Dallara DW12

Dallara DW12
Josef Newgarden and Takuma Sato driving DW12s at the 2021 Indianapolis 500
CategoryIndyCar Series
ConstructorDallara
Designer(s)Tony Cotman
Luca Pignacca
Sam Garrett
Andrea Toso
PredecessorDallara IR-05
SuccessorDallara IR-27
Technical specifications[1]
ChassisCarbon fiber monocoque with honeycomb kevlar structure
Suspension (front)Double A-arm, pushrod, with third spring and anti-roll bar
Suspension (rear)As front
Length201.7 in (5,123 mm) on road/street course, short ovals; 197.33 in (5,012 mm) on 1.5-mile intermediate ovals, superspeedways and Indianapolis 500 (Mk. III)
Width75.5 in (1,918 mm) minimum (Road/Street), 75.75 in (1,924 mm) minimum (Ovals), 76.5 in (1,943 mm) maximum (measured outside rim to rim)
Height40 in (1,016 mm)
Axle trackMax. 76.3 in (1,938 mm)
Wheelbase117.5–121.5 in (2,984–3,086 mm) adjustable
EngineChevrolet Indy V6 (2012-present), Honda HI24TT (2012-present) and Lotus Indy V6 (2012) 2.2 L (134 cu in) V6 90° with 4-stroke piston Otto cycle with efficient combustion process and greater emission engine burning single (Honda in 2012-2013)/twin-turbocharged (supplied by BorgWarner), mid-engined, longitudinally-mounted
TransmissionXtrac #1011 6-speed AGS (Assisted Gearchange System)[2] sequential semi-automatic paddle-shift + 1 reverse
BatteryBraille ML7Ti 12 volts
Power575 hp (429 kW) on speedways, 625 hp (466 kW) on 1.5-mile ovals, 675 hp (503 kW) on short ovals and road/street courses + 60 hp (45 kW) on push-to-pass
Weight1,650 lb (748 kg) on 1.5-mile speedways, superspeedways and Indianapolis 500; 1,680 lb (762 kg) on short ovals; 1,690 lb (767 kg) road and street courses (including additional of aeroscreen)[3]
FuelE85 (85% ethanol + 15% gasoline) (2012-2022):
Sunoco (2012-2018)
Speedway (2019-2022)
100% renewable E85 (85% ethanol + 15% biofuel):
Shell (2023-)[4]
LubricantsPennzoil (rest of IndyCar Series teams), Ridgeline Lubricants (Chip Ganassi Racing) and Lucas Oil (Arrow McLaren)
BrakesBrembo (2012-2016) later PFC (2017-present) carbon discs and pads. Brembo (2012-2017) later PFC ZR90 (2018-present) 4-piston (all oval races)/6-piston (road/street course races) calipers
TyresFirestone Firehawk dry slick and treaded wet tires
O.Z. Racing and BBS wheels
ClutchAP Racing CP8153-DE03-SN 3-plate carbon with steel housing
Competition history
Notable entrantsAll IndyCar Series Teams
Notable driversAll IndyCar Series Drivers
Debut2012 Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg

The Dallara DW12 (formally named the Dallara IR-12) is an open-wheel formula racing car developed and produced by Italian manufacturer Dallara for use in the IndyCar Series. It replaced the aging Dallara IR-05 chassis in the 2012 IndyCar Series season and is to be used through the 2026 season, after which it is to be replaced by the planned Dallara IR-27.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

Since 2012, all IndyCar races are contested with cars built on a common chassis supplied by Dallara,[11] keeping costs to the fixed $349,000 per chassis negotiated by the IndyCar organization.[12] The new specification of chassis also adds safety features, the most prominent being a partial enclosure around the rear wheels. Since 2015, Honda and Chevrolet have offered alternatives to the Dallara aerodynamic kit for the chassis.[13]

The chassis is named after Dan Wheldon, who was the car's test driver, and who was killed at Las Vegas Motor Speedway on October 16, 2011, the final race of the previous IR-05.[14] The new front section is designed to prevent similar single-seater crashes such as the one that killed Wheldon.[15] The nomenclature recalls that of the old Formula One team Ligier, whose cars were labeled JSxx after French F1 driver Jo Schlesser, who died in the 1968 French Grand Prix.

Dallara DW12 is currently the longest-serving IndyCar Series car chassis to date despite three different aero kit variants.

The ICONIC Project

The 2012 season saw the implementation of the Indy Racing League's new ICONIC Plan (Innovative, Competitive, Open-wheel, New, Industry-relevant, Cost-effective), the biggest change to the sport in recent history. The car used through 2011, a 2003/2007-model Dallara IR-05, and naturally aspirated V8 engines (required since 1997) were permanently retired. The ICONIC committee was composed of experts and executives from racing and technical fields: Randy Bernard (INDYCAR CEO), William R. Looney III (military), Brian Barnhart (INDYCAR), Gil de Ferran (retired Indy 500 champion), Tony Purnell (motorsport), Eddie Gossage (Texas Motor Speedway), Neil Ressler, Tony Cotman (NZR Track Consulting) and Rick Long (motorsport).[16] IndyCar accepted proposals from BAT Engineering, Dallara, DeltaWing, Lola and Swift for chassis design.[17] On July 14, 2010, the final decision was made public, with organisers accepting the Dallara proposal.[17]

New chassis

Under the new ICONIC regulations, all teams will compete with a core rolling chassis, called the "IndyCar Safety Cell",[17] developed by Italian designer Dallara. Teams will then outfit the chassis with separate body work, referred to as "Aero Kits", which consist of front and rear wings, sidepods, and engine cowlings.[17] Development of Aero Kits is open to any manufacturer, with all packages to be made available to all teams for a maximum price. ICONIC committee member Tony Purnell gave an open invitation to car manufacturers and companies such as Lockheed Martin and GE to develop kits.[18]

The IndyCar Safety Cell will be capped at a price of $349,000[19] and will be assembled at a new Dallara facility in Speedway, Indiana. Aero Kits will be capped at $70,000.[19] Teams have the option of buying a complete Dallara safety cell/aero kit for a discounted price.[19]

On May 12, 2011, Dallara unveiled the first concept cars, one apiece in oval and road course Aero Kit configuration.[20]

On April 30, 2011, IndyCar owners voted 15–0 to reject the introduction of multiple Aero Kits for the 2012 season, citing costs.[21] Owners expressed their desire to introduce the new chassis/engines for 2012, but have all participants use the Dallara aerodynamic package in 2012, and delay the introduction of multiple aero kits until 2013. On August 14, 2011, IndyCar confirmed that the introduction of multiple Aero Kits would be delayed until 2013 for "economic reasons",[22] and furthermore, it was put off for 2013 as well. Chevrolet and Lotus had already announced their intention to build aero kits.[23][24][25][26]

2011 Indianapolis 500 winner Dan Wheldon carried out the first official test of the Dallara chassis at Mid-Ohio in August 2011.[27] Following Wheldon's death at the season-ending race in Las Vegas, Dallara announced that the 2012 chassis would be named the DW12 in his honor.[28][29]

Dallara aero kit (2012–2014)

#20 Ed Carpenter Racing at the 2012 Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg, with the original Road Course DW12 aero kit

The first official test of the Dallara IR-12 chassis was carried out by Dan Wheldon at Mid-Ohio on August 8, 2011.[27][30] Phase I of testing involved Wheldon, and was planned to involve three road courses and three ovals, over a total of about twelve days. The second test was held August 18 at Barber,[31] and the third was held on the USGP road course at Indianapolis on September 1.[32] Oval tests took place in September at Iowa[33] and Indianapolis.[34]

Honda (Scott Dixon) and Chevrolet (Will Power) began Phase II of on-track testing at Mid-Ohio in early October.[35] A scheduled test at Las Vegas was cancelled after Wheldon lost his life in the 2011 race held at the track, resulting in Dallara renaming the chassis, a practice adopted from Ligier, which named its race cars "JS" for Jo Schlesser. Testing resumed in late October and continued through February at several venues including Sebring,[36] Fontana,[37] Homestead,[38] Phoenix,[39] and Sonoma.[40] Lotus first took to the track on January 12 at Palm Beach,[41] and testing by individual teams began on January 16.[42]

A full-field official open test took place on March 5–6 and 8–9, 2012 at Sebring International Raceway.[43]

The Dallara DW12's race debut was at the 2012 Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg on March 25, 2012. Team Penske's Will Power won the inaugural pole and Hélio Castroneves won the first race with the DW12.

Full-field oval open tests also took place on April 4, 2012, at Indianapolis Motor Speedway[44] and May 7, 2012, at Texas Motor Speedway.[45]

The car's Indianapolis debut came in the 2012 Indianapolis 500. In its first three 500s the car saw 136 lead changes, including a track-record 68 in 2013.

Manufacturer aero kits (2015–2017)

2015 Chevrolet Road Course Aero kit, seen on the #20 Ed Carpenter Racing
2015 Honda Road Course Aero kit, seen on the #15 Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing

For the 2015 season, the universal aero kit provided by Dallara was retired, and replaced with individual manufacturer's aero kits.[46][47] Honda and Chevrolet introduced their own in-house designed aero kits, in partnership with Wirth Research (Honda[48]) and Pratt & Miller (Chevrolet[49]), respectively.

The first official test of Chevrolet's aero kit was conducted at COTA by Will Power on October 17, 2014, followed by preseason testing at NOLA on March 14, 2015. The manufacturer's aero kits race debut was at the 2015 Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg on March 29, 2015. Team Penske's Will Power won the inaugural pole and Juan Pablo Montoya won the first race with the DW12 Chevrolet aero kit.

In the first season of use, the Chevrolet aero kits had an edge over Honda, with Chevrolet teams winning all but six races during the season.[50] However, at Indianapolis, three Chevy entries experienced frightening flip-over crashes, prompting a delay in pole qualifying, tweaks to the qualifying rules, and a safety examination during the offseason.

Midway through the season, both manufacturers introduced updates to their aero kits, with Honda losing its front wing endplates on safety grounds, and Chevrolet introducing an additional winglet.[51]

In 2016, in response to the flipping incidents of Chevrolet-powered cars at the 2015 Indianapolis 500, domed skids were introduced.[52][53] Zylon bodywork tethers were also added to the cars, to prevent loose bodywork from leaving a car, and striking another competitor, following the death of Justin Wilson, who was struck by loose bodywork.[54] In addition, bodywork updates were issued by both manufacturers to their aerokits. Compared to the Chevrolet aero kit, the Honda kit saw numerous changes, with the front wing being altered from a stacked triple element, to a simpler dual element section, with a new endplate section introduced. In addition, new sidepods were introduced on the road course kit, while a new tyre ramp was introduced with it, and vents were added to the rear wing endplates.[55] The Chevrolet Aero Kit was less dominant, compared to the previous season.[56]

For the 2017 season, a developmental freeze was implemented, ahead of a planned introduction of a new universal aero kit for 2018.[57]

IR–18 Universal Aero Kit (UAK-18) (2018–2026)

Tony Kanaan driving the first UAK (without cockpit protection) in 2018.
Max Chilton during the 2020 IndyCar Harvest GP; utilizing the Universal Aero Kit with the aeroscreen.

In March 2017, the IndyCar Series announced that the DW12 would receive a redesign and facelift of its aerodynamic system, with all cars running a universal aero kit starting in 2018. Named the UAK-18 (Universal Aero Kit 2018), the base Dallara Safety Cell chassis would remain as-was: however, several components, including the airbox and rear-wheel guards, would be removed. The latter were jettisoned as research and on-track results indicated that they were largely ineffective in reducing large crashes and would often break easily, as would other extraneous winglets.[58] The new kits were designed to ensure that more downforce comes from ground effects than the wings, and the visuals were inspired by classic Indy car designs from the 1980s and 1990s. In addition, teams would save money as they no longer have to buy different base undertray chassis strictly for superspeedways such as Indianapolis. The same chassis can accommodate aero kits for both road/street/short oval courses and the longer ovals.[59]

For the cockpit section, all IndyCar Series entrants began to utilize the all-new Cosworth CCW Mk2 steering wheel and also-new Configurable Display Unit 4.3 display dashes. Due to cost reasons, several smaller IndyCar Series teams (including part-timer and Indianapolis 500-only) still carried over the Pi Research Sigma Wheel digital display for one more season. The driver seats are slightly reprofiled to improve driver comfort as well as modifications such as a slight increase of cockpit length and width to better accommodate driver body height and weight. IndyCar Series was also in talks on the use of cockpit protection for the 2019 season such as the aeroscreen to avoid fatal crashes such as that of Justin Wilson in 2015. The aeroscreen was tested by Scott Dixon at ISM Raceway on February 9, 2018[60][61] and then by Josef Newgarden at Indianapolis Motor Speedway on April 30, 2018.

The initial new cockpit protection called "Advanced Frontal Protection" made its debut at the 2019 Indianapolis 500, while the new radical Aeroscreen cockpit protection was introduced for 2020 season developed by Red Bull Advanced Technologies.[62]

The UAK-18 (with the 2020-adopted aeroscreen) with V-6 twin-turbocharged engine powerplant, was originally expected to be retired at the end of the 2023 season. It was to be replaced by a hybrid powerplant for 2024. However, series officials have delayed the rollout of the hybrid formula until an unspecified date after the 2024 Indianapolis 500. Therefore the same cars from 2023 will be utilized for the first several races of the 2024 season.

Hybrid engine formula (2024)

The IndyCar Series is currently testing updated 2.4 liter V6 powertrains with 100bhp hybrid ERS units provided by German manufacturer Mahle,[63] who has provided such power units to various motorsport categories, such as DTM and in automotive applications. The powertrains are currently in active development after being delayed from the originally scheduled 2023 debut due to the impact of the COVID-19 global pandemic affecting availability of manufacturing capacity for the hybrid power units to allow for manufacturer testing,[64] as well as the desire from IndyCar manufacturer participants Chevrolet and Honda to delay the introduction of the hybrid powertrain to 2024 to allow for more testing, development and security in having the necessary parts to supply participating teams with the new powertrains. As of November 2022, there are currently no plans to introduce a new chassis in the near future,[65] with previous plans to debut a new chassis for the 2024-25 seasons delayed to 2027 due to the impact of the pandemic delaying initial design and development from the January 2021 timeframe,[66] with no immediate word on a replacement for the current DW12 UAK18. On December 16, 2024 it was announced that the series and Dallara would confirm its successor from 2027 onwards and thus the current chassis is scheduled to retire after the 2026 season.

In December 2022, IndyCar announced that the new engine formula scheduled to debut in 2024 had been delayed to 2027.[67] Instead, a hybrid system for the existing 2.2 liter V6 engines was introduced during the 2024 Honda Indy 200 at Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course.[68] It has a 60 hp (45 kW), 33 lb⋅ft (45 N⋅m) electric motor coupled to a 320 kJ (90 Wh), 60-volt capacitor.[69]

Fatal accidents

The DW12 was the second Dallara IndyCar Series chassis to suffer a fatality in IndyCar Series to date. At the 2015 ABC Supply 500 at Pocono Raceway, Justin Wilson died after being hit on his helmet by the nose cone of Sage Karam's crashed car.

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Vallejo (pengucapan: /vəˈleɪoʊ/ or /vəˈleɪhoʊ/ dalam bahasa Inggris; [baˈʎexo] dalam bahasa Spanyol) merupakan sebuah kota yang terletak di Solano County, California, Amerika Serikat. Menurut sensus AS tahun 2000, jumlah penduduk yang tinggal di kota ini mencapai 116.760 jiwa. Kota ini terletak di dekat San Francisco Bay Area, dan sempat menjadi ibu kota negara bagian California sebanyak dua kali pada 1852 dan 1853. Pembalap NASCAR, Jeff Gordon merupakan salah satu putra asli dari k...

 

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Artikel ini bukan mengenai Gas alam cair. Tabung gas minyak cair Gas minyak cair (Inggris: Liquefied petroleum gas, disingkat LPG atau LP gas) atau sering disebut Elpiji adalah campuran mudah terbakar yang terdiri dari gas hidrokarbon, paling sering propana, butana, dan propilena. Dengan menambah tekanan dan menurunkan suhunya, gas berubah menjadi cair. Komponennya didominasi propana (C3H8) dan butana (C4H10). Gas minyak cair juga mengandung hidrokarbon ringan lain dalam jumlah kecil, mis...

 

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Traditional motto of Georgia This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Dzala ertobashia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Dzala ertobashia (Georgian: ძალა ერთობაშია, pronounced [dzala eɾtʰobaʃia], Strength is...

 

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Ethiopia is called the water tower of Africa due to its combination of mountainous areas with a comparatively large share of water resources in Africa. Only a fraction of this potential has been harnessed so far, 1% at the beginning of the 21st century. In order to become the powerhouse of Africa, Ethiopia is actively exploiting its water resources by building dams, reservoirs, irrigation and diversion canals and hydropower stations. The benefits of the dams are not only limited to hydropowe...

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Praseodymium(III) carbonate

Praseodymium(III) carbonate Names IUPAC name Praseodymium(III) carbonate Identifiers CAS Number anhydrous: 5895-45-4 Yoctahydrate: 14948-62-0 Y 3D model (JSmol) anhydrous: Interactive image EC Number anhydrous: 227-578-9 PubChem CID anhydrous: 165369 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) anhydrous: DTXSID00648481 InChI anhydrous: InChI=1S/3CH2O3.2Pr/c3*2-1(3)4;;/h3*(H2,2,3,4);;/q;;;2*+3/p-6Key: XIRHLBQGEYXJKG-UHFFFAOYSA-H SMILES anhydrous: C(=O)([O-])...