Didi Chuxing Technology Company[7] is a Chinese vehicle for hire company headquartered in Beijing with over 550 million users and tens of millions of drivers.[8][9][10][4] The company provides app-based transportation services, including taxi hailing, private car hailing, social ride-sharing, and bike sharing; on-demand delivery services; and automobile services, including sales, leasing, financing, maintenance, fleet operation, electric vehicle charging, and co-development of vehicles with automakers.[11][12][13] The company is a subsidiary of Xiaoju Kuaizhi Inc.[14]
History
2012–2014: founding of Didi Dache
In June 2012, following eight years working in Alibaba's sales and Alipay divisions, Cheng Wei founded Didi Dache (嘀嘀打车), a taxi-hailing app, through Beijing Xiaoju Keji Co. (小桔科技; Xiaoju 小桔 meaning "little orange").[15] 嘀嘀打车 then changed to 滴滴打车. "滴滴" means "beep beep" in Mandarin (like a car's horn).
The application was the initial incarnation of Didi Chuxing's ride-hailing service, and consisted of an app for consumers to request taxis and other rideshare services for immediate pick up.[16] Beijing Xiaoju Keji Co. developed the app.[17][18][19] In November 2012, Tencent invested $15 million in the company.[20]
2015: merger of Didi Dache and Kuaidi Dache
A study in December 2013 by Analysis International, estimated that at the time Didi Dache (backed by Chinese Internet giant Tencent Holdings Limited) held approximately 55% of the smartphone-based taxi-hailing market in China (about 150 million Chinese were estimated to use their smartphones to hail taxis). According to the same study, Kuaidi Dache (快的打车; meaning "Fast Taxi"), backed by Alibaba Group, held most of the remaining market share. Aggressive fundraising by the two companies resulted in Didi Dache and Kuaidi Dache raising US$700 million and US$600 million from private investors, respectively, to sustain their growth in the world's largest transport market. In February 2015 the companies merged to form Didi Kuaidi.[21]
In May 2015, Didi Kuaidi spent aggressively to compete with other startups including Yidao Yongche (易到用车) and Uber (of which Baidu was an investor).[22] The company also added other features to complement its basic taxi-calling function such as new premium vehicle services, functions for carpool and designated driver transportation modes and enhanced accessibility functions for passengers with disabilities. In July 2015, Didi Kuaidi completed a US$2 billion fundraising round, bringing the company's cash reserves to over US$3.5 billion; the same month, Didi Kuaidi was reported to get 80.2% market share in car hire services.[21]
Didi Kuaidi's existing stakeholders, including Alibaba, Tencent, Temasek Holdings (Private) Ltd and Coatue Management, participated in the round, alongside new investors including, Capital International Private Equity Fund and Ping An Ventures, part of Ping An Insurance Group Co of China Ltd.[23] The July 2015 fundraise is ranked as the world's largest single fundraising round by any private company, as well as the largest fundraising round for a Chinese mobile internet company at that time.[citation needed]
By September 2015, Didi Kuaidi had obtained 80% market share in private car hailing services and 99% of the taxis market share.[24] The same month, Didi Kuaidi announced the launch of a rebrand process, including a plan to rename itself "Didi Chuxing".[25] Following the rebrand, in December 2015, taxi drivers concerned with the potential risk of ride-hailing applications cutting into their business protested against Didi Dache and Kuaidi Dache, forcing both companies to close their offices in the city of Luoyang.[26]
2016: acquisition of Uber China
By the beginning of 2016, Uber China, which started its Chinese operations in 2015, had become a major competitor to Didi Kuaidi.[27] Uber's then-CEO, Travis Kalanick, claimed the company was losing over US$1 billion annually in China.[28]
DiDi closed a US$4.5 billion fundraising round in June 2016, with investors including Apple Inc.,[29][30][31] China Life Insurance Co., and a financial affiliate of Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. As part of the round, DiDi secured a $2.5 billion syndicated loan arranged by China Merchants Bank Co. This equity share fundraising round is one of the world's largest by any private company, surpassing the previous record set by DiDi.[32]
On 1 August 2016, DiDi announced that it would acquire Uber China in an acquisition valuing Uber China at US$35 billion. As part of the deal, Uber acquired 5.89% of the combined Chinese company with preferred equity interest which at the time equated to a 17.7% economic interest in DiDi. The transaction also provided DiDi with a minority equity interest in Uber.[33][34][35]
In April 2019, Uber released a public version of its S-1 filing ahead of its planned initial public offering.[36][37] As part of the filing, Uber revealed that at the time of filing, the company owned a 15.4% stake in DiDi.[38] Uber's stake in the company was diluted (from 17.7% in 2016 to the 2019 stake) as a result of new investments from additional investors since 2016.[39][40]
2017–2020: business expansion, crisis and safety system enhancement
In March 2017, The Wall Street Journal reported that SoftBank Group Corporation approached DiDi with an offer to invest $6 billion in the company to fund the ride-hailing firm's expansion in self-driving car technologies, with a significant portion of the money to come from SoftBank's then-planned $100 billion Vision Fund.[41]
On 28 April 2017, DiDi announced it closed a new financing round of over US$5.5 billion to support its global expansion strategy and continued investments in AI-based technologies. The round valued the company at US$50 billion.[42]
In December 2017, Reuters reported that DiDi had raised $4 billion for a global push into foreign markets and investments into technologies such as Artificial Intelligence.[43][44]
In May 2018 the company received a wave of negative media coverage when a female passenger on the company's Hitch social carpooling service was murdered by her driver.[45][46][47][48] In August of the same year, a second female passenger was raped and killed by her driver using the same Hitch service on the DiDi platform. Following these incidents, DiDi suspended its Hitch services in August 2018, and began to reform its platform with improved safety standards.[49][50][10] In September 2018, Didi announced an investment of $20 million in customer service,[51] The app's safety updates included an evolving set of safety precautions and in-app functions, including the formation of an in-app safety center, en-route audio recording, police assistance button and blocking function to restrict service from certain drivers and passengers. The company also invested $20 million in its customer service offerings and increased its in-house customer service team to 8,000 staff.[citation needed] As part of the update, DiDi created an online discussion platform to facilitate online and offline national public opinion surveys in China. Media reported that in 2018, DiDi recorded losses of up to $1.61 billion owing to heavy spend on training and recruitment of qualified and skilled drivers.[51][52]
In 2018, the company launched its "Red Flag Steering Wheel" program in which verified Chinese Communist Party (CCP) members would be visible as drivers.[53] The company also pledged to hire 1,000 CCP members as part of its safety drive.[54][55]
Since late 2020, DiDi cooperates with BYD and developed the BYD D1 for ride-hailing services.[56]
Following the launch of the BYD D1, in April 2021, DiDi officially started its own car-building plan, code-named "Da Vinci". The headquarters of the car building team is located in Shunyi District, Beijing and has recruited 1,700 employees, covering R&D, senior algorithm engineer, autonomous driving development team and so on.[57] The known first project to be launched was codenamed Mona during it's development starting from 2021.[58] Original plans were to launch Didi's own budget entry level EV brand, and the Mona would be the first vehicle of the brand to be launched.[59] Plans started to change in late 2022 when the development of the Mona project was near complete, while camouflaged testing prototypes were seen driving around as early as March 2023,[60] the layoff has begun and the majority of the Da Vinci team was dismissed before Didi sold its EV development business along with the Mona project to XPeng in August 2023.[61][62] The vehicle was previewed with a set of images in June 2024, then introduced in July 2024 and went on sale in August 2024 as the Mona M03 ahead of the 2024 Chengdu Auto Show.[63]
2021–present: initial public offering and regulatory scrutiny
On 10 June 2021, DiDi filed to go public on the New York Stock Exchange hoping to raise $10 billion, making it the second largest Chinese share offering in the US since Alibaba.[64] On 16 June, it was reported that the State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) launched an investigation into DiDi around pricing and competitive practices.[65] On 30 June the company went public on the NYSE under the stock ticker "DIDI", raising $4.4 billion on a valuation of close to $70 billion US dollars.[66] It did so against Chinese government guidance.[67]: 94 The Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) had sought to persuade DiDi to postpone its IPO filing in order to allow time for a more thorough cybersecurity review.[68]: 147
On 4 July 2021, the CAC ordered app stores to remove DiDi, citing violations around the company's collection and usage of personal information.[69] According to Chinese regulators, the company had delivered sensitive data to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.[67]: 94 The CAC cited the National Security Law, the 2017 Cybersecurity Law, and Measures on Cybersecurity Review as the basis for its approach.[68]: 147
The cybersecurity investigation of DiDi coincided with nationalistic public sentiment against the company.[68]: 148 Chinese netizens frequently asserted that the company had turned over sensitive data to United States authorities during the IPO and described the company as a "traitor" and "walking dog" of the United States.[68]: 148
Chinese authorities ordered all app stores in China to remove 25 apps owned and operated by DiDi, including Didi Chuxing Enterprise Edition, Uber China, and D-Chat.[70] Chinese regulators also fined DiDi, along with other Chinese tech firms such as Alibaba and Tencent, for alleged violations of the Anti-Monopoly Law.[71] The fines were for 500,000 yuan ($77,174) per violation —the maximum amount for such violations.[72]
Due to the uncertainty surrounding DiDi and other Chinese companies listed in the US, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission temporarily halted all IPOs from Chinese companies in August 2021.[73] DiDi also revealed that it was under investigation by the SEC in regards to its IPO.[74][75]
In December 2021, DiDi announced that it planned to delist from New York and re-list on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.[76][77] However, DiDi's plans to re-list on the Hong King Stock Exchange were halted in March 2022 after the CAC informed DiDi executives that they still failed to meet security regulations, and DiDi's shares fell 44% as a result.[78][79]
DiDi formally de-listed from the NYSE on 13 June 2022 and began trading over-the-counter under the symbol "DIDIY".[80] DiDi was fined 8.026 billion yuan ($1.2 billion USD) by the CAC in July 2022 for breaking its cybersecurity laws.[81] DiDi CEO, Cheng Wei, and DiDi President, Jean Liu, were also fined $150,000 each for the violations.[82]
DiDi finally won approval to restart new user registration in China in January 2023 in a move seen as a softening of China's crackdown on its tech companies.[83][84][85]
In August 2023, it was announced DiDi had agreed to sell its autonomous driving technology unit and EV development project to the Guangzhou-headquartered electric vehicle manufacturer, Xpeng, in exchange for $744 million worth of shares.[86]
On 19 May 2024, Jean Liu, co-founder of DiDi, stepped down from her roles as president and board director after a decade at the helm of the company. Liu has announced she will continue as "permanent partner" and chief people officer, focusing on the company's long-term development, including talent and corporate social responsibility, while DiDi, which had faced significant regulatory scrutiny, will no longer have a president position.[87]
Services
DiDi serves 550 million users across over 400 cities. A total of 7.43 billion rides were completed on DiDi's platform in 2017.[88] Some of DiDi's services include:
DiDi Taxi: Launched in September 2012, the service provides intelligent request-dispatching system for taxi companies. DiDi currently partners with more than 500 taxi companies in China, Japan and Brazil.[89]
DiDi Express: Launched in May 2015, the service matches riders traveling in the same direction with an available shared car. DiDi ExpressPool carries over 2.4 million daily rides in 2018.[90]
DiDi Premier: Launched in April 2014 and rebranded in 2018, the service includes a 24/7 customer service hotline in Chinese and English and services, including vehicles equipped with child seats, adapted vehicles for riders with disabilities, and arrangements for guide dogs.[91]
Designated Driving: Launched in July 2015, the service lets customers who own a vehicle request a chauffeur to drive them. In 2015, the service operated in about 200 cities.[92]
Enterprise Solution: The service offers business travel services to about 170,000 corporate clients.[93]
DiDi Bus: Launched initially in Beijing and Shenzhen in 2015, the platform offers a real-time minibus pooling service (U+ Bus), customized bus services (Youdian Bus), data-based intelligent bus dispatching service and real-time bus service inquiry service. In 2018, DiDi launched an intermodal transportation recommendation function allowing users to search and book public transportation, online car-hailing and bike-sharing services in a single smartphone screen.[94]
DiDi Luxe: Launched in May 2017, the service offers chauffeurs and mid-to-high end cars.[95]
Bike-Sharing: In April 2017, DiDi added bike-sharing services to its app. On 17 January 2018, DiDi launched its own bike-sharing platform, which integrates companies like Ofo, Bluegogo and DiDi-branded bikes and e-bikes.[96][97][98]
Xiaoju Automobile Solutions: Incubated in 2015 and put in trial operation in April 2018, Xiaoju provides various auto-related services, including leasing and trading, refueling and recharging, maintenance, repair and car-sharing services to DiDi drivers and independent car owners. In August 2018, DiDi announced a $1 billion investment into the platform. In January 2019, a Xiaoju Automobile Solutions app was launched.[99]
DiDi Financial Services: In January 2019, DiDi announced the launch of a new line of financial services, such as car insurance, personal loans and crowdfunded medical insurance, available through a separate "DiDi Finance" app.[100]
DiDi Food: Launched in April 2018, DiDi Foodie is DiDi's food delivery service,[101] available in Mexico, Brazil and China.[102]
DiDi English: In May 2017, DiDi released an English-language service in the Chinese mainland. The service offers English-language user interface and a real-time, in-app text message translation to facilitate rider-driver communication.[103]
Technology
DiDi launched AI Labs in Beijing and in 2018 the company opened DiDi Labs in Mountain View, California. This facility mainly focuses on AI-based security and intelligent driving technologies.[104]
In April 2018, DiDi and the Beijing Capital International Airport Public Security Bureau Traffic Detachment jointly built a smart transportation innovation laboratory. Since 2018, the traffic lights at more than 30 intersections in the airport area have been optimized, and the delays in the airport area at night peaks have been reduced by about 20%. As of 2019, DiDi Smart Transportation projects have been deployed in more than 20 cities, including Jinan, Guiyang, Tianjin, and Shenzhen. These projects include traffic management systems, smart traffic lights, smart traffic screens, and reversible lanes.[105]
Globalization
August 2016: acquired Uber China and obtained an equity interest in Uber.[106]
January 2017: made a strategic investment in 99(app), Brazil's largest local shared mobility provider. In its official announcement, DiDi noted its intention to provide strategic guidance and support to 99 in the areas of technology, product development, operations and business planning.[107]
March 2017: opened a research and development center called DiDi Labs in Mountain View, California, U.S.[108]
July 2017: co-led a new financing round of Grab.[109]
August 2017: formed a strategic partnership with Taxify,[110] a transportation network company operating in Europe and Africa. DiDi also formed a strategic partnership with Careem, a transportation network company operating in the Middle East and North Africa.[111]
January 2018: acquired 99 and now operates in Brazil under the 99 brand.[112]
February 2018: launched its new app in Hong Kong, which is an upgraded version of Kuaidi Taxi.[113] It was also announced that DiDi will, along with SoftBank Group, begin a venture in Japan.[3]
April 2018: started operation under its main name in Mexico.[1]
May 2018: started trial operation in Geelong, Australia.[114]
July 2018: DiDi and Tokyo-based SoftBank Corp. have set up a joint venture for taxi-hailing in Japan.[115]
September 2018: launched a taxi-hailing service in Osaka.[116]
November 2018: launched a research facility in Toronto, its second in North America.[117]
March 2019: launched ride-hailing services in Newcastle, Australia.[118]
April 2019: launched Taxi-Hailing Service in Tokyo and Kyoto.[119]
June 2019: started operations under its main name in Chile and Colombia.[120]
November 2019: DiDi scheduled to commence ride sharing services in Perth, Western Australia. DiDi will be the third major player to enter the West Australian ride share market alongside Uber and Ola. DiDi also launched operations in Costa Rica this month.[121]
January 2020: DiDi started hiring staff to start its business in Russia.[122]
August 2020: DiDi launched service in Kazan, Russia.[123]
November 2020: Announced entry into New Zealand market.[124]
May 2021: DiDi launched services in other Russian cities (Ufa, Tomsk, Voronezh, Tyumen, Krasnodar and other).[125]
May 2021: DiDi launched services in Kazakhstan, its fourth country in the Eurasian market.[127]
September 2021: DiDi launched services in Egypt, its second country on the African continent.[128]
2022: DiDi surpassed Uber to become the dominant ride-share company in Mexico, obtaining 56% of the market.[129]: 210
March 2022: DiDi suspended services in Kazakhstan, citing "market changes and other challenges".[130] DiDi expressed an intention to exit Russia on March 4, 2022,[131] although the service continued operating. As of July 15, 2023 the DiDi ride-hailing app is not available in Russia.
April 2022: DiDi suspended services in South Africa, which it launched in March of the previous year.[132]
As of at least 2023: DiDi is the most popular ride-sharing app in Latin America.[129]: 211
Leadership
Cheng Wei (程维), founder and CEO of Didi Chuxing
Cheng Wei founded Beijing Orange Technology Co Ltd. in 2012, and soon launched Didi Dache, a taxi-hailing app. Prior to founding Beijing Orange, Cheng Wei worked in Alibaba Group for eight years.[133] Cheng Wei holds a BA from Beijing University of Chemical Technology.[134]
Jean joined in DiDi in July 2014 from her previous position as managing director in Goldman Sachs Asia for 12 years.[135] Jean is a member of the board of directors of ONE Foundation. Jean earned her B.A. from Peking University and her M.S. from Harvard University, both in Computer Science. Jean received an honorary Doctor of Commercial Science from New York University.[136]
Staff
Diversity: 40% of DiDi's employees are women. In 2017, DiDi launched a female career development plan and established the "DiDi Women's Network". It is reportedly the first female-oriented career development plan in a major Chinese Internet company.[137]
^周锐 (9 November 2015). "滴滴代驾已覆盖200城市 日订单峰值突破50万". 中国新闻网 (in Simplified Chinese). Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
Not to be confused with truncated Gaussian distribution. In probability theory, the rectified Gaussian distribution is a modification of the Gaussian distribution when its negative elements are reset to 0 (analogous to an electronic rectifier). It is essentially a mixture of a discrete distribution (constant 0) and a continuous distribution (a truncated Gaussian distribution with interval ( 0 , ∞ ) {\displaystyle (0,\infty )} ) as a result of censoring. Density function The probability...
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