Cuthbert Rayne

Cuthbert Rayne or Reyne or Raine was an English huntsman who served James VI of Scotland. James VI employed several English hunters and kennelmen who organised his field sports and looked after his dogs, including "Robert the English hunter", Cuthbert Armourer, Edward Dodsworth, and Cuthbert Rayne. In 1582, new kennels were built at Holyrood Palace for dogs brought to James by an English huntsman, Nicholas Poorhouse.[1] English aristocrats wishing to court the king's favour sent dogs, in 1585 Philip Sidney sent a "lyme hound".[2]

Falkland Palace, by Alexander Keirincx

Background

Cuthbert Rayne's family lived at Marwood near Barnard Castle in Teesdale.[3] A younger namesake cousin, Cuthbert Reyne, was a Catholic, and joined the English College in Rome in 1613. He wrote of his cousin, a son of Nicholas Reyne who lived at "Rogermy" (Roger Moor, at Marwood), that he was "in high favour with the King, for when Elizabeth was yet reigning, he used every year to visit Scotland and go to the King for the sake of hunting".[4]

According to the Venetian ambassador, Foscarini, the king's love of hunting stemmed from his education at Stirling Castle, where George Buchanan ensured that hunting hares in the park was his only leisure from his books.[5] In March 1586, thirty bucks (male deer) were sent to James VI from the parks of the Earl of Northumberland, for the park at Falkland. James VI went to see the deer unloaded from the carts that brought them from Leith. He asked the English diplomat Thomas Randolph if Elizabeth I would send huntsmen and horses, "yeoman prickers" and "grooms of the leash".[6] Some huntsmen and bucks were sent to James VI in August 1586 by Thomas Randolph, who was at Newcastle, and the Scottish ambassador in London, Archibald Douglas.[7] Randolph wrote:

I have sent the Kynge two hunting men, verie good and skillful, with one footman, that can hoop, hollow and crye, that all the trees in Fawkland will quake for fear. Pray the Kynge's Majestie to be mercifull to the poor bucks; but let him spare and look well to himself.[8]

Cuthbert Armourer

One "Cuthbert the hunter", either Cuthbert Armourer or Cuthbert Rayne, was given a reward of 20 French crowns in 1588. George Young made this payment, while Richard Cockburn gave 200 crowns to English hunters. Archibald Arnot in Falkland was paid £80 Scots towards feeding English huntsmen. In 1589, another 20 crowns was paid to an English hunter.[9]

Cuthbert, or "Cuddie" Armourer of Belford, was an exile with Jane Howard, Countess of Westmorland after the Rising of the North in 1569, and came to Ferniehirst Castle.[10] He was active in Scotland as one of the king's huntsman before April 1583 when the English ambassador Robert Bowes reported that his hunting had "well pleased" James VI, while he supplied useful intelligence to the diplomat.[11]

In August 1584, Armourer, a servant or tenant of Lord Hunsdon,[12] attended a border meeting at Foulden with the Scottish huntsman John Hume of Manderston.[13] Armourer became so close to the king, according to the Master of Gray, that James wept with "Cuddy Armerer" over the rumours that David Rizzio was his father.[14] He carried letters and was a mediator with the discourted James Stewart, Earl of Arran. In December 1592, Arran came to Holyroodhouse and met James VI at the kennels.[15]

James VI became suspicious in January 1593 that Cuthbert Armourer and Thomas Musgrave and other Northumbrians harboured his rebel Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell, with the encouragement of Elizabeth I. The English ambassador assured him that he was misled by tale tellers.[16] For a time, James VI continued to insist on the punishment and rendition of "Cuddye Armour" and Thomas Musgrave. Armourer was forgiven by December 1593 and he was employed by the Governor of Berwick to carry messages to Edinburgh.[17] Eventually, after the Union of the Crowns, Cuthbert Armourer was granted the office of Chief Steward of Hexham.[18]

Cuthbert Rayne and the export of deer

In April 1592, the English ambassador in Scotland Robert Bowes decided to ask Cuthbert Rayne to help him organise a gift of deer for James VI, to be sent to stock the park at Falkland Palace. Bowes obtained warrants for deer from the English keepers from Elizabeth I. It would be the queen's gift to James VI. Rayne, who was evidently a member of the gentry, went to London and met William Cecil then travelled north to meet Bowes. They planned to visit Barnard Castle, Raby Castle, and Brancepeth Castle to capture seventy deer. Bowes was urgently requested to return to Scotland, leaving Rayne in charge.[19]

At the end of May, Cuthbert Rayne had caught 21 male deer. However they had been hurt by the nets and the "buck stawles" used by Rayne's men. They were also injured by the dogs chasing them into the nets. Six were loaded into a Scottish boat hired by Bowes waiting at Sunderland, and shipped to Kirkcaldy for Falkland. Bowes anticipated and was told by the king's courtier Roger Aston that James VI would be very disappointed by their results.[20] The difficulty was partly from the use of "buck staulls" to restrain the deer, borrowed from the Earl of Derby which were suitable only for red deer, not for fallow. Bowes wondered if another gentlemen might supervise any further attempts.[21]

The 'Huntsman's tomb' at St Lawrence, Warkworth, Northumberland

Henry Sackford, the English "Master of Toyles" was paid for collecting 40 deer for Scotland in March 1597.[22] James Hudson brought 28 live deer to Scotland in April and James VI made a trip to Leith to see them.[23] The deer were taken to Falkland in carts.[24]

Rayne and Dodsworth

In August 1594, James VI requested that the governor of Berwick-upon-Tweed allow Cuthbert Rayne and another English huntsman Edward Dodsworth to cross the border. He was surprised they had been hindered, as he thought the governor "lovit the game your selfe sum tymes". This incident accords with the description given by his cousin in 1613, that Rayne visited Scotland in the hunting season.[25] His companion, Edward Dodsworth from Chevington or Romaldkirk in Teesdale, died in 1630 and was buried at Warkworth, where his gravestone blazoned with three bugles recorded him as "huntsman to King James". His brother and nephews also served as royal huntsmen.[26]

Robert Rayne, royal huntsman

In England, Robert Rayne was yeoman of the privy harriers and sergeant of the "old buck hounds" a pack transferred by James VI and I to the use of his son Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales.[27][28] His appointment as a yeoman pricker of the privy harriers for life was confirmed in 1626 by Charles I. Robert Rayne worked with Walter Rayne, Cuthbert Armourer, and members of the Dodsworth family.[29]

References

  1. ^ Steven J. Reid, 'Of bairns and bearded men: James VI and the Ruthven Raid', Miles Kerr-Peterson & Steven J. Reid, James VI and Noble Power in Scotland 1578-1603 (Routledge, 2017), p. 42.
  2. ^ George Akrigg, Letters of King James VI & I (University of California, 1984), p. 62.
  3. ^ 'Marwood', William Fordyce, History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham, vol. 2 (Newcastle, 1857), p. 46.
  4. ^ Henry Foley, Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus, vol. 3 (London, 1878), p. 114.
  5. ^ Allen Hinds, Calendar State Papers, Venice: 1613–1615, vol. 13 (London, 1907), 388 no. 658: N. Barozzi & G. Berchet, Le relazioni degli Stati europei lette al Senato dagli ambasciatori Veneti, 4 (Venice, 1863), 169
  6. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1914), pp. 255 no. 302, 350 no. 376, 364–65 no. 388.
  7. ^ Letters and Papers Relating to Patrick Master of Grey (Edinburgh, 1835), p. 111
  8. ^ William Murdin, Collection of State Papers left by William Cecill Lord Burghley (London, 1759), pp. 558, 569.
  9. ^ Miles Kerr-Peterson & Michael Pearce, 'James VI's English Subsidy and Danish Dowry Accounts', Scottish History Society Miscellany XVI (Woodbridge, 2020), pp. 23-4, 59, 61.
  10. ^ HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 13 (London, 1915), p. 120: Thomas Wright, Queen Elizabeth and her Times, vol. 1 (London, 1838), p. 351.
  11. ^ Bowes Correspondence (London, 1842), pp. 401-2.
  12. ^ William Boyd, Calendar of State Papers Scotland, 1584-1585, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1913), p. 249 no. 234.
  13. ^ David Calderwood, History of the Kirk, vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1843), p. 171: Maureen Meikle, A British Frontier? Lairds and Gentlemen in the Eastern Anglo-Scottish Borders (Tuckwell, 2004), p. 181./
  14. ^ Letters and Papers relating to Patrick, Master of Gray (Edinburgh, 1835), p. 16.
  15. ^ Calendar of State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 819, 821.
  16. ^ Calendar of State Papers Scotland, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 28.
  17. ^ Calendar of State Papers Scotland, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 125, 129, 237, 395.
  18. ^ Mary Anne Everett Green, Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, James I, 1603-1610 (London, 1857), p. 438.
  19. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 671 no. 681.
  20. ^ Henry Ellis, Original Letters Illustrative of English History, 2nd series vol. 3 (London, 1827), pp. 121-3: See also British Library, Harley MS 291 ff.199-200
  21. ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 677 no. 687.
  22. ^ John Roche Dasent, Acts of the Privy Council of England, 26 (London, 1892), p. 537
  23. ^ Thomas Birch, Memoirs of the reign of Queen Elizabeth, vol. 2 (London, 1754), p. 332.
  24. ^ Clara Steeholm & Hardy Steeholm, James I of England: The Wisest Fool in Christendom (London, 1938), p. 186.
  25. ^ Annie Cameron, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 11 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 415 no. 327.
  26. ^ W. Longstaffe, Memoirs of the Life of Mr Ambrose Barnes (Durham, 1867), pp. 35-6: 'Warkworth and Alnwick', Archaeologia Aeliana, vol. 6 (Newcastle, 1865), pp. 218-9, the tomb inscription has been restored. See also, J. P. Hore, The History of the Royal Buckhounds (London, 1895).
  27. ^ Thomas Burgeland Johnson, The Sportsman's Cyclopaedia (London, 1848), p. 124: The Narrative History of King James, for the First Fourteen Years (London, 1651), p. 59: Mandy de Belin, From the Deer to the Fox: The Hunting Transition and the Landscape, 1600–1850 (London, 2013), p. 12.
  28. ^ Tracts during the reign of King James I (London, 1809), p. 392.
  29. ^ Foedera, vol. 18 (London, 1726), p. 869: HMC 12th report part I, Earl Cowper, Coke (London, 1888), p. 195. See also, J. P. Hore, The History of the Royal Buckhounds (London, 1895).

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