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Cupan
Cupan
Geographic; distribution	southern California
Linguistic classification	Uto-Aztecan Northern Takic? Cupan; ; ;
Subdivisions	Cupeño–Cahuilla; Luiseño–Juaneño; ? Nicoleño †;
Language codes
Glottolog	cupa1239
	Historical extent of Cupan languages

The Cupan languages are a branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family that comprises Cupeño, Ivilyuat (Cahuilla), Luiseño-Juaneño, and perhaps Nicoleño^[1], all historically spoken in southern California.

The branch had long been considered to be part of the Takic subgroup, but there is doubt about the validity of Takic as a genetic unit, the similarities between the languages classed as Takic possibly being due primarily to borrowing.^[2]^[3]

Languages and dialects

Luiseño-Juaneño language
- Luiseño dialect cluster^[4]
- Juaneño dialect †
Ivilyuat (also known as Cahuilla)
- Mountain Cahuilla dialect^[4]
- Pass Cahuilla dialect (also known as Wanikik)^[5] †
- Desert Cahuilla dialect
Cupeño †
- Cupa dialect^[6] †
- Wilaqalpa dialect †
- Paluqla dialect †

(†) – Extinct language

References

^ Munro, Pamela (2000). "Takic Foundations of Nicoleño Vocabulary" (PDF). Proceedings of the Fifth California Islands Symposium. Fifth California Islands Symposium. Santa Barbara: US Department of the Interior. pp. 659–668.
^ Shaul, D. L. (2014). A Prehistory of Western North America: The Impact of Uto-Aztecan Languages. UNM Press.
^ Hill, J. H. (2011). "Subgrouping in Uto-Aztecan". Language Dynamics and Change, 1(2), 241-278.
^ ^a ^b Golla, Victor (2011-08-02). California Indian Languages. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26667-4.
^ Mamet, Ingo (2008). Man-bear travels to hell: aspects of the phonological description of a Cahuilla narrative. LINCOM GmbH. ISBN 9783895867866.
^ Hill, Jane H. (2005). A Grammar of Cupeño. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24637-9.