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House of Clare
House of Clare
Noble House
Parent house	House of Normandy
Country	England Gloucestershire; Hertfordshire; Kent; Suffolk; Wales Glamorgan; Pembrokeshire; Lordship of Ireland Leinster;
Founder	Richard fitz Gilbert
Titles	Various
Style(s)	Earls, Barons, and Knights
Estate(s)	Various Earldoms, Baronies and over 190 Manorial Lordships

The House of Clare was a prominent Anglo-Norman noble house that ruled the Earldoms of Pembroke, Hertford and Gloucester in England and Wales throughout its history, playing a prominent role in the Norman invasion of Ireland.

They were descended from Richard Fitz Gilbert, Lord of Clare (1035-1090), a kinsman of William the Conqueror who accompanied him into England during the Norman conquest of England. As a reward for his service, Richard was given lands in Suffolk centred on the village of Clare. As a result, Richard and his descendants carried the name of 'de Clare' or 'of Clare'.

The de Clares ranked among the greatest baronial houses of the early Middle Ages and were the proprietors of the monumental Caerphilly Castle, Pembroke Castle, Castell Coch, and over 190 manors in England.^[1]^[2]

Origins

Stained glass window in Tewkesbury Abbey depicting Lord Gilbert de Clare.

The Clare family derived in the male line from Gilbert, Count of Brionne, whose father Geoffrey, Count of Eu was an illegitimate son of Richard I, Duke of Normandy by an unknown mistress. Gilbert de Brionne was one of the guardians of William II, who became Duke of Normandy as a child in 1035. When Gilbert was assassinated in 1039 or 1040, his young sons Baldwin and Richard fitz Gilbert fled with their guardians to Baldwin V, Count of Flanders; they returned to Normandy when William married Baldwin's daughter in 1053, and William took them into high favour. After the conquest of England, Richard fitz Gilbert received extensive estates, notably including Clare and Tonbridge. From his holding the former, the family he founded are usually referred to by historians as 'de Clare' (of Clare)."^[3] Historical sources are vague and sometimes contradictory about when the name Clare came into common usage, but Richard fitz Gilbert (of Tonbridge) is once referred to as Richard of Clare in the Suffolk return of the Domesday Survey.^[4] His brother Baldwin de Meules was left in charge of Exeter on its submission (1068) and made sheriff of Devonshire. Large estates in Devonshire and Somersetshire are entered to him in Domesday as "Baldwin of Exeter" or "Baldwin the Sheriff".^[5]

Earldoms

On his death, Richard's English estates passed to his son Gilbert Fitz Richard de Clare (1055-1117), while a younger son, Robert Fitz Richard, would give rise to a lineage that became Barons FitzWalter, as well as having younger branches that took the surnames of Daventry and Fawsley.^[6]^[7] A younger son of Gilbert fitz Richard, also named Gilbert, establishing himself in Wales, acquired the Earldom of Pembroke in 1138 and the Lordship of Striguil. Earl Gilbert's nephew of the senior line, the son of his older brother, Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare (1090-1136), would likewise be made an Earl. Gilbert Fitz Richard (d. 1152) was named Earl of Hertford, perhaps in 1138 but at least by 1141, and subsequently, the family would sometimes use the style of Earls of Clare.^[5]^[8]^[9] The first Earl of Hertford died without issue and was succeeded by his brother, Roger de Clare, 2nd Earl of Hertford, from whom the later Earls of Hertford descended.

The son of Gilbert Fitz Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Pembroke, was Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (died 1176), known as Strongbow, a leader of the Norman invasion of Ireland. His only son died while still a minor, and Strongbow's many Irish and Welsh possessions passed with his daughter Isabel, to her husband, William Marshal.^[10] Some of these lands would be brought back into the family via the marriage of one of the coheiresses of Isabel de Clare and William Marshal, Isabel Marshal, to her distant cousin, Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford (died 1230). He also inherited from his mother the estates of his maternal grandfather, William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester (died 1183), including the earldom and honour of Gloucester and the lordship of Glamorgan.

The family continued to hold both Earldoms until the early 14th century, when Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester died without issue and the Earldoms became extinct, while his lands were divided among several sisters. Richard de Clare, a member of a junior line that had become lords of Thomond, in Ireland, would be summoned to Parliament in 1309 and hence is held to have been made Lord Clare. But, the death of his infant son in 1321, shortly after his own death, brought an end to the last of the lines typically called de Clare, though the male line persisted at least a century later in the Barons FitzWalter.

Coat of arms

The early Clares appear to have used a coat of arms that was chevronny, as seen in the seals of Gilbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and of his niece, Rohese, Countess of Lincoln. Richard 'Strongbow', 2nd Earl of Pembroke, would simplify this to a coat with three chevronels, matching the three red chevrons on a gold background that would be the arms of the Clare Earls of Hertford.^[11]

Family tree

Tree of Clare

Richard I
Duke of Normandy
d. 996

Geoffrey
Count of Eu
d. 1015

House of Clare

Gilbert
Count of Brionne and Eu
d. 1040

Richard fitz Gilbert
Lord of Bienfaite, Orbec, Clare and Tonbridge, joint
Chief Justiciar of England
d. c. 1090

Baldwin FitzGilbert
Lord of Sap and Meules, baron of Okehampton
Sheriff of Devon
d. 1090

Robert fitz Baldwin

William fitz Baldwin
baron of Okehampton
Sheriff of Devon
fl. 1096

Richard fitz Baldwin
baron of Okehampton
Sheriff of Devon
d. 1137

Adelise fitz Baldwin
eventual heiress

[? Matilda]
fitz Baldwin
m. William fitzWimund
m. Ranulf Avenel

Roger fitz Gilbert de Clare
Lord of Bienfaite and Orbec
d. 1131

Gilbert fitz Richard de Clare
Lord of Clare
Tonbridge and Cardigan
d. 1117

Walter fitz Richard de Clare
Lord of Netherwent
d. c. 1138

Richard fitz Richard de Clare
Abbot of Ely

Robert fitz Richard
Lord of Little, Dunmow (Essex)
d. 1136

Richard fitz Gilbert de Clare
Lord of Tunbridge and Cardigan
d. 1136

Gilbert fitz Gilbert de Clare
Earl of Pembroke
d. 1148/1149

Baldwin fitz Gilbert de Clare
Lord of Bourne
d. 1154/1166

Barons FitzWalter
male line extinct 1431

Daventry of Daventry
male line extinct 1381

Fawlsey of Fawlsey
male line extinct 1392

Gilbert fitz Richard de Clare
Earl of Hertford
d. 1152

Roger fitz Richard de Clare
Earl of Hertford
d. 1173

Rohaise de Clare
m. Gilbert de Gant
Earl of Lincoln

Alice de Clare
m. Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd
Prince of Gwynedd

Lucy de Clare
m. Baldwin de Redvers
Earl of Devon

Richard fitz Gilbert de Clare
Strongbow
Earl of Pembroke
d. 1176

Richard de Clare
Earl of Hertford
d. 1217

Aveline de Clare
d. 1164
m. Geoffrey fitz Piers
Earl of Essex

Isabel de Clare
m. William Marshal
Earl of Pembroke
d. 1220

Gilbert de Clare
of Striguil
Earl of Pembroke
d. 1185

Mathilde de Clare
m. Rhys Gryg
Prince of Deheubarth
d. 1234

Gilbert de Clare
Earl of Hertford and Gloucester
d. 1230

Isabel Marshal
coheiress of her mother

other coheiresses

Isabel de Clare
d. 1264

Richard de Clare
Earl of Hertford and Gloucester
d. 1262

Bruce
Kings of Scotland

Gilbert de Clare
the Red Earl
Earl of Hertford and Gloucester, Guardian of England
d. 1295

Bogo de Clare
Clergyman
d. 1294

Thomas de Clare
Lord of Thomond, Chancellor of Ireland
d. 1287

Gilbert de Clare
Earl of Hertford and Gloucester
d. 1314

Eleanor de Clare
m. Hugh Baron Despenser
m. William de la Zouche

Margaret de Clare
m. Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall
m. Hugh de Audley, Earl of Gloucester

Elizabeth de Clare
m. John de Burgh
m. Theobald de Verdun
m. Roger, Baron d'Amory

Gilbert de Clare
Lord of Thomond
d. 1308

Richard de Clare
Lord Clare, Lord of Thomond
d. 1318

Maud de Clare
m. Robert Baron Clifford
m. Robert Baron Welles

Margaret de Clare
m. Gilbert de Umfraville
m. Bartholomew Baron Badlesmere

(coheiresses)

Thomas de Clare
d. 1321

(coheiresses)

Notes

Bibliography

J. C. Ward, "Fashions in monastic endowment: the foundations of the Clare family, 1066–1314", Journal of Ecclesiastical History, vol. 32.4 (1981), p. 427–451.
J. C. Ward, "Royal service and reward: the Clare family and the crown, 1066–1154", Anglo-Norman Studies, vol. 11 (1988), p. 261–278.
Michael Altschul, A Baronial Family in Medieval England: The Clares, 1217–1314, The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1965. See online summary.

References

^ Queen Mary, University of London, The estates of the Clare Family 1066-1317. Ward, Jennifer Clare
^ Page, W. (1927) Parishes: Chilton. A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 4. Ed. London, England: Victoria County History.
^ Richard Mortimer, Clare, Richard de [Richard fitz Gilbert] (1030x35–1087x90), magnate, in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online by subscription.
^ Suffolk return of the Domesday Survey (c. 1086) (ed. A. Rumble, Suffolk, 2 vols (Chichester, 1986), 67 ~ 1
^ ^a ^b Round 1911.
^ J. Horace Round (1901), "The Companions of the Conqueror", Monthly Review, vol. 3, pp. 91-111
^ George Baker (1822), History and Antiquities of the County of Northampton, vol. 1, pp. 306, 379
^ R. H. C. Davis, King Stephen (1977), p. 136, and p. 129.
^ Frank Barlow, The Feudal Kingdom of England, 1042–1261 (4th edition 1988), p. 213.
^ Round 1887.
^ J. H. Round, "The Introduction of Armorial Bearings into England", The Archaeological Journal, volume 51, pp 43-48 [1]

Attribution

Round, John Horace (1911). "Clare (family)" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 423–424.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Round, John Horace (1887). "Clare, de". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 10. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 375–376.