could Bring Cuba Power". Havana Times. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
^ Rainsford, Sarah (7 December 2012). "Cuba looks to weed for fresh power". BBC News. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
^ "Dichrostachys cinerea - Sickle Bush". Guide to the tree species of Southern Africa. Eco Travel Africa. n.d. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
^ "Sicklebush facts and health benefits". 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2023-08-11.
^ "Sickle Bush". Project Noah. Retrieved 2023-08-11.
^ "Sickle bush - Trees - South Africa". southafrica.co.za. Retrieved 2023-08-11.
^ "Dichrostachys cinerea Marabou Thorn, Sickle Bush PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 2023-08-11.
^ Raamachandran, J. (2008). Herbs of Siddha Medicine/The First 3D Book On Herbs. Chennai: Murugan Patthipagam. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-8190612302.
^ Vogt, K. (1995). A field guide to the identification, propagation and uses of common trees and shrubs of dryland Sudan. SOS Sahel International (UK). ISBN 1901459152.
^ "Flowering Princess Earrings Bonsai Tree - Small(dichrostachys cinerea)". Bonsai Boy Catalog. Retrieved 27 August 2018.