Demographics of London

Demographics of London
Population pyramid of London
PopulationIncrease 8,799,800 (2021)
DensityIncrease 5,854/km2 (15,160/sq mi) (2020 estimates)[1]
Growth rateIncrease 7.7% (2011 - 2021)[2]
Life expectancy
 • maleDecrease 80.3 (2018-2020)[3]
 • femaleSteady 84.3 (2018-2020)
Fertility rateDecrease 1.52 (2021)[4]
Infant mortality rateNeutral decrease 3.4 live deaths/1,000 live births (2018-2020)[5]
Nationality
NationalityBritish
Major ethnicDecrease White: 53.8% (2021)
Decrease White British: 36.8% (2021)
Minor ethnic
Increase Asian British: 20.8% (2021)
Increase Black British: 13.5% (2021)
Increase Mixed: 5.7% (2021)
Increase Other: 6.3% (2021)
Language
SpokenBritish English (main language: 78.4%)

The demography of London is analysed by the Office for National Statistics and data is produced for each of the Greater London wards, the City of London and the 32 London boroughs, the Inner London and Outer London statistical sub-regions, each of the Parliamentary constituencies in London, and for all of Greater London as a whole. Additionally, data is produced for the Greater London Urban Area. Statistical information is produced about the size and geographical breakdown of the population, the number of people entering and leaving country and the number of people in each demographic subgroup. The total population of London as of 2021 is 8,799,800.[6]

History

See also: History of London

Creation of Greater London - 1965

Through the London Government Act of 1963, the Greater London region was established officially in 1965.[7]

Migration boom - 1991 to today

From 1997 onwards, London has experienced a drastic change in the composition of the city's population, which has off set the decline of the population which had been occurring [citation needed]. In 1991, 21.7% of the city was foreign born but by 2011 this had risen to 36.7%.

In 2011, a historic tipping point occurred with the release of the 2011 census indicating that the White British population, which had before been the majority, was now no longer a majority of the city's population, although it remained by far the largest single ethnic group.[8]

Population

Population growth percentage in London between 2011 and 2021
Historical population
YearPop.±%
18011,011,157—    
18111,197,673+18.4%
18211,450,122+21.1%
18311,729,949+19.3%
18411,917,013+10.8%
18512,286,609+19.3%
18613,094,391+35.3%
18713,902,178+26.1%
18814,709,960+20.7%
18915,565,856+18.2%
19016,226,494+11.9%
19117,157,875+15.0%
19217,553,526+5.5%
19318,098,942+7.2%
19417,987,936−1.4%
19518,164,416+2.2%
19617,781,342−4.7%
19717,449,184−4.3%
19816,608,513−11.3%
19916,887,280+4.2%
20017,172,036+4.1%
20118,173,941+14.0%
20218,799,800+7.7%
See also: Historical population of London

The historical population for the current area of Greater London, divided into the statistical areas of Inner and Outer London is as follows:

(click "show" to expand)
London population over time[9][10][11]
Year Inner London Outer London Greater London
1801 879,491 131,666 1,011,157
1811 1,040,033 157,640 1,197,673
1821 1,263,975 186,147 1,450,122
1831 1,515,557 214,392 1,729,949
1841 1,661,346 255,667 1,917,013
1851 1,995,846 290,763 2,286,609
1861 2,634,143 460,248 3,094,391
1871 3,272,441 629,737 3,902,178
1881 3,910,735 799,225 4,709,960
1891 4,422,340 1,143,516 5,565,856
1901 4,670,177 1,556,317 6,226,494
1911 4,997,741 2,160,134 7,157,875
1921 4,936,803 2,616,723 7,553,526
1931 4,887,932 3,211,010 8,098,942
1941 4,224,135 3,763,801 7,987,936
1951 3,680,821 4,483,595 8,164,416
1961 3,336,557 4,444,785 7,781,342
1971 3,030,490 4,418,694 7,449,184
1981 2,425,534 4,182,979 6,608,513
1991 2,625,245 4,262,035 6,887,280
2001 2,765,975 4,406,061 7,172,036
2011[12] 3,231,900 4,942,100 8,173,900
2021 3,404,300 5,395,500 8,799,800

Age

London population pyramid from 1991 to 2021
  • Population pyramid of each borough in London
  • Barking and Dagenham
    Barking and Dagenham
  • Bexley
    Bexley
  • Brent
    Brent
  • Bromley
    Bromley
  • Camden
    Camden
  • City of London
    City of London
  • Croydon
    Croydon
  • Ealing
    Ealing
  • Enfield
    Enfield
  • Hackney
    Hackney
  • Greenwich
    Greenwich
  • Harrow
    Harrow
  • Hammersmith and Fulham
    Hammersmith and Fulham
  • Haringey
    Haringey
  • Hillingdon
    Hillingdon
  • Havering
    Havering
  • Hounslow
    Hounslow
  • Islington
    Islington
  • Kensington and Chelsea
    Kensington and Chelsea
  • Kingston upon Thames
    Kingston upon Thames
  • Lambeth
    Lambeth
  • Lewisham
    Lewisham
  • Merton
    Merton
  • Newham
    Newham
  • Redbridge
    Redbridge
  • Richmond upon Thames
    Richmond upon Thames
  • Southwark
    Southwark
  • Sutton
    Sutton
  • Waltham Forest
    Waltham Forest
  • Tower Hamlets
    Tower Hamlets
  • Wandsworth
    Wandsworth
  • Westminster
    Westminster
  • Percentage of the population in age groups
  • Under 15s in London
    Under 15s in London
  • 15 to 64 year olds
    15 to 64 year olds
  • Over 64 years old
    Over 64 years old

Fertility

Fertility rate of each London borough in 2021

In 2021, a total of 110,961 live births occurred within the city.[13] The fertility rate of London in 2021 was 1.52, which is below replacement.[4]

  • Birth statistics in London
  • Teenage conception rate in London
    Teenage conception rate in London

Population density

Population density in the 2011 census in Greater London.

The population density of London was 5,727 per km2 in 2011.[14]

Urban and metropolitan area

At the 2001 census, the population of the Greater London Urban Area was 8,278,251.[15] This area does not include some outliers within Greater London, but does extend into the adjacent South East England and East of England regions. In 2004 the London Plan of the Mayor of London defined a metropolitan region with a population of 18 million.[16] Eurostat has developed a harmonising standard for comparing metropolitan areas in the European Union and the population of the London Larger Urban Zone is 11,917,000; it occupies an area of 8,920 square kilometres (3,440 sq mi). Another definition gives the population of the metropolitan area as 13,709,000.[17]

Ethnicity

For the overwhelming majority of London's history, the population of the city was ethnically homogenous with the population being of White British ethnic origin,[18] with small clusters of minority groups such as Jewish people, most notably in areas of the East End. From 1948 onwards and especially since the 1990s, the population has diversified in international terms at an increased rate.[18] In 2011, it was reported for the first time that White British people had become a minority within the city, establishing it was a majority-minority city within the country.[8] In 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken and 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000 in London.[19]

Ethnicity overall

London ethnic demographics over time
Ethnic makeup of London in single year age groups in 2021
Main article: Ethnic groups in London
Ethnic makeup of London over time in age groups

The following table shows the ethnic group of respondents from estimates in 1971 and in the 1991 – 2021 censuses in Greater London.

Ethnic make-up of Greater London
Ethnic Group Year
1961 estimations[20][21] 1966 estimations[22] 1971 estimations[18][23] 1981 estimations[24][25] 1991 census[26][27] 2001 census[28] 2011 census[29] 2021 census[30]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 7,602,233 97.7% – 95.9% 6,901,596 92.6% 5,833,001 85.7% 5,333,580 79.80% 5,103,203 71.15% 4,887,435 59.79% 4,731,172 53.8%
White: British[Note 1] – – – – 6,500,000 87% – – – – 4,287,861 59.79% 3,669,284 44.89% 3,239,281 36.8%
White: Irish – – – 3.6% 401,596 5.4% – – 256,470 3.83% 220,488 3.07% 175,974 2.15% 156,333 1.8%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller[Note 2] – – – – – – – – – – 8,196 0.10% 7,031 0.1%
White: Roma – – – – – – – – – – – – 37,689 0.4%
White: Other[Note 1] – – – – – – – – 594,854 8.29% 1,033,981 12.65% 1,290,838 14.7%
Asian or Asian British: Total – – – 1.5% – – 425,426 6.3% 690,031 10.33% 946,894 13.20% 1,511,546 18.49% 1,817,640 20.8%
Asian or Asian British: Indian – – – – – – 232,881 3.4% 347,091 5.19% 436,993 6.09% 542,857 6.64% 656,272 7.5%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani – – – – – – 59,440 0.9% 87,816 1.31% 142,749 1.99% 223,797 2.74% 290,549 3.3%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi – – – – – – 41,792 0.6% 85,738 1.28% 153,893 2.15% 222,127 2.72% 322,054 3.7%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese[Note 3] – – – – – – 35,938 0.5% 56,579 0.84% 80,201 1.12% 124,250 1.52% 147,520 1.7%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian – – – – – – 55,375 0.8% 112,807 1.68% 133,058 1.86% 398,515 4.88% 401,245 4.6%
Black or Black British: Total – – – 2.6% – – 405,394 6% 535,216 8.01% 782,849 10.92% 1,088,640 13.32% 1,188,370 13.5%
Black or Black British: African – – – 0.6% – – 102,230 1.5% 163,635 2.44% 378,933 5.28% 573,931 7.02% 697,054 7.9%
Black or Black British: Caribbean – – – 2% – – 239,956 3.5% 290,968 4.35% 343,567 4.79% 344,597 4.22% 345,405 3.9%
Black or Black British: Other Black – – – – – – 63,208 0.9% 80,613 1.20% 60,349 0.84% 170,112 2.08% 145,911 1.7%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total[Note 1] – – – – – – – – – – 226,111 3.15% 405,279 4.96% 505,775 5.7%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – – – – – – – – – 70,928 0.99% 119,425 1.46% 132,555 1.5%
Mixed: White and Black African – – – – – – – – – – 34,182 0.48% 65,479 0.80% 77,341 0.9%
Mixed: White and Asian – – – – – – – – – – 59,944 0.84% 101,500 1.24% 125,188 1.4%
Mixed: Other Mixed – – – – – – – – – – 61,057 0.85% 118,875 1.45% 170,691 1.9%
Other: Total – – – – – – 80,793 1.2% 120,872 1.81% 113,034 1.58% 281,041 3.44% 556,768 6.3%
Other: Arab[Note 2] – – – – – – – – – – – – 106,020 1.30% 139,791 1.6%
Other: Any other ethnic group – – – – – – – – – – 113,034 1.58% 175,021 2.14% 416,977 4.7%
Non-White: Total 179,109 2.3% – 4.1% 547,588 7.4% 972,598 14.3% 1,346,119 20.2% 2,068,888 28.85% 3,286,506 40.2% 4,068,553 46.2%
Total 7,781,342 100% – 100% 7,449,184 100% 6,805,599 100% 6,679,699 100.00% 7,172,091 100.00% 8,173,941 100.00% 8,799,725 100%
  1. ^ a b c New category created for the 2001 census
  2. ^ a b New category created for the 2011 census
  3. ^ In 2001, listed under the 'Other ethnic group' heading.
Distribution of ethnic groups in Greater London in the 2021 census
  • White (2021)
    White (2021)
  • White-British (2021)
    White-British (2021)
  • White-Irish (2021)
    White-Irish (2021)
  • White-Other White (2021)
    White-Other White (2021)
  • Asian (2021)
    Asian (2021)
  • Asian-Bangladeshi (2021)
    Asian-Bangladeshi (2021)
  • Asian-Chinese (2021)
    Asian-Chinese (2021)
  • Asian-Indian (2021)
    Asian-Indian (2021)
  • Asian-Pakistani (2021)
    Asian-Pakistani (2021)
  • Black (2021)
    Black (2021)
  • Black-African (2021)
    Black-African (2021)
  • Black-Caribbean (2021)
    Black-Caribbean (2021)
  • Other-Arab (2021)
    Other-Arab (2021)
  • Other-Any Other Ethnic Group (2021)
    Other-Any Other Ethnic Group (2021)
Population pyramid of London by ethnicity in 2021
  • Population pyramids of each ethnic group in London
  • White: Total
    White: Total
  • White British
    White British
  • White Irish
    White Irish
  • White Other
    White Other
  • Asian: Total
    Asian: Total
  • Asian Bangladeshi
    Asian Bangladeshi
  • Asian Indian
    Asian Indian
  • Asian Pakistani
    Asian Pakistani
  • Asian Chinese
    Asian Chinese
  • Other Asian
    Other Asian
  • Black: Total
    Black: Total
  • Black: Caribbean
    Black: Caribbean
  • Black: African
    Black: African
  • Other Black
    Other Black
  • Mixed: Total
    Mixed: Total
  • Other: Total
    Other: Total
  • Other: Any other ethnic group
    Other: Any other ethnic group
  • Other: Arabs
    Other: Arabs

Ethnicity of school pupils

(click "show" to expand)
Ethnicity of school pupils within London
Ethnic group School year[31][32]
1999[33] 2004 2008 2012 2015/16 2017/18 2019/20 2021/2022
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 521,332 59% 467,230 51.4% 431,040 46.7% 416,490 42.8% 443,621 41.1% 522,187 40.4% 520,767 39.8% 506,271 38.7%
White: British – – 389,350 42.9% 339,610 36.8% 305,805 31.4% 295,572 27.4% 333,497 25.8% 324,358 24.8% 312,522 23.9%
White: Irish – – 10,610 1.2% 8,610 0.9% 7,610 0.8% 6,939 0.6% 7,322 0.6% 6,759 0.5% 6,268 0.5%
White: Traveller of Irish heritage – – 1,090 0.1% 920 0.1! 1,000 0.1% 1,031 0.1% 1,183 0.1% 1,205 0.1% 1,182 0.1%
White: Gypsy/Roma – – 780 0.09%% 950 0.1% 1,505 0.2% 1,643 0.2% 2,074 0.2% 2,359 0.2% 2,358 0.2%
White: Other – – 65,410 7.2% 80,950 8.8% 100,570 10.3% 138,436 12.8% 178,111 13.8% 186,086 14.2% 183,941 14.0%
Asian / Asian British: Total 134,872 15.3% 159,370 17.5% 174,380 18.9% 198,280 20.4% 228,767 21.2% 283,443 22% 296,324 22.6% 305,069 23.2%
Asian / Asian British: Indian 65,151 57,990 6.4% 54,570 5.9% 54,490 5.6% 62,065 5.7% 78,700 6.1% 85,521 6.5% 89,639 6.8%
Asian / Asian British: Pakistani 28,215 31,220 3.4% 34,680 3.8% 41,235 4.2% 47,931 4.4% 59,047 4.6% 60,415 4.6% 60,707 4.6%
Asian / Asian British: Bangladeshi 33,846 38,880 4.2% 44,100 4.8% 51,300 5.3% 59,691 5.5% 73,994 5.7% 77,408 5.9% 79,954 6.1%
Asian / Asian British: Chinese 7,660 7,220 0.8% 6,970 0.8% 6,920 0.7% 7,883 0.7% 10,116 0.8% 10,475 0.8% 12,267 0.9%
Asian / Asian British: Other Asians – 24,060 2.6% 34,060 3.7% 44,335 4.6% 51,197 4.7% 61,586 4.8% 62,505 4.8% 62,502 4.8%
Black / Black British: Total 148,040 16.7% 170,780 18.8% 188,750 20.5% 208,375 21.4% 226,215 20.9% 254,081 19.7% 244,988 18.7% 234,822 17.9%
Black: Caribbean 57,956 63,020 6.9% 59,750 6.5% 57,980 5.9% 55,414 5.1% 57,862 4.5% 53,733 4.1% 50,178 3.8%
Black: African 61,983 91,020 10% 110,090 11.92% 128,295 13.1% 145,447 13.5% 167,058 12.9% 162,680 12.4% 156,883 12.0%
Black: Other Blacks 28,101 16,740 1.8% 18,930 2.1% 22,100 2.3% 25,354 2.3% 29,161 2.3% 28,575 2.2% 27,761 2.1%
Mixed / British Mixed – 57,720 6.4% 70,330 7.6% 84,615 8.7% 104,470 9.7% 134,226 10.4% 142,135 10.8% 150,285 11.3%
Other: Total 62,014 7% 34,750 3.8% 44,290 4.8% 52,640 5.4% 60,865 5.6% 74,589 5.7% 77,413 5.9% 82,516 6.3%
Unclassified 17,909 2% 18,760 2.1% 6,750 0.7% 13,470 1.4% 16,194 1.5% 22,232 1.7% 27,935 2.1% 30,359 2.3%
Total: 884,167 100% 908,600 100% 922,890 100% 973,875 100% 1,080,132 100% 1,290,758 100% 1,309,562 100% 1,309,322 100%
  • School pupils as a percentage of the school population in each borough in 2021/2022 school year
  • White: Total
    White: Total
  • White: British
    White: British

Ethnicity of births

Ethnic Group Year[34]
1981 estimates[35] 2007 2010 2015 2019 2021[36]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total – 80% 58,024 46.4% 65,117 49.5% 61,716 47.8% 57,405 48.7% 53,141 48%
White: British – – – – – – – – – – 25,827 23.3%
White: Other – – – – – – – – – – 27,314 24.7%
Asian / Asian British: Total – – 21,701 17.3% 24,445 18.5% 26,957 20.9% 24,616 20.9% 24,426 22.1%
Asian / Asian British: Indian – – – – – – – – – – 8,259 7.5%
Asian / Asian British: Pakistani – – – – – – – – – – 4,341 3.9%
Asian / Asian British: Bangladeshi – – – – – – – – – – 5,458 4.9%
Asian / Asian British: Other Asians – – – – – – – – – – 6,368 5.8%
Black / Black British: Total – – 22,036 17.6% 22,293 16.9% 18,526 14.3% 15,319 13% 13,476 12.2%
Black: Caribbean – – – – – – – – – – 2,893 2.6%
Black: African – – – – – – – – – – 8,697 7.9%
Black: Other Blacks – – – – – – – – – – 1,886 1.7%
Mixed / British Mixed – – 7,967 6.3% 9,424 7.1% 11,979 9.3% 12,041 10.2% 12,502 11.3%
Other: Total – – 6,337 5% 5,831 4.4% 6,770 5.2% 6,494 5.5% 5,367 4.8%
Not Stated – – 9,055 7.2% 4,391 3.3% 3,170 2.4% 1,880 1.5% 1,787 1.6%
Non-White: Total (not including Not stated) – 20% 58,041 46.2% 61,993 46.9% 64,232 49.7% 58,470 49.6% 55,771 50.4%
Total: – 100% 125,120 100% 131,501 100% 129,118 100% 117,755 100% 110,699 100%
  • Ethnicity of births as a percentage of total births in 2021
  • White (49.6% including Not stated)
    White (49.6% including Not stated)
  • White: British (24.9% including Not stated)
    White: British (24.9% including Not stated)
  • Asian (22.1%)
    Asian (22.1%)
  • Black (12.2%)
    Black (12.2%)
  • Mixed (11.3%)
    Mixed (11.3%)

Ethnicity in boroughs

This table shows the proportion of different multi-ethnic groups by London borough, as found in the 2021 census.

(click "show" to expand)
Broad multi-ethnic group make-up of London boroughs (2021)
Local authority White Mixed Asian Black Other
Barnet 57.7 5.4 19.3 7.9 9.8
Barking and Dagenham 44.9 4.3 25.9 21.4 3.6
Bexley 71.9 3.5 9.9 12.2 2.5
Brent 34.6 5.1 32.8 17.5 10
Bromley 76.5 5.4 8.3 7.6 2.3
Camden 59.5 6.6 18.1 9.0 6.8
City of London 69.4 5.5 16.8 2.7 5.6
Croydon 48.4 7.6 17.5 22.6 3.9
Ealing 43.2 5.2 30.3 10.8 10.6
Enfield 52.1 5.9 11.5 18.3 12.1
Greenwich 55.7 6.0 13.2 21 4.2
Hackney 53.1 6.7 10.4 21.1 8.7
Haringey 57 7 8.7 17.6 9.7
Harrow 36.5 3.8 45.2 7.3 7.2
Havering 75.3 3.7 10.7 8.2 2
Hammersmith and Fulham 63.2 6.7 10.5 12.3 7.3
Hillingdon 48.2 4.4 33.3 7.8 6.3
Hounslow 44.1 4.7 36.7 7.2 7.3
Islington 62.2 7.5 9.9 13.3 7.1
Kensington and Chelsea 63.7 6.6 11.9 7.9 9.9
Kingston upon Thames 68.3 5.4 17.8 2.8 5.7
Lambeth 55 8.1 7.3 24 5.7
Lewisham 51.5 8.1 9 26.8 4.7
Merton 60.2 5.9 18.6 10.6 4.6
Newham 30.8 4.7 42.2 17.5 4.9
Redbridge 34.8 4.1 47.3 8.4 5.4
Richmond upon Thames 80.5 5.5 8.9 1.9 3.3
Southwark 51.4 7.2 9.9 25.1 6.3
Sutton 68.3 4.8 17.5 5.9 3.4
Tower Hamlets 39.4 5 44.4 7.3 3.9
Waltham Forest 52.8 6.5 19.9 15 5.8
Wandsworth 67.8 6.3 11.7 10.1 4.1
Westminster 55.2 6.5 16.8 8.1 13.5
  • White multi-ethnic group over time
  • 1991 (79.8%)
    1991 (79.8%)
  • 2001 (71.2%)
    2001 (71.2%)
  • 2011 (59.8%)
    2011 (59.8%)
  • 2021 (53.8%)
    2021 (53.8%)
  • Asian multi-ethnic group over time
  • 1991 (10.3%)
    1991 (10.3%)
  • 2001 (13.2%)
    2001 (13.2%)
  • 2011 (18.5%)
    2011 (18.5%)
  • 2021 (20.8%)
    2021 (20.8%)
  • Black multi-ethnic group over time
  • 1991 (8%)
    1991 (8%)
  • 2001 (10.9%)
    2001 (10.9%)
  • 2011 (13.3%)
    2011 (13.3%)
  • 2021 (13.5%)
    2021 (13.5%)

Country of birth

Foreign born within London over time from 1851 to 2021
Foreign born in London by age over time
UK born and foreign born population pyramid in London in 2021. Males and females representing the UK born population whileforeign males and females representing the foreign born population.
Foreign born and UK born percentage of age groups in London

The 2021 census recorded that 3,575,740 people or 40.7% of London's population are foreign-born (including 27.9% born in a non-European country).[37]

(click "show" to expand)
Country of Birth Year
1951 (County of London)[38] 1971 census[39][40] 1981 census[41][42] 1991 census[43] 2001 census[44] 2011 census[45] 2021 census[37]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Europe 3,239,240 96.8% 6,568,348 90.76% 5,787,624 87.57% 5,639,192 84.4% 5,741,636 80% 6,174,371 75.5% 6,346,649 72.1%
 United Kingdom 3,018,418 90.2% 6,133,105 84.74% 5,405,576 81.79% 5,228,658 78.3% 5,231,701 72.9% 5,175,677 63.3% 5,223,986 59.3%
 England 2,871,072 85.8% 5,175,884 78.3% 5,001,658 74.9% 5,010,969 69.9% 4,997,072 61.1% 5,075,165 57.7%
 Scotland 62,980 109,935 1.7% 113,117 1.7% 108,682 1.5% 89,527 1.1% 75,004 0.9%
 Wales 59,416 79,000 1.2% 70,532 1.1% 71,962 1.0% 53,828 0.7% 44,806 0.5%
 Northern Ireland 42,243 0.6% 37,574 0.5% 32,774 0.4% 28,248 0.3%
Republic of Ireland Ireland 89,895 236,396 3.26% 199,460 3.01% 214,033 3.2% 157,556 2.2% 129,807 1.6% 96,566 1.1%
European Community or Other Europe 130,927 3.9% 198,847 2.74% 182,588 2.76% 196,501 352,379 865,681 1,122,663 12.8%
Germany Germany 18,024 32,027 0.5% 39,818 0.6% 55,476 0.7% 50,364 0.6%
France France 8,081 20,923 0.3% 38,130 0.5% 66,654 0.8% 77,715 0.9%
Italy Italy 9,603 30,052 0.4% 38,694 0.5% 62,050 0.8% 126,059 1.4%
Spain Spain 19,047 0.3% 22,480 0.3% 35,880 0.4% 68,114 0.8%
Poland Poland 32,787 21,823 0.3% 22,224 0.3% 158,300 1.9% 149,397 1.7%
Romania Romania 1,737 1,774 0.0% 3,049 0.0% 44,848 0.5% 175,991 2.0%
Cyprus Cyprus 6,799 50,684 0.8% 45,888 0.6% 35,300 0.4%
Russia Russia 16,046 5,234 0.1% 10,361 0.1% 16,757 0.2% 25,770 0.3%
Turkey Turkey 1,080 20,426 0.3% 39,128 0.5% 59,596 0.7% 72,867 0.8%
Asia 20,999 0.6% 161,777 2.23% 234,599 3.54% 435,819 6.5% 634,917 8.9% 966,990 11.8% 1,146,247 13%
India India 16,370 104,001 1.43% 139,123 2.10% 151,619 2.3% 172,661 2.4% 262,247 3.2% 322,644 3.7%
Pakistan Pakistan 1,578 29,395 0.40% 35,625 0.53% 44,741 0.7% 66,658 0.9% 112,457 1.4% 129,774 1.5%
Bangladesh Bangladesh 22,108 0.33% 56,657 0.8% 84,565 1.2% 109,948 1.3% 138,895 1.6%
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 25,818 0.4% 49,932 0.7% 84,542 1.0% 80,379 0.9%
China China 1,350 6,996 0.1% 13,776 0.2% 39,452 0.5% 56,116 0.6%
Hong Kong Hong Kong 586 18,398 0.3% 23,328 0.3% 26,435 0.3% 33,760 0.4%
Other Asia – – 28,381 0.39% 37,741 0.57% – – – – – – – –
Old Commonwealth 14,233 0.4% 38,738 0.53% 37,064 0.56% 53,320 0.8% 84,264 – – 84,248
Australia Australia 6,536 23,315 0.3% 41,488 0.6% 53,959 0.7% 43,418 0.5%
Canada Canada 5,339 11,626 0.2% 15,282 0.2% 21,288 0.3% 21,772 0.2%
New Zealand New Zealand 2,358 18,379 0.3% 27,494 0.4% 28,547 0.3% 19,058 0.2%
Africa 10,783 0.3% 74,660 1.03% 144,072 2.18% 246,025 454,536 621,613 625,071 7.1%
South Africa South Africa 4,668 6,471 0.1% 45,507 0.6% 57,765 0.7% 47,964 0.5%
Nigeria Nigeria 1,261 36,047 0.5% 68,907 1.0% 114,718 1.4% 117,145 1.3%
Kenya Kenya 314 56,993 0.9% 66,311 0.9% 64,212 0.8% 58,020 0.7%
Ghana Ghana 26,925 0.4% 62,896 0.8% 65,905 0.7%
Somalia Somalia 50 33,831 0.5% 65,333 0.8% 66,288 0.8%
America/Caribbean (NCWP for 1971) 12,241 0.4% 165,369 2.28% 167,399 2.53% 249,191 326,280 367,664 4.2%
Jamaica Jamaica 2,139 76,445 1.1% 80,319 1.1% 87,467 1.1% 52,613 0.6%
United States United States 5,942 32,667 0.5% 44,622 0.6% 63,920 0.8% 71,127 0.8%
Brazil Brazil 357 – 31,357 0.4% 55,787 0.6%
Antarctica and Oceania (including Australasia) and Other – – – – – – – – 70,632 84,661 64,228 0.7%
British Overseas – – – – – – – – – – – – 5,994 –
Other: Total – – 227,829 3.14% 237,840 3.59% 1,118 21,179 26 – –
Foreign born: Total 224,801 9.8% 1,103,616 1,451,041 21.7% 1,940,390 27.1% 2,998,264 36.7% 3,575,740 40.7%
Total 3,347,982 100% 7,236,721 100.00% 6,608,598 100.00% 6,679,699 100% 7,172,091 100% 8,173,941 100% 8,799,726 100%

NOTE: The sub-categories included for each continent may not add up to their respective total amount because the sub categories are only supposed to show the most numerous country of birth from said area.

  • Foreign born in the County of London (excluding Irish born in images)
  • 1901 (5% overall including Irish born)
    1901 (5% overall including Irish born)
  • 1911 (5% overall including Irish born)
    1911 (5% overall including Irish born)
  • 1921 (4% overall including Irish born)
    1921 (4% overall including Irish born)
  • 1931 (5% overall including Irish born)
    1931 (5% overall including Irish born)
  • 1951 (8% overall including Irish born)
    1951 (8% overall including Irish born)
  • Foreign born in London over time
  • 1961 (9.8%)
    1961 (9.8%)
  • 1971 (15.3%)
    1971 (15.3%)
  • 1981 (18.2%)
    1981 (18.2%)
  • 1991 (21.7%)
    1991 (21.7%)
  • 2001 (27.1%)
    2001 (27.1%)
  • 2011 (36.7%)
    2011 (36.7%)
  • 2021 (40.7%)
    2021 (40.7%)
Region of birth of mother[46] 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
United Kingdom 59,104 56.7% 57,376 47.5% 57,450 43.2% 53,866 41.8% 47,958 43.2%
Foreign born 45,058 43.3% 63,522 52.5% 75,383 56.7% 74,923 58.2% 62,986 56.8%
EU 6,977 6.7% 11,309 9.4% 18,402 13.8% 22,573 17.5% 18,365 16.5%
Rest of Europe 3,380 3.2% 4,090 3.4% 4,160 3.1% 5,382 4.2% 5,933 5.3%
Middle East and Asia 13,489 13% 18,206 15% 25,478 19.2% 24,235 18.8% 21,394 19.2%
Africa 13,600 13.1% 20,043 16.6% 19,866 15% 15,600 12.1% 10,725 9.7%
Rest of the world 7,612 7.3% 9,874 8.2% 7,477 5.6% 7,133 5.5% 6,569 5.9%
Total 104,162 1000% 120,898 100% 132,843 100% 128,803 100% 110,961 100%
  • Born to foreign born mothers
  • 2007
    2007
  • 2014
    2014
  • 2021
    2021
  • Population pyramids of country of birth groupings in 2021
  • UK born
    UK born
  • Foreign born: Total
    Foreign born: Total

Languages

Percentage of the population whose main language is English in London in 2021

According to the 2011 Census, 6,083,420 or 77.9% of London's population aged 3 and over spoke English as a main language, with a further 1,406,912 (19.8%) speaking it as a second language or well to very well.[47] 271,693 (3.5%) could not speak English well, while 47,917 (0.6%) could not speak English at all.[47] 2,456 (<0.1%) spoke other UK minority languages, with the most common being Welsh and 2,926 (<0.1%) used British Sign Language.[48] This shows also great challenges for TfL and other government services, for example most ticket vending machines use only English, French and up to 2 other western Europe hemisphere languages, while as shown below most demand is for Indian languages, Polish, etc.

The most common main languages spoken in Greater London according to the 2011 and 2021 censuses are shown below.[49]

Main language

Languages spoken in London by usual residents aged 3+
2011 2021
Language Number Percentage Number Percentage
English 6,083,420 77.90% 6,650,973 78.40%
Romanian 39,653 0.50% 159,338 1.90%
Spanish 71,192 0.90% 117,457 1.40%
Polish 147,816 1.90% 112,068 1.30%
Bengali 114,267 1.50% 101,975 1.20%
Portuguese 71,525 0.90% 94,205 1.10%
Gujarati 101,676 1.30% 82,610 1.00%
Italian 49,484 0.60% 81,293 1.00%
Punjabi 68,525 0.90% 74,205 0.90%
Arabic 70,602 0.90% 72,102 0.80%
Tamil 70,565 0.90% 70,673 0.80%
Turkish 71,242 0.90% 69,641 0.80%
French 84,191 1.10% 67,049 0.80%
Urdu 78,667 1.00% 63,626 0.80%
Bulgarian 47,648 0.60%
Persian 39,645 0.50% 39,233 0.50%
Somali 54,852 0.70% 37,346 0.40%
Malayalam 26,924 0.30% 36,015 0.40%
Russian 26,603 0.30% 31,906 0.40%
Lithuanian 35,341 0.50% 30,768 0.40%
German 31,306 0.40% 19,074 0.20%
Other 441,968 5.66%

Proficiency in English

Language proficiency London (aged 3 and over)
2011[50] 2021[51]
Number % Number %
Main language is English 6,083,420 77.9% 6,650,973 78.4%
Main language is not English 1,726,522 22.1% 1,831,690 21.6%
Can speak English very well 763,502 9.8% 840,463 9.9%
Can speak English well 643,410 8.2% 636,226 7.5%
Cannot speak English well 271,693 3.5% 303,265 3.6%
Cannot speak English 47,917 0.6% 51,736 0.6%
Total 7,809,942 100% 8,482,663 100%

Religion

Main article: Religion in London
Religious makeup of London in single year age groups in 2021

London's religious landscape over the past two decades has undergone significant change. In 2001, Christians constituted the majority at 58.23%, but by 2021, this percentage had declined to 40.66%. Meanwhile, the population identifying with no religion saw a significant increase, rising from 15.76% in 2001 to 27.05% in 2021. This shift suggests a growing trend of secularization in the city.[citation needed]

The Muslim population also experienced notable growth, increasing from 8.46% in 2001 to 14.99% in 2021. The number of individuals who chose not to state their religion slightly fluctuated during these years, from 8.66% in 2001 to 7.00% in 2021.

Hinduism saw steady growth, constituting 4.07% of the population in 2001 and rising to 5.15% in 2021. The Jewish community remained relatively stable but saw a slight decline from 2.09% to 1.65% over the same period. Sikhism also experienced growth, albeit modest, from 1.45% in 2001 to 1.64% in 2021. Other religions, including Buddhism, collectively accounted for small but fluctuating percentages, with Buddhism specifically ranging from 0.76% in 2001 to 0.88% in 2021.

These changes are influenced by various factors, including immigration, generational attitudes, and broader social trends.[citation needed]

Religious affiliation of Londoners
Religion 1950 estimates[52] 1960 estimates[52] 1975 estimates[52] 1984 estimates[52] 1995 estimates[52] 2001 census[53] 2011 census[54] 2021 census[55]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Christian – – – – – – – – – – 4,176,175 58.23% 3,957,984 48.42% 3,577,681 40.66%
No religion – – – – – – – – – – 1,130,616 15.76% 1,694,372 20.73% 2,380,404 27.05%
Muslim – – – – – – – – – – 607,083 8.46% 1,012,823 12.39% 1,318,754 14.99%
Religion not stated – – – – – – – – – – 621,366 8.66% 692,739 8.47% 615,662 7.00%
Hindu – – – – – – – – – – 291,977 4.07% 411,291 5.03% 453,034 5.15%
Jewish 250,000 – 280,000 – 228,000 – 210,000 – 196,000 – 149,789 2.09% 148,602 1.82% 145,466 1.65%
Sikh – – – – – – – – – – 104,230 1.45% 126,134 1.54% 144,543 1.64%
Other religion – – – – – – – – – – 36,558 0.51% 47,970 0.59% 86,759 0.99%
Buddhist – – – – – – – – – – 54,297 0.76% 82,026 1.00% 77,425 0.88%
Total – – – – – – – – – – 7,172,091 100% 8,173,941 100% 8,799,728 100%
Distribution of religions in Greater London according to the 2011 census.
  • Christianity
    Christianity
  • Islam
    Islam
  • Hinduism
    Hinduism
  • Judaism
    Judaism
  • Sikhism
    Sikhism
  • Buddhism
    Buddhism
  • Other religion
    Other religion
  • No religion
    No religion
Population pyramid of London by religion in 2021
  • Population pyramids of each religious group in London
  • Christian
    Christian
  • No religion
    No religion
  • None stated
    None stated
  • Muslim
    Muslim
  • Hindu
    Hindu
  • Buddhist
    Buddhist
  • Sikh
    Sikh
  • Jewish
    Jewish
  • Other religion
    Other religion

Ethnicity by religion

Ethnic Group 2021 census[56]
Christian Muslim Hindu Other No religion Undeclared
Number Number Number Number Number Number
White: Total 2,271,066 113,038 1,450 164,195 1,837,754 343,671
White: British 1,426,511 37,544 841 112,911 1,446,794 214,682
White: Irish 109,149 604 60 1,720 35,793 9,007
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller 4,852 141 16 130 1,445 447
White: Roma 25,646 890 20 455 7,680 2,998
White: Other 704,908 73,859 513 48,979 346,042 116,537
Asian or Asian British: Total 205,801 716,586 421,063 197,465 175,004 101,716
Asian or Asian British: Indian 75,625 66,763 329,329 122,742 31,289 30,524
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani 3,601 264,201 548 582 5,195 16,421
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi 1,057 295,963 3,570 442 4,175 16,843
Asian or Asian British: Chinese 26,018 603 162 16,722 89,546 14,469
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian 99,500 89,056 87,454 56,977 44,799 23,459
Black or Black British: Total 775,655 216,758 976 9,382 103,015 82,586
Black or Black British: African 434,796 196,647 375 2,965 25,603 36,667
Black or Black British: Caribbean 241,736 3,875 399 4,851 60,825 33,719
Black or Black British: Other Black 99,123 16,236 202 1,566 16,587 12,200
Mixed or British Mixed: Total 197,939 47,532 3,943 14,004 194,909 47,449
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean 57,671 1,964 75 1,809 59,103 11,933
Mixed: White and Black African 39,137 9,631 98 975 21,121 6,380
Mixed: White and Asian 36,027 12,648 2,648 5,118 56,599 12,148
Mixed: Other Mixed 65,104 23,289 1,122 6,102 58,086 16,988
Other: Total 127,219 224,840 25,602 69,143 69,722 40,241
Other: Arab[Note 1] 6,420 113,809 61 1,174 7,394 10,932
Other: Any other ethnic group 120,799 111,031 25,541 67,969 62,328 29,309
Total 3,577,681 1,318,754 453,034 454,193 2,380,404 615,662
  1. ^ New category created for the 2011 census

Social issues

Marriage and divorce

In 2019, a total of 29,139 marriages occurred within London.[57]

Abortion

In 2020, 27.7% of conceptions were aborted in the city.[58]

  • Abortion in London
  • Percentage of conceptions aborted in London by each borough in 2020
    Percentage of conceptions aborted in London by each borough in 2020
  • Abortion rates by age group in London
    Abortion rates by age group in London

Sexual orientation and gender identity

Sexual orientation London (aged 16 and over)
2021[59]
Number %
Straight or Heterosexual 6,123,195 86.2%
Gay or Lesbian 158,760 2.2%
Bisexual 108,140 1.5%
All other sexual orientations 37,482 0.5%
Not answered 676,408 9.5%
Total 7,103,985 100%
Gender identity London (aged 16 and over)
2021[60]
Number %
Gender identity the same as sex registered at birth 6,479,664 91.2
Gender identity different from sex registered at birth but no specific identity given 32,753 0.5%
Trans woman 11,266 0.2%
Trans man 11,480 0.2%
All other gender identities 8,862 0.1%
Not answered 559,960 7.9%
Total 7,103,985 100%

Health

In 2021, the suicide rate in total was 6.6 for every 100,000 people.[61] For males this was 9.9 and for females this was 3.4.[61]

  • Variety of health issues in graphs
  • Suicide rates in London
    Suicide rates in London
  • Drug misuse rate in London
    Drug misuse rate in London
  • Percentage of Year 6s obese in 2020 in London
    Percentage of Year 6s obese in 2020 in London
  • Percentage of Reception age children obese in 2020
    Percentage of Reception age children obese in 2020

General health

General health (self-identified) 2001[62] 2011[63] 2021[64]
Number % Number % Number %
Very good health 5,078,978 70.8% 4,127,788 50.5% 4,712,358 53.6%
Good health 2,725,645 33.3% 2,802,395 31.8%
Fair health 1,499,198 20.9% 915,035 11.2% 908,941 10.3%
Bad health 593,915 8.3% 305,343 3.7% 283,864 3.2%
Very bad health 100,130 1.2% 92,170 1.0%
Total 7,172,091 100% 8,173,941 100% 8,799,728 100%

Disability

Disability status London
1991 (long term illness)[65] 2001 (limiting long term illness)[66] 2011[67] 2021[68]
Number % Number % Number % Number %
Disabled (under the Equality Act) 742,870 10.7% 1,111,284 15.5% 1,157,16 14.1% 1,164,456 13.2%
Disabled under the Equality Act: Day-to-day activities limited a little – – – – 605,501 7.4% 658,547 7.5%
Disabled under the Equality Act: Day-to-day activities limited a lot – – – – 551,664 6.7% 505,909 5.7%
Not disabled (under the Equality Act) – – – – 7,016,776 85.8% 7,635,272 86.8%
Not disabled under the Equality Act: No long term physical or mental health conditions – – – – 7,016,776 85.8% 7,175,718 81.5%
Not disabled under the Equality Act: Has long term physical or mental health condition but day-to-day activities are not limited – – – – – – 459,554 5.2%
Total 6,887,280 100% 7,172,091 100% 8,173,941 100% 8,799,728 100%

Income and industry

The vast majority of people within London work in the service sector.[69]

  • Income and industry of London in images
  • Employment rate in London
    Employment rate in London
  • Unemployment rate in London
    Unemployment rate in London
  • Gross Disposable Household Income (GDHI) across London in 2020
    Gross Disposable Household Income (GDHI) across London in 2020
  • Employment in public or private sector in London
    Employment in public or private sector in London

Industry

London's industry over time
Industry sector London (aged 16 and over in employment)
1961 (10% sample)[70] 1981 (10% sample)[71] 1991 (10% sample)[72] 2001[73] 2011[74] 2021[75]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
A: Agriculture, Forestry and fishing 772 0.2% 445 – 613 – 11,033 0.3% 2,363 0.1% 2,827 0.1%
B: Mining and quarrying 296 – – – 2,961 1% 4,487 0.1% 5,606 0.1% 4,957 0.1%
C: Manufacturing 156,035 (Production) 41.5% 58,649 19.1% 29,889 10.5% 253,358 7.6% 128,905 3.2% 131,674 3.0%
D: Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 5,181 1.7% 3,195 1.1% 11,035 0.3% 10,358 0.3% 15,040 0.3%
E: Water supply; Sewerage, Waste management and Remediation activities 14,207 0.4% 12,732 0.3%
F: Construction 20,347 6.6% 18,395 6.5% 174,731 5.3% 262,356 6.6% 340,992 7.8%
G: Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles – – – – – – 478,374 14.4% 522,204 13.1% 531,842 12.2%
H: Transport and storage – – 29,760 9.7% 25,056 8.9% 270,358 8.1% 200,336 205,733 4.7%
J: Information and communication – – – – – – 276,355 6.9% 332,394 7.6%
I: Accommodation and food service activities (Distribution or catering; 1981 + 1991) 213,766 (Services) 56.9% 58,778 19.2% 54,123 19.1% 153,357 4.6% 251,574 237,887 5.5%
K: Financial and insurance activities – – 57,672 20.4% 937,377 28.3% 306,443 288,113 6.6%
L: Real estate activities – – 79,520 92,403 2.1%
M: Professional, scientific and technical activities – – 434,405 456,965 10.5%
N: Administrative and support service activities – – 234,191 262,952 6.0%
P: Education – – – – 247,767 7.5% 384,156 418,765 9.6%
Q: Human health and social work activities – – – – 334,783 10.1% 428,586 563,238 12.9%
O: Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 4,795 1.3% – – – – 178,261 5.4% 201,545 209,607 4.8%
R, S, T, U: Other and not stated – – 131,194 42.6% 90,740 32.1% 264,213 8.0% 255,787 251,958 5.8%
Total 375,664 100% 307,857 100% 282,644 100% 3,319,134 100% 3,998,897 100% 4,360,079 100%

Method of transportation to work

Method of transportation London (aged 16 and over in employment)
1981 (10% sample)[76] 1991 (10% sample)[77] 2001[78] 2011[79] 2021[80]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Work mainly at or from home 9,593 3.1% 12,433 4.4% 285,935 7.5% 202,679 5.1% 1,836,823 42.1%
Underground, metro, light rail, tram 39,035 12.7% – – 642,476 16.9% 902,263 22.6% 431,842 9.9%
Train 32,638 10.6% 74,262 26.3% 661,166 17.4% 532,720 13.3% 231,074 5.3%
Bus, minibus or coach 51,409 16.7% 32,131 11.4% 376,926 9.9% 561,605 14.0% 386,068 8.9%
Taxi – – – – 21,962 0.6% 20,314 0.5% 22,544 0.5%
Motorcycle, scooter or moped 6,481 2.1% 3,239 1.1% 55,752 1.5% 45,976 1.1% 30,404 0.7%
Driving a car or van 90,522 29.4% 108,546 38.4% 1,294,081 34.0% 1,120,826 28.0% 897,111 20.6%
Passenger in a car or van 22,903 7.4% 10,068 3.6% 92,819 2.4% 69,659 1.7% 63,883 1.5%
Bicycle 7,308 2.4% 5,783 2.0% 78,804 2.1% 161,705 4.0% 128,833 3.0%
On foot 40,563 13.2% 27,523 9.7% 281,338 7.4% 352,612 8.8% 279,453 6.4%
Other method of travel to work (or Not stated) 7,405 2.4% 8,659 3.1% 14,396 0.4% 28,538 0.7% 52,040 1.2%
Total 307,857 100% 282,644 100% 3,805,655 100% 3,998,897 100% 4,360,075 100%

Note: The proportion of people working from home in 2021 was distorted by the rules surrounding the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Hours worked weekly

Hours worked weekly London (aged 16 and over in employment)
1991 (10% sample)[81] 2001[82] 2011[83] 2021[84]
Number % Number % Number % Number %
Full-time 224,494 79.4% 2,651,793 79.9% 2,973,844 74.4% 3,137,424 72%
Full-time: 31 to 48 hours worked 224,494 79.4% 2,063,598 62.2% 2,338,716 58.4% 2,555,494 58.6%
Full-time: 49 or more hours worked 588,195 17.7% 635,128 15.9% 581,930 13.3%
Part-time 46,319 16.4% 667,341 20.1% 1,025,053 25.6% 1,222,653 28%
Part-time: 15 hours or less worked 15,812 5.6% 224,349 6.8% 346,106 8.7% 464,497 10.7%
Part-time: 16 to 30 hours worked 30,507 10.8% 442,992 13.3% 678,947 17% 758,156 17.3%
Not stated 11,831 4.1% – – – – – –
Total 282,644 100% 3,319,134 100% 3,998,897 100% 4,360,077 100%

Distance to travel to work

Distance to travel to work 2001[85] 2011[86] 2021[87]
Number % Number % Number %
Less than 2 km 475,102 14.3% 474,585 11.9% 331,191 7.6%
2 km to less than 5 km 659,230 19.9% 715,936 17.9% 484,894 11.1%
5 km to less than 10 km 803,143 24.2% 926,646 23.2% 533,671 12.2%
10 km to less than 20 km 686,960 20.7% 795,833 19.9% 409,530 9.4%
20 km to less than 30 km 128,560 3.9% 154,589 3.9% 79,897 1.8%
30 km to less than 40 km 32,812 1.0% 38,310 1.0% 23,145 0.5%
40 km to less than 60 km 25,001 0.8% 28,294 0.7% 15,808 0.4%
60 km and over 36,282 1.1% 52,083 1.3% 29,917 0.7%
Works mainly from home 285,935 8.6% 380,665 9.5% 1,836,823 42.1%
Works mainly at an offshore installation, in no fixed place, or outside the UK 186,109 5.6% – – 615,201 14.1%
Other – – 431,956 10.8% – –
Total 3,319,134 100% 3,998,897 100% 4,360,077 100%

Note: The proportion of people working from home in 2021 was distorted by the rules surrounding the COVID-19 Pandemic.

National identity

National identity makeup of London by single year ages in 2021
National identity 2011[88] 2021[89]
Number % Number %
British only 2,526,808 30.9% 5,011,396 56.9%
English only 3,035,090 37.1% 717,894 8.2%
Welsh only 31,952 0.4% 19,167 0.2%
Scottish only 53,531 0.7% 29,943 0.3%
Northern Irish only 19,943 0.2% 13,917 0.2%
Any combination of UK only identities – – 14,484 0.2%
English and British only 444,115 5.4% 594,149 6.8%
Welsh and British only 7,081 0.1% 10,161 0.1%
Scottish and British only 11,344 0.1% 15,665 0.2%
Northern Irish and British only 2,530 0.0% 4,504 0.1%
Irish only 125,733 1.5% 99,780 1.1%
Irish and at least one UK identity 7,169 0.1% 16,941 0.2%
Other identity only 1,830,912 22.4% 1,878,830 21.4%
Other identity and at least one UK identity 191,771 2.3% 372,898 4.2%
Total 8,173,941 100% 8,799,729 100%

Note: The order of options for the census question on national identity was changed between 2011 and 2021. In 2011 "English only" was the first group listed whereas in 2021 "British only" was first instead.[90]

  • Population pyramids of identity groupings in 2021
  • English only identity
    English only identity
  • English and British identity
    English and British identity
  • British only identity
    British only identity
  • UK and non-UK identity
    UK and non-UK identity
  • Non-UK only identity
    Non-UK only identity

Housing

Tenure in London according to the 2021 census
Owned: Total
Owned household: Total (46.8%)
Privately rented
Privately rented (30%)
Socially rented
Socially rented (23.1%)
Tenure Year
1961 census[91] 1981 census[92] 1991 census[93] 2001 census[94] 2011 census[95] 2021 census[96]
Households % Households % Households % Households % Households % Households %
Owned 964,934 36.3% 1,217,525 48.6% 1,579,177 57.2% 1,704,719 56.5% 1,618,315 49.5% 1,601,042 46.8%
Owned: outright – – – – 491,232 665,061 689,898 710,052
Owned: with a mortgage or loan – – – – 1,087,945 1,010,629 886,309 838,494
Shared ownership – – – – – – 29,029 42,108 52,496
Privately renting 1,146,807 42.4% 415,247 16.6% 382,785 520,907 819,085 1,025,533 30%
Held due to employment 61,433 – – – – – – – – – –
Lives rent free – – – – – – – – 42,780 6,356
Social renting 484,992 18.2% 872,449 34.8% 799,167 28.9% 790,371 26.2% 785,993 24.1% 790,958 23.1%
Total 2,658,166 100% 2,505,221 100% 2,761,129 100% 3,015,997 100% 3,266,173 100% 3,423,889 100%

Tenure by country of birth

2021 census tenure by country of birth[97]
Country of birth Owned Privately renting Social renting
Households % Households % Households %
Europe: United Kingdom: England 956,436 57.1% 317,375 19.0% 400,222 23.9%
Europe: United Kingdom: Northern Ireland 9,249 55.5% 4,482 26.9% 2,927 17.6%
Europe: United Kingdom: Scotland 25,465 57.4% 10,838 24.4% 8,081 18.2%
Europe: United Kingdom: Wales 16,209 64.2% 6,165 24.4% 2,874 11.4%
Europe: United Kingdom: Great Britain not otherwise specified 21 33.3% 15 23.8% 27 42.9%
Europe: United Kingdom: United Kingdom not otherwise specified 97 37.7% 85 33.1% 75 29.2%
Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Member countries in March 2001: Ireland 30,748 52.1% 12,380 21.0% 15,879 26.9%
Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Member countries in March 2001: France 13,083 37.2% 19,451 55.3% 2,621 7.5%
Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Member countries in March 2001: Germany 11,157 46.8% 10,417 43.6% 2,291 9.6%
Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Member countries in March 2001: Italy 19,356 36.6% 29,912 56.6% 3,566 6.7%
Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Member countries in March 2001: Portugal (including Madeira and the Azores) 5,282 21.7% 12,587 51.7% 6,482 26.6%
Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Member countries in March 2001: Spain (including Canary Islands) 7,483 29.7% 15,014 59.6% 2,675 10.6%
Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Member countries in March 2001: Other member countries in March 2001 15,637 37.2% 23,300 55.5% 3,071 7.3%
Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Countries that joined the EU between April 2001 and March 2011: Lithuania 4,516 23.5% 12,316 64.0% 2,416 12.6%
Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Countries that joined the EU between April 2001 and March 2011: Poland 16,179 24.7% 41,925 63.9% 7,475 11.4%
Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Countries that joined the EU between April 2001 and March 2011: Romania 7,524 13.2% 47,171 82.7% 2,351 4.1%
Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Countries that joined the EU between April 2001 and March 2011: Other EU countries 24,334 32.9% 40,668 55.0% 8,873 12.0%
Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Countries that joined the EU between April 2011 and March 2021: Croatia 982 37.2% 1,124 42.5% 536 20.3%
Europe: Other Europe: Rest of Europe: Turkey 8,867 24.6% 13,905 38.5% 13,346 37.0%
Europe: Other Europe: Rest of Europe: Other Europe 22,162 30.0% 38,609 52.2% 13,142 17.8%
Africa: North Africa 8,080 22.6% 12,762 35.7% 14,880 41.7%
Africa: Central and Western Africa: Ghana 9,366 25.0% 9,814 26.2% 18,269 48.8%
Africa: Central and Western Africa: Nigeria 18,150 28.4% 19,731 30.9% 25,992 40.7%
Africa: Central and Western Africa: Other Central and Western Africa 4,846 11.2% 12,535 29.1% 25,696 59.7%
Africa: South and Eastern Africa: Kenya 22,667 75.4% 3,564 11.9% 3,833 12.7%
Africa: South and Eastern Africa: Somalia 968 2.7% 8,367 23.4% 26,371 73.9%
Africa: South and Eastern Africa: South Africa 12,381 48.9% 11,002 43.5% 1,934 7.6%
Africa: South and Eastern Africa: Zimbabwe 3,405 36.6% 3,246 34.9% 2,645 28.5%
Africa: South and Eastern Africa: Other South and Eastern Africa 27,493 42.5% 11,893 18.4% 25,251 39.1%
Africa: Africa not otherwise specified 511 48.3% 166 15.7% 381 36.0%
Middle East and Asia: Middle East: Iran 8,742 34.7% 10,823 43.0% 5,626 22.3%
Middle East and Asia: Middle East: Iraq 4,575 27.8% 6,617 40.2% 5,261 32.0%
Middle East and Asia: Middle East: Other Middle East 9,968 30.9% 16,483 51.0% 5,840 18.1%
Middle East and Asia: Eastern Asia: China 12,700 50.3% 10,363 41.1% 2,170 8.6%
Middle East and Asia: Eastern Asia: Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region of China) 9,597 61.6% 4,802 30.8% 1,184 7.6%
Middle East and Asia: Eastern Asia: Other Eastern Asia 6,051 38.7% 8,634 55.3% 932 6.0%
Middle East and Asia: Southern Asia: Afghanistan 3,321 17.4% 9,042 47.4% 6,726 35.2%
Middle East and Asia: Southern Asia: India 74,556 57.0% 47,241 36.1% 8,964 6.9%
Middle East and Asia: Southern Asia: Pakistan 23,156 43.3% 20,625 38.5% 9,726 18.2%
Middle East and Asia: Southern Asia: Bangladesh 15,991 26.1% 18,171 29.6% 27,194 44.3%
Middle East and Asia: Southern Asia: Sri Lanka 18,435 49.3% 13,811 37.0% 5,125 13.7%
Middle East and Asia: Southern Asia: Other Southern Asia 3,493 48.4% 3,154 43.7% 577 8.0%
Middle East and Asia: South-East Asia: Philippines 7,381 31.8% 10,239 44.1% 5,581 24.1%
Middle East and Asia: South-East Asia: Malaysia 6,654 64.8% 2,768 26.9% 851 8.3%
Middle East and Asia: South-East Asia: Singapore 2,942 59.5% 1,682 34.0% 320 6.5%
Middle East and Asia: South-East Asia: Other South-East Asia 6,848 38.6% 4,961 28.0% 5,937 33.5%
Middle East and Asia: Central Asia 818 31.0% 1,500 56.8% 321 12.2%
The Americas and the Caribbean: North America: United States 12,397 41.1% 16,279 54.0% 1,464 4.9%
The Americas and the Caribbean: North America: Canada 5,223 47.3% 5,296 48.0% 522 4.7%
The Americas and the Caribbean: North America: Other North America 172 32.8% 309 58.9% 44 8.4%
The Americas and the Caribbean: Central America: All Central American countries 1,051 30.1% 2,145 61.5% 294 8.4%
The Americas and the Caribbean: South America: All South American countries 15,468 23.7% 37,044 56.8% 12,693 19.5%
The Americas and the Caribbean: The Caribbean: Jamaica 18,376 36.0% 7,625 14.9% 25,010 49.0%
The Americas and the Caribbean: The Caribbean: Other Caribbean 13,724 42.4% 5,723 17.7% 12,895 39.9%
Antarctica and Oceania: Australasia: Australia 10,400 46.7% 11,061 49.7% 798 3.6%
Antarctica and Oceania: Australasia: New Zealand 5,641 53.6% 4,364 41.4% 525 5.0%
Antarctica and Oceania: Australasia: Other Australasia 5 45.5% 5 45.5% 1 9.1%
Antarctica and Oceania: Other Oceania and Antarctica 695 58.4% 305 25.6% 190 16.0%
Other 7 58.3% 1 8.3% 4 33.3%

Education

Level of qualification

Level of qualification London (aged 16 and over, not in education)
2001[98] 2011[99] 2021[100]
Number % Number % Number %
No qualifications 1,257,929 23.7% 1,152,517 17.6% 1,151,250 16.2%
Level 1 and entry level qualifications 689,228 13.0% 702,687 10.7% 545,269 7.7%
Level 2 qualifications 904,205 17.1% 775,928 11.8% 707,518 10.0%
Apprenticeship – – 107,665 1.6% 227,622 3.2%
Level 3 qualifications 518,624 9.8% 685,508 10.5% 937,875 13.2%
Level 4 qualifications or above 1,642,467 31.0% 2,470,225 37.7% 3,316,829 46.7%
Other qualifications 287,879 5.4% 654,643 10.0% 217,622 3.1%
Total 5,300,332 100% 6,549,173 100% 7,103,985 100%

See also

References

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Greek philosophers active before and during the time of Socrates Presocratics redirects here. For the band, see Presocratics (band). PythagorasParmenidesHeraclitus Pre-Socratic philosophy, also known as Early Greek Philosophy, is ancient Greek philosophy before Socrates. Pre-Socratic philosophers were mostly interested in cosmology, the beginning and the substance of the universe, but the inquiries of these early philosophers spanned the workings of the natural world as well as human society,...

 

 

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This article has no lead section. Please improve this article by adding one in your own words. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2006 football season2006 season← 20052007 → National team Russia played two friendly matches under the caretaker coach Aleksandr Borodyuk. On 1 March, they lost 0–1 to Brazil in Moscow, and on 27 May drew 0–0 with Spain in Albacete. On 10 April Guus Hiddink announced that he will become manager of Russia team after 2...

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Historical novel written by Philippa Gregory This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Virgin's Lover – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Virgin's Lover First UK editionAuthorPhilippa GregoryCover artistCherlynne LiCou...

 

 

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Payments made by authorized bodies to unemployed people Part of a series onEconomics History Outline Index Branches and classifications Applied Econometrics Heterodox International Micro / Macro Mainstream Mathematical Methodology Political JEL classification codes Concepts, theory and techniques Economic systems Economic growth Market National accounting Experimental economics Computational economics Game theory Operations research Middle income trap Industrial complex By application Agricul...

 

 

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Religious violence in India includes acts of violence by followers of one religious group against followers and institutions of another religious group, often in the form of rioting.[1] Religious violence in India has generally involved Hindus and Muslims.[2][3] Despite the secular and religiously tolerant constitution of India, broad religious representation in various aspects of society including the government, the active role played by autonomous bodies such as Na...

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